572 Exam 3

history of NPS

- 1864 Yosemite transfer 1850s 1853 Central Park became a model for other parks (first park for all ppl, not just wealthy ppl), like Balboa park later on People rushing westward for gold but it took a long time to get there (5-6 months bc of wagons) While crossing the Rockies and Sierras in their wagons ppl were seeing incredible landscapes When in California looking for gold, someone stumbles upon Yosemite Valley and word gets out about it "We can't let this be commercialized" → talk to Lincoln for protection and he responds saying its a good idea but theyre busy with the civil war So they transferred rights and protection out of the federal gov to the state of CA Then CA became responsible to manage Yosemite Valley + Mariposa Grove (big trees) as a park Civil War ends and ppl still coming west (transcontinental railroad in 1889 moving South where Yellowstone is saying the same thing about Yellowstone like Yosemite) Eventually went back from state -- fed bc california wasn't taking care of it and allowing commercialization and industrialization - 1872 first national park - Yellowstone The fed gov had the opportunity to make it the first national park whereas they didn't have time for Yosemite during the time (really the first protected area in spirit was Yosemite) Wealthy ppl saw the park bc they had the time (it took longer then to get there) and money Land uses in the park revolved around entertainment for wealthy ppl (beautiful lodges, tennis courts, golfing, pools, what wealthy do in resorts) Became a resort for wealthy ppl Industrialization used to mean progress So people had negative thoughts toward reserving land because it was pretty Land for parks was a revolutionary idea at the time The West was idolized for landscape because of the mountains East only had niagara until other mountains and swamps in the everglades were reserved and visually appealing or "unique" 1890 - Yosemite, Sequoia, General Grant (Kings Canyon) and Mt. Rainer added To protect these beautiful areas a new land use arose Targeted for protection so ppl can still go visit them CA didn't do a good job of managing Yosemite (they allowed lots of commercialization) so they transferred/kept? Yosemite under federal law John Muir worked hard to protect and convinced the gov to bring back parts of Yosemite into full 1892 Sierra Club established by John Muir Established as a walking or hiking club Today it's still known for this and taking incredible trips But they also lobby for enviro protection 1894 - ntl parks protective act (wildlife protection) Wildlife was being killed Parks then established policy to not hunt/kill wildlife in ntl parks Set ntl parks and ntl forests apart because in ntl forests you can hunt Lands were managed by department of the army so there wasn't an agency to regulate hunting except for the Buffalo Soldiers and the army as best they could regulate 1906 - Antiquities act (national monuments) Teddy Roosevelt said let's just let the Presidents establish National Monuments (now under the NPS mgmt but used to be under the Dept. of Army) Coincident with the major antithesis for this act was that people were going into cultural sites and taking out pottery, knocking down walls Antiquities act meant to protect cultural sites Devil's Tour was first national monument? Roosevelt designated 18 national monuments followed by Clinton and Obama Reagan and First Bush did none Congress is now talking about eliminating antiquities act because we already have 2 large monuments so presidents don't set aside more land and take away our public lands although this is ironic bc ntl monuments are our public lands A lot of presidents did it for political reasons, or popularity or leaving a legacy 1908 - 1st conference on conservation convened by Roosevelt; Muir not invited Preservationists side of this was absent Muir wasn't invited while Pinchot was 1912 Pres William Taft recommends Bureau of Ntl Parks. Taft doesn't approve of dam at Hetch Hetchy Valley (granite wall valley = its cold so its a good place for a reservoir because there will be not as much water loss) Rejected it bc we don't commercialize parks Taft wanted a bureau to mng parks and set rules since so many wanted to industrialize parks like this 1913 Congress passed Raker Act; allowed the O'Shaunessy Dam to be built at Hetch Hetchy. President Woodrow Wilson signed. Public was angry with him 1913 Woodrow Wilson establishes Cabrillo NM To make up for approving dam at Hetch Hetchy 1914 John Muir died A huge outcry from public for someone to manage the parks 1916 Organic Act passed. Created NPS

Wilderness Act of 1964 (Wilderness areas are important for studying for the exam) Purpose of the Act

- Established the national wilderness preservation system Definition of wilderness: "a wilderness in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain" - Purpose: National Wilderness Preservation System to be composed of federally owned areas designated by Congress as "wilderness areas", and these shall be administered for the use and enjoyment of the American people in such manner as will leave them unimpaired for future use as wilderness, and so as to provide for the protection of these areas, the preservation of their wilderness character, and for the gathering and dissemination of information regarding their use and enjoyment as wilderness Wilderness overlays can be applied to National Parks, National Forests, National Wildlife Refuges and BLM lands. For example, 95% of Yosemite National Park is designated wilderness. Land uses allowed in Wilderness areas: hiking, camping (need a permit). Minor use differences between agencies. Not allowed: any human-made uses such as buildings, roads, transmission facilities, no mechanized equipment, no wheeled instruments. asked about wildlife refuges so know the first one and the policies that relate

value of these public lands

- Public lands usually refers to federal public lands, even though there are state public lands - Public lands are increasingly viewed from the perspective of their diverse recreational opportunities, their cultural resources, and, in an increasingly urban world, their vast open spaces. However, the more extractive land uses--grazing, timber production, and energy and mineral extraction--also remain important, especially to the economic and social heritage of many rural Western communities. Careful management is key to their sustainability. - Public lands imply that the public has a say in what happens to these lands and that the lands are for the public We think of public lands as places that we have access to and recreate in, so people feel very connected to that and that they have a sense of ownership in these lands The mgmt of these lands is supposed to address the value of these lands to the public Agencies used to oversee value resource extraction still valuable industry

When you list a species,

- the USFWS cannot worry about the economics of it *TEST(cannot worry about economic considerations) You are doing the most objective scientific analysis available A bias study can't hold up against all the other data showing that a species is threatened - when you list a species, you have to be ready to say here's the species that's in concern and here's the habitat that has to protect it The critical habitat can include economic concerns *TEST But you can't when you're just listing the species Considerations for Listing A species must be listed if it is threatened or endangered due to any of the following five factors: present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; disease or predation; inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. The ESA requires that listing determinations be based solely on the best scientific and commercial information available. It prohibits the consideration of economic impacts in making species listing determinations. When listing a species, National Marine Fisheries Service must also designate critical habitat for the species no later than a year after the final listing, as long as it is prudent to do so and critical habitat is determinable. Economic impacts must be considered when designating critical habitat. Example; Polar Bear Critical Habitat (From NOAA 9/13/2012)

So, if success of species recovery is habitat protection, then why not an Endangered Habitat Act?

California's Natural Communities Conservation Planning Act of 1991 http://www.dfg.ca.gov/habcon/nccp/ - takes a broad-based ecosystem approach to planning for the protection and perpetuation of biological diversity. The NCCP program began in 1991 as a cooperative effort to protect habitats and species. It is broader in its orientation and objectives than the California and link opens in new windowFederal Endangered Species Acts, as these laws are designed to identify and protect individual species that have already declined in number significantly. - An NCCP identifies and provides for the regional protection of plants, animals, and their habitats, while allowing compatible and appropriate economic activity. Working with landowners, environmental organizations, and other interested parties, a local agency oversees the numerous activities that compose the development of an NCCP. CDFW and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provide the necessary support, direction, and guidance to NCCP participants. - There are currently 14 approved NCCPs (includes 6 subarea plans) and more than 20 NCCPs in various stages of planning (includes 10 subarea plans), which together cover more than 7 million acres and will provide conservation for nearly 400 special status species and a wide diversity of natural community types throughout California. These plans are summarized in the map and reports below. More details on each plan are available by clicking on the "Plans" link to the right." - Background info of the net catcher endangered species We were going backward trying to protect the species without protecting the habitat It is an effort by CA and private plus public partners that takes a broad ecosystem approach to planning for the protection and perpetuation of biological diversity. This is pro-active The ESA endangered species is re-active And, leading to: Multiple Species Conservation Program - 1997 http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/pds/mscp/ - The MSCP: Preserves San Diego's unique, native habitats and wildlife for future generations. Works across political boundaries in a unique regional conservation effort. Protects watersheds and water quality. Streamlines the permitting process for development projects. Ensures compliance with the federal Endangered Species Act, state Endangered Species Act, and state Natural Communities Conservation Planning Act. The MSCP is important because it: Conserves San Diego's natural areas and quality of life. Protects San Diego's diversity of native plants and animals, including threatened and endangered species. Accommodates future growth by streamlining building regulations. Though the California Environmental Quality Act required reduction and mitigation of impacts from development projects, as development occurred, it often created small areas of open space that were disconnected from other habitat areas, and sometimes too small to support any significant populations of wildlife. As individual species were listed as rare and endangered by the State or Federal Government, the County, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Wildlife Agencies) and property owners would scramble to determine the most appropriate way the species could be protected -- sometimes resulting in small areas of open space causing confusion and conflict with economic growth issues. The overall effect of the MSCP is that it provides for large, connected preserve areas that address a number of species at the habitat level rather than species by species, and area-by-area. This creates a more efficient and effective preserve system as well as better protection for the rare, threatened and endangered species in the region - The County Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for managing the MSCP lands the County acquires. The overall MSCP goal is to maintain and enhance biological diversity in the region and conserve viable populations of endangered, threatened, and key sensitive species and their habitats, thereby preventing local extirpation and ultimate extinction. The County conducts basic stewardship and management activities on County owned lands set aside to achieve these goals. These activities include but are not limited to, trash removal, passive recreation, patrol, signage, fire management, exotic plant species removal and cultural resource protection. - 85 different species are covered under this plan (county wide) put all the pieces of the plan together They gathered up existing data from EIRS and did surveys on these areas and updatd the info, mapped it with GIS and now we have a county wide base to know where the species are, what the habitats are like and we know AHEAD OF TIME what needs to be protected People are afraid of the MSCP bc they think it prevents them from building in SD county no, it just provides another layer to make sure species cna move freely it allows development but works with the property owner to allow sensitive development in these habitats HCPS are hated on both sides Developers: it's another level of review to adjust development Environmentalists hated it because they didn't think it went far enough (they wanted to prohibit the whole area from development) The whole point is to connect the habitats to avoid isolation bc an isolate species won't survive - Without MSCP Developers and local agencies bear all costs Multiple permit authorities Project-by-project negotiations for mitigation requirements Disruption from future listings under the state and federal endangered species acts With MSCP - Cost sharing by developers and County, state, and federal agencies Local agency permit authority granted to County by state and federal agencies Pre-established mitigation requirements - No disruptions from future listings under the state and federal endangered species acts for covered species

Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act (CA)

California's policy to implement CWAs NPDES program Established the State Water Resources Control Board, and nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards (San Diego Regional Water Control Board - SDRWCB) California requires minimum storm water monitoring and sampling (non-point sources

match each agency to each department DOI vs DOA What are the 4 different agencies function and purpose? *TEST

Department of the Interior 1. Bureau of Land Management - National Resource Lands 2. National Park Service - National Parks, Monuments, Battlefields (in the eastern US from civil war), ntl seashores, nil historic sites 3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - National Wildlife Refuges VS. Department of Agriculture 1. U.S. Forest Service - National Forests **Ntl parks and ntl forests won't overlap, boundaries are strict but can be side by side so two agencies work together

Competing Land Use Issues on San Diego NWR, and in FS

Examples of competing land uses on federal lands: http://www.kpbs.org/news/2014/aug/25/san-diego-refuge-managers-work-management-plan/ - "We're out here in this area that burned in the 2003 and 2007 fires. And we're looking at some of the recovery of the coastal sage scrub community in this area," said Terp, manager of the San Diego National Wildlife Refuge. She is helping put together a comprehensive management plan for the refuge, but that's not easy because of competing interests, including habitat protection, recreation and hunting. To show the challenge, Terp grabbed a spindly plant and pinched the dry leaves between her fingers. "This is Artemisia California. This is coastal sage, the plant that this community is named for," she said. The plant used to dominate the Southern California coast. Development supplanted most of the endangered coastal sage scrub habitat, and the remaining pockets are scattered throughout Southern California. Since this area of southern San Diego County burned in recent years, Terp wants to understand how the native plants are bouncing back on the refuge's more than 11,000 acres. Nurturing the habitat will nurture endangered species, she said. Those species include such birds as the California gnatcatcher and Least Bell's Vireo, and the Quino checkerspot butterfly. There are also endangered habitats, including vernal pools that are home to fairy shrimp. Terp said when people understand that, their perspective can change. But Andy Yuen, project leader for the San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex, hopes people will visit the area. "We think the San Diego National Wildlife Refuge is the archetype of an urban refuge," Yuen said. "We are literally on the doorstep of three and a half million people. You step outside of downtown San Diego and in minutes you are out in tremendously productive wildlife habitats." With so many people so close, Yuen said there are many opinions about the best management strategies. People are interested in preserving access to trails. They want pristine habitat. But the issue that has drawn the most fire from the public is a proposal that allows hunting in part of the refuge. "It's sandwiched by lands that are already open for hunting. So hunting is allowed on the Bureau of Land Management lands here, and on the California Department of Fish and Wildlife lands here," Yuen said. "So our addition of our refuge lands fills in that gap between two areas that are already available for hunting to the public." That riled environmentalists. An online petition to ban hunting has gotten more than 80,000 signatures. Biologist Renee Owens works with the local Sierra Club, and she said guns are a concern for her. "Personally, when I go walking my dogs in (federal) Forest Service lands, I don't go during certain hunting seasons. Better safe than sorry. So I do alter my own recreation based on what's going on," Owens said. Hunters are a small and shrinking minority, but they are vocal, Owens said. She acknowledged that federal officials are trying to balance a mandate to allow different kinds of recreational activities on refuge lands, but she thinks hunting can be left out. Yuen said refuge managers are considering four different proposals. The alternatives contain plans for habitat protection, recreational access and hunting. He said the final plan could be one of the four alternatives or it could contain parts from several proposals. Even then the resulting plan wouldn't be chiseled in stone. "Over time we're going to be monitoring the success of the refuge In terms of recovery of native species, the health of the native plant communities, the opportunities for the public to enjoy these lands," he said. Yuen is pleased that people are speaking out about the refuge's future. He said it shows him that people care. In fact, enough people are speaking out that the initial public comment period has been extended 30 days — until the middle of September. http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-tongass-forest-service-20141117-story.html - Forest Service criticized over management of Alaska national forest - Federal efforts to end old-growth logging in Alaska's Tongass National Forest have stalled and millions of tax dollars are being wasted, according to a report that will be released Tuesday, the latest salvo in a dispute over the future of America's largest national forest. U.S. Forest Service officials rejected the report's conclusions, particularly the observation that the agency had great latitude in how and where it would spend its money. Four years ago, the Forest Service pledged to change the way the Tongass' abundant natural resources are managed, shifting the emphasis toward harvesting younger trees and supporting the growing tourism and fishery industries, which depend on the 17-million-acre expanse. But the study by Headwaters Economics, a Bozeman, Mont.-based research firm, argues that the federal government's good intentions — the so-called Transition Framework — have not come to pass. Researchers filed Freedom of Information Act requests to obtain Forest Service budget and staffing information from 2009 to 2013. Basing their analysis on that data, they say the agency still spends the largest percentage of its resources to prop up the shrinking timber industry, instead of investing in areas that are creating more jobs every year. - "The budget and staffing allocations show that old-growth logging is still the Forest Service's top priority on the Tongass National Forest. "Focusing so heavily on timber, which is a minor source of employment, while neglecting opportunities in other more important economic sectors," Alexander said, "is a huge loss to the regional economy." Robert Bonnie, undersecretary for natural resources and environment at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, said the Headwaters analysis missed a key point. The Forest Service is part of the USDA, and federal law dictates much of the department's spending. "The Headwaters analysis says that if you are being totally rational about how you spend your money, you'll spend it in a particular way," Bonnie said. "That assumes that Tongass is given a pool of money and the Forest Service has complete discretion in moving money around. We don't." Congress decides where the money will be spent, said Beth Pendleton, the Forest Service's regional forester for the Alaska region, and national forests throughout the country have seen a drop in funding directed to recreation, wilderness and trails programs. In addition, the agency has been forced to spend an increasing percentage of its budget fighting wildfires, which drains resources from other areas. "In 1995, 16% of the budget was spent on firefighting," Bonnie said. "Today, it is 42%, and we have to borrow sometimes. ... The budget challenges we face on the recreation side and other places are not insubstantial, but the notion that we can move dollars around? We're limited there." According to the Headwaters analysis, Forest Service spending on harvesting timber in the Tongass accounts for 34% to 45% of the agency's budget, depending on the year. Over the same five years, the combined Forest Service budgets for fisheries, wildlife, recreation and watershed protection have been smaller than the timber budget. The timber industry has been on the decline for decades and now accounts for about 1% of the private-sector jobs in southeast Alaska. At the same time, private-sector jobs in all other areas have increased, the study said. Austin Williams, Alaska policy director for the conservation group Trout Unlimited, said the Forest Service was "throwing good money after bad" to support an industry on the decline while ignoring industries such as tourism and fishing that could help provide a stable economy in the struggling region. "They're cutting funding for the programs we rely on most, burning down the village to save it," Williams said. Headwaters expects the Forest Service to spend about $57 million preparing and administering the controversial Big Thorne timber sale — recently announced and already in litigation. The sale is expected to generate just $6 million in timber sales for the federal government. Under the terms of the multiyear sale, about 6,000 acres of old-growth trees would be harvested from the Tongass, a scenic expanse the size of Delaware studded with 1,000-year-old trees.

What activities does the ESA prohibit? goal of ESA:

Except by regulation or permit issued for specific purposes consistent with the ESA, it is unlawful for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. to: Import into and export from the U.S. listed species. Take—which includes harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, shooting, wounding, killing, trapping, capturing, collecting, or to attempting any of these—of listed species within the U.S., its territorial waters, or on the high seas. This particular section could have substantial land use considerations Possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport, or ship listed species taken in violation of the ESA. Sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce; or deliver, receive carry, transport, or ship listed species in interstate or foreign commerce in the course of commercial activity. For species in other countries, the ESA requires compliance with international laws, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Buyers in the US will buy endangered species cuz they want them but it's illegal You can't sell, deliver, transport or ship endangered species The one category that affects land use is the TAKE category *TEST take= harass, harm, pursue, shoot, capture, collect, hunt, wound, kill, trap, or attempt any of these Anything that might affect a species is take You can't even cause stress or anything to affect a species that is listen on the endangered species list The net catcher species is an example Developers hate this, they don't want to know if a species is listed - goal of the ESA is to: TO RECOVER THE SPECIES *TEST Need to have a recovery plan Some have been recovered Grey wolf, condor, grizzly bear have all come off the list But it's not like they don't forget about them once recovered, you maintain an eye on these species You can re-list species if they were previously de-listed as they were recovered

2nd short answer: the first landscape architect for the USFS, why he was hired and what he thought was equivalent to economic values or timber harvesting

Frank Waugh, recreational!! he was hired because he revealed the economic benefits of recreation in the USFs "Waugh included an analysis of the possible cash value of this recreation, which he found compared favorably to "casual urban recreation" such as movies and magazines. His calculation of the total value of national forest recreation at the time came to $7.5 million annually"

Clean Water Act

Goal: restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Nation's waters Section 301- prohibits the discharge of any pollutants into navigable waters ("waters of the US- vague definition, and has usually meant anything that is wet, including wetlands), unless permitted under Sect. 402 and 404 Section 402- establishes the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program (admin. By EPA and states*) This program governs the discharge of wastewater and other pollutants into waters of the US **(TEST which policy implements the national permitting system?) Our state law name: Porter Cologne Water Quality Act (CA) *Still important for the test Section 404 authorizes the Army Corps of Engineers to issue permits for the discharge of "dredged or fill" materials into waters of the US "Nationwide Permits" are the most important type of general permit involving wetlands

portion of each state this is federal land

It's a big part of our land use in the western US Nevada = 85% of land is public California = 45% Oregon =53% hawaii= 69% (refer to screenshot on desktop) compared to east coast states (10% or less of their land is public)

J Tree

Made a ntl park because of the trees themselves (special and unique to the ecosystem) Land uses here are mostly recreational but there are wilderness areas and camping areas There's very few facilities within the park (vs Yosemite being inside the park) so there's much more open space

USFS

Manage National Forests and National Grasslands 1881 - Division of Forestry created; later became Bureau of Forestry, and then Forest Service (1905). Gifford Pinchot named Chief Forester by Roosevelt (1901). 1891 - Forest Reserve Act passed to establish Forest Reserves from the Public Domain. No congressional approval required at that time. In 1907, Congress required their approval for the Reserves; by then, 4 presidents had set aside 175 million acres. Public lands (BLM) taken from public domain, set aside as forest reserves Most of the reserves were set aside by Roosevelt Some forest lands were transformed to parks, made pinchot pressure for the transfer act preser=not using resources Pinchot all about conservation (sustainably using resources) Pinchot pressured a transfer from forestland lands from interior to agriculture Tension building between conservation and preservation Conservation (pinchot) is using resources sustainably preservation (theo) is not using resources Early 1900s John Muir was actively working for preservation and was very influential bc the public loved him and gvmt listened to him Muir all about preservation 1905 - Transfer Act. Moved Forest Reserves to Department of Agriculture from Interior, (pressure from Pinchot). Some forest lands transferred to National Parks (pressure from 1st NPS Director, Stephen Mather) Tension building between conservation and preservation. 1917 - first Landscape Architect hired for USFS (as a result of 1916 Organic Act which created the popular National Park Service). Frank Waugh believed that RECREATION must be one of major uses of NFs, equal to timber harvesting. Lots of pressure on USFS to open it up to public use WWI happened and people forget about this USFW leases are 99 yr leases During this time, all these leases were sold and no one paid attention What happened? Clear cutting (shave the entire forest down) became the desired choice for timber harvesting Least expensive and most efficient Vs selective cutting takes more time (timber companies don't like it because it's harder) Extremely damaging to the forest At this time, many of our national forests were clear cut Ppl finally noticed and a new law was passed 1960 - Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act - It sustains the yield, it required the USFS to sustain the yield, (cut a 100 trees, then replace and plant a 100 trees) Cut, cover, then replant (to protect soils and slopes) Multiple use: the USFS was then identified to be a multiple use agency (it started to be that with Frank Waugh bc of recreation but now the USFS is open to more things like mine, graze cattle, can have protected habitat areas, can have wilderness areas Everyone ignored the Act when it came out bc they weren't used to ppl policing the areas, they were used to permit People wanted to put the national forests back into the NPS bc they weren't doing a good enough job but that didn't happen 1964 - Wilderness Act - Created a wilderness overlay designation on all 4 of those mgmt areas (NPS, NF, NWF, AND BLM) "Wilderness areas" rules apply the same way they do in local and state parks "Wilderness area" means it must remain pristine No development can occur in these designated areas Can't build roads, trails, can't have anything with an engine, wheels (you have to have a permit), and nothing mechanical Can't build a cable line, or an airplane below a certain distance Keep it as if people were never there In actuality, there are trails and the rangers keep the areas safe (if a tree falls, they'll cut it out) There's very limited mgmt that happens in these areas Wilderness areas are the most protective category of land use in the US Has to be enacted and signed by the congress so it's a big deal 1974 - Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (Requires Forest Plans) - Ntl forests have forest plans like general plans Every national forest has to have its general plan or its forest plan Designates land uses Ex: Cleveland Ntl Forest land use are designated for recreational lands During this time, timber harvesting has declined in the US bc they couldn't compete with other countries and their cheap labor Most of the income was made from recreation not timber A lot of timber companies went out of business or relocated 1976 - Forest Management Act (amended above) - Said 1) the USFW is in charge of National Forests 2) enviro values take precedence over economic values Bc timber companies were saying "we make more money to clear cut" The law addressed this and said "let's go back to Pinchot and make this a sustainable endeavor

North Cascades -

National Refuge Area, National Park, Wilderness Area, and a National Forest Where Diana worked as a park ranger More intensive kind of land use (can have house boats, motor boats, jet skis, motorcycles) But you still can't hunt in the national park boundaries All these agencies need to coordinate where their boundaries are Most rugged ntl park in terms of its nature, its vertical and has volcanic activity Has the largest number of glaciers (outside of Alaska)

Yosemite

Over 70% of Yosemite land use is designated for wilderness and some is designated as visitor services, institutional and infrastructure What directed the land use of these parks was to protect areas for public "to providing for enjoyment" Which meant food, bathrooms, lodging So the parks have to do it because "provide for the enjoyment" is their mission 1950s in Yosemite cables went up to get to back of half dome But the cables have helped people but also contributed to park over population Take the cables down for winter keep them up for summer No one regulating the cables Finally the park established a permit You have to get a permit to go up (limits the cables to 300 people a day) Yet there's no one checking permits

Ntl Parks in the US

People are aware of ntl parks because of their mission statement They mistake ntl refuges + monuments for ntl parks Niagara Falls is the only "beautiful" thing in the east However it became decimated by industrialization and commercialization This affected people in the West to set aside ntl parks for aesthetic protective reasons

Denali Ntl Park and Preserve

Preserve: if ur native alaskan you can hunt in a part of the park The west section you can hunt if ur native Mt McKinley changed to Denali to show respect to indigenous culture Set aside because of its peak, Denali Can't drive on the road: low impact visitor activity And no trails! You can hike but you hike through open space Wildlife very calm because they aren't used to seeing lots of humans so they're actually pretty curious about humans (as we are to them) They aren't concerned about ppl The Wrangell Mountains Largest park in all of north america Like Denali regarding wilderness

What is a recovery plan?

Recovery Plans must be implemented for threatened and endangered species, and must incorporate, at a minimum: a description of site-specific management actions necessary to achieve recovery of the species, objective, measurable criteria which, when met, would result in a determination that the species be removed from the list; and estimates of the time and costs required to achieve the plan's goal http://www.esasuccess.org/ A WILD SUCCESS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF BIRD RECOVERY UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT - 99 percent of species protected under the Act have avoided extinction. the Endangered Species Act has been extraordinarily successful in recovering imperiled birds: - Eighty-five percent of bird populations in the continental United States increased or stabilized while protected by the Act. (ex: Whooping crane grew by 923%) - The average population increase was 624 percent. Birds from the Pacific Islands (Hawaii, Guam, Palau and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianna Islands) recovered less robustly, with 61 percent either increased or stabilized. On average birds have been protected under the Act for 36 years, but their federal recovery plans estimate they need 63 years to fully recover; thus, few birds were expected to have recovered by 2015. Birds are recovering at the rate expected by federal recovery plans.

Endangered Species Act 1973 (go back to slides)

Species specific vs. habitat directed (vs the other two policies we learned for exam to - multiple species conservation and the Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) This law is administered by USFWS (land and freshwater) and NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (marine) Run by DOI and the secretary, Zinke, the way the policy is administered is subject to change with administration and sometimes is more protective than other times What's the difference between endangered and threatened? Level of vulnerability to its own existence Likely to become extinct- endangered if conditions stay constant it's likely to become endangered (a little less vulnerable but still on its way) - Threatened - endangered if it is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range (on the brink of extinction). - threatened if it is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future (likely to be on the brink of extinction). Approximately 2,000 total species are listed; 1385 in U.S. or its waters from slides - provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found "The purposes of this Act are to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, to provide a program for the conservation of such endangered species and threatened species, and to take such steps as may be appropriate to achieve the purposes of the treaties and conventions" that relate to these species Policies extend beyond the species that actually reside here

What is critical habitat?

Specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing, if they contain physical or biological features essential to conservation, and those features may require special management considerations or protection (example: California Gnatcatcher - approx. 200,000 ac); and Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species if the agency determines that the area itself is essential for conservation.

NPS People Matter!!

Stephen Mather - 1st Director of NPS, and Horace Albright his Assistant (he became Director in 1929) One man show celebrating the parks and getting people to fund the parks He carried a lot of weight politically Parks get more money than monuments still to this day Monuments like to become parks bc they'll get more money Mather lobbied heavily for support of National Parks. When Organic Act passed, there were 14 NPs, 21 NMs, and each park received funding of $30,000 annually; each monument received $166.00 annually. Mather drove his Packard touring car around the country with license plate USNPS-1, drumming up funding and interest in NPs.

Antiquities Act 1906

Teddy roosevelt est. Devil's Tower as 1st Ntl. Monument Presidential authority to establish NMs Originally intended for antiquities; currently for any lands of national significance

National Wildlife Refuges in US under the USFWS

The first NWR was 1903 in on Pelican Island in Florida **TEST and related policies (below) A reaction to wildlife (especially bird decimation by plume hunting) being taken out through hunting By 1909, T Roosevelt issued a total of 51 executive orders that established wildlife refuges in 17 states and 3 territories From 1913 (migratory bird act) until 1939, many waterfowl and wildlife protection policies passed through Congress for protection and management of wildlife and their habitats. 1940 the bureau of biological survey (dept. Of ag.) and the bureau of fisheries (dept. Of commerce) merged to form the fish and wildlife service (dept. Of interior) 1962- refuge recreation act Authorized the recreational use of refuges if primary purpose of wildlife/habitat protection implemented 1966- the wildlife refuge system Administration act provided mgmt guidelines, and established standards of "compatibility" 1997 national wildlife refuge system Improvement act. Required conservation planning for each refuge (each one must have a mgmt plan); strengthened the policy of wildlife-dependent recreation that is allowed on refuges Now > 520 wildlife refuges in 50 states had territories, with > 93 million acres Compatible recreation allowed: hiking, boating, hunting, camping, fishing Arctic wildlife national refuge in alaska is 19.5 million acre and the biggest NWR in the US You can't drill in wildlife refuges, section 102, if congress approves it, the area could open up to drilling

US Federal Land Mgmt Agencies on the map

The western third of the US with the most federal lands in terms of acreage Less federal lands on the east Historical context: As people settled the in US for farmland, they started at the east and went to the Rockies and found little farmland and found no farmland in the west either until the Central Valley and Oregon and Washington What wasn't taken for farmlands was left for fed. Agencies to oversee Most of the native american reservations are in the plains of the west and northwest Native americans were displaced for immigrants to farm land which can be seen in east → absence of Native American lands Quite a few military lands in the eastern US The priority of land use in earlier times was for farming Much of this land is still farmland Most people don't realize how many military farm lands Lots of forest lands in the Rockies, Sierras and Cascades Fish and wildlife (small ones) up in the lakes districts (north? michigan?) and in Alaska Bureau of Land mgmt (yellow) has the most land USFS lands (grey) Sierras and Cascades main forests left in west Early emphasis on agriculture: rid of forests & native americans

Ntl Forests in the Us on the map

They're in the rockies, the sierras, the coastal ranges even in SD county They're under agriculture? Why? Because of harvested timber (to make the point that these lands or for the extraction of timber and nothing else) They're also a multiple use agency Gifford pinchot and sustainable forestry Used science to determine how to sustainably manage a forest Cut down a tree, replant the tree The USFS also manages national grasslands (there are very few left, most were farmed) For extraction of trees, so jurisdiction went from BLM interior to dept. Of agriculture Gifford pinchot, 1800s-1900s v interested in using science to sustain manage forests He said we're got to stop cutting all trees down, looked to europe who was trying to manage remainder of forests → initial philosophy of forest service: if you cut down one, plant one

Horseshoe Bend Overlook

US and Navajo Nation next to each other Two countries/boundaries managing this area Navajo Nation has allowed people to go across their land to get to horseshoe bend on the Colorado River

1st short answer: creation of the NPS starting with the first park that was established and ending with the first director

Yellowstone (bc federal gov had time to designate it whereas they were busy with the war for Yosemite designation at the time) and Stephen Mather

For national parks, their general plan is called the

general management plan

Tom Abrahms campus sustainability tour

hirshman signed carbon action plan which set the goal of carbon neutral in 2050 (how do people get to campus?) and operational neutral by 2040, which is things we have direct control over (building energy use, the electricity we purchase) - 40% of emissions come from transportation from the community side, but they don't have a lot of control over it (incentives for the trolley station (20$ for a semester pass)) we have a bus station too, bike paths within the last 10 yrs (driven by students) - down college there's not bike paths though - south campus plaza: mixed use development (retail, restaurants, housing) the more ppl live on campus the less emissions used to get to campus and it helps stress levels and feel less of a need to go out and instead stay on campus, which builds community. it's a leed silver building and now all buildings on campus must be built to lead standards of higher - student union: leed platinum (highest rating) for being a new building but also for the existing buildings operation maintenance (so its double platinum, and theres only one other double platinum in SD and very few on other college campuses) -housing side: students can use the pumps and tools in the bike storages to pump their bikes and make small adjustments which will hopefully incentives students to maintain their bikes (there will be another bike station by the arc with a pumping station too) shelah asked how this bike station is being marketed to the students and tom responded saying they're partnering with bike share programs and the bike repair club to market it during move in and hopefully other events. they also use social media, but he said they also need work in marketing sustainable things on campus - they're looking at bike share program: give students access to bikes (rent for short periods of time) to get around on and off campus they're looking at a dockless station (one you don't leave and pick up the bike at a station) so instead its controlled by GPS that allows the bikes more flexibility for where they can be help - sdsu dining: the garden is using aeroponics (80% savings in water) to grow their own produce (leafy greens) they're also looking to expand. the aeroponics cycles nutrients and is local. the children center community gardens and aztec gardens has 20 plots there and hires student gardeners to tend to it (build community) - leed silver (zura) they actually have operable windows that open rather than sliding windows - car share and electric cars stations (mostly for teachers but they're thinking about opening up more spots for students) benefits the grid, reduces emission, is key to the zero carbon goal - composting for pre-consumer and landscape waste (by 2020, the facility SDSU contacts with made the commitment to have post consumer composting sites available) green love events zero waste goes to the children center and the children center food scraps compost too and they learn how to compost at a young age. - bottled water (most ppl aren't recycling on campus) theres higher water consumption when using bottled water bc of transportation - on the union walkway increases social space and experience and providing shade and seating fountain in the union uses rainwater and condensate from the mechanical system (they're able to water the fountain and the union and have some extra water to use to water potential new spaces) the greenery is important bc it cools spaces and evaporates water vs dirt which doesn't take any water but is a little hotter - a new building near life sciences to be leed gold certified building (90% of the buildings are recycled when demolished) - the majority of the campus electricity and steam (80%) comes from the co-generation plant - campus as living lab near storm hall, took out a lot of grass, natural boulders for seating, put in natives and drought tolerant plants and the shrubs use drip irrigation (78% reduction in water) student group looking at solar charging umbrellas by this area near storm hall - arts and letters monitoring based commissioning project a few years back which reduced the energy consumption in the building by 35% by changing building schedules, when things are operating, tweaking how the heating and cooling systems are programed - nastier hall was built from pre-extisitng buildings in bad shape, they weren't demolished which saved the embodied energy and the material cost and the enviro impact of new materials

Federal land use and policy impacts on CA Example of how federal land use and regulations can affect state environments (per our class discussion):

http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-california-environment-rollbacks-20171116-story.html When 50,000 acre-feet of water went gushing out of the Sacramento River last month, it fast became a test of California's ability to protect its environmental policies from an increasingly hostile Trump administration. The episode proved humbling. - the administration pumped federally controlled water to Central Valley farms despite protest from the state that the move imperiled the endangered delta smelt. All California could do was temporarily shut its own pumps, which came at the expense of the state's mostly urban water customers. - It was perceived by some in California as the kind of big agriculture water grab that the state had not seen in years. And it flouted a longstanding water-management partnership between California and Washington, D.C. - The incident was a jolting reminder of California's limited ability to counteract the environmental retreat in Washington. Even in the state where resistance is the mantra, leaders can't keep up with the pace of Trump's environmental rollbacks. - The risk of exposure to toxic substances escaping from industrial facilities has been heightened by the suspension of federal safety rules. Climate change action is getting undercut by easing of restrictions on heavily polluting vehicles. Federal waterways protections that state officials were relying on to save sensitive vernal pools and boost fisheries are gone. A dangerous pesticide that field workers expected would be banned remains widely sprayed. Even the authority of officials at the state's national parks to prohibit plastic water bottles has been stripped. So many rules and regulations have been rolled back that lawmakers can scarcely keep up. "I have lost track," said Rep. Jared Huffman (D-San Rafael), who sits on the House Natural Resources Committee. "It is dizzying." - The Californian who ran the EPA division encompassing the state and others in the Southwest during the Obama administration is particularly concerned about the state's exposure to toxic chemicals. "No one knows: Is this being covered? Who is covering it and how?" said Jared Blumenfeld, former EPA Region 9 administrator. While the state has moved aggressively to implement tough restrictions at oil refineries in recent years, there are other categories of facilities where the federal government had been taking the lead. The EPA was imposing new requirements enabling regulators to keep track of what chemicals are stored where, and requiring plant owners to take proactive measures to prevent dangerous releases into the community. But the Trump administration suspended them. EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt said the move was made in the interest of being "responsive to concerns raised by stakeholders regarding regulations so facility owners and operators know what is expected of them." The rules would have boosted safety provisions at plants such as the South San Francisco salami factory, which in 2009 released a plume of 217 pounds of poisonous ammonia, sending 17 people in the nearby community to the hospital, one of them for four days. In many cases, California's backstop is local fire departments. Some have experienced hazardous chemical experts on staff. Others don't. A tiny volunteer fire department in Humboldt County was in over its head a few years ago when the Chinese owners of a pulp mill abandoned the place, leaving behind thousands of gallons of highly acidic liquids leaching from improperly built tanks susceptible to crumbling in an earthquake. "It looked like Chernobyl," Blumenfeld said of the 70-acre facility on the shore of Humboldt Bay when the EPA arrived on site. "Any seismic activity would have led to an unbelievable environmental catastrophe." Trump's plan to cut deep into the EPA budget would diminish the agency's ability to monitor such facilities, and his plan to eliminate the U.S. Chemical Safety Board would deprive California regulators of a crucial partner in bulking up its own protections. The state leaned heavily on the expertise of the board following the 2012 Chevron refinery explosion that drove 15,000 people in the Bay Area to seek medical treatment for issues such as breathing problems. Nineteen refinery workers narrowly escaped the ignition of a flammable vapor cloud that engulfed the facility. It was board investigators who discovered Chevron's engineers had written a half-dozen reports pinpointing the corrosion that put it at risk for the type of disaster that unfolded. "We never would have known about those reports if it were not for the Chemical Safety Board," said Mike Wilson, director for occupational and environmental health at the Blue Green Alliance, a national coalition of labor and conservation groups. The state was also looking to Washington to take the lead on protecting farmworkers against the dangers of chlorpyrifos, a widely used pesticide in California's fields that EPA scientists warned should be banned. Studies find it inhibits childhood brain development. When the EPA's deadline to decide on a ban came in March, Pruitt declared the science is unsettled. He put off action until 2022. State regulators are now in the midst of their own proceedings. They are conducting a separate review, which began over the summer and will extend at least into December — prolonging the time California agriculture communities are exposed to the pesticide, even if the state ultimately imposes its own ban. The fight over the pesticide is another case highlighting the extent to which state regulators rely on a robust EPA to pursue California's regulatory agenda. The army of scientists, attorneys, data crunchers and other regulatory experts may operate largely in the background, but they are a backbone of environmental protection in California. They are not easily replaced. A legislative effort championed by state Senate Leader Kevin de Leon (D-Los Angeles) that would obligate the state to backfill Trump retreats on clean air and clean water has hit roadblocks. Industry groups have so far persuaded a Democrat-dominated Legislature that the lift would be too big and too complicated. Even without it, Trump is still hitting big barriers imposing his agenda in California. Restrictions on methane releases at oil and gas drilling facilities were preserved by a lawsuit that California and other states filed, and other such legal challenges will likely blunt other air quality, water quality and public lands rollbacks. The state's aggressive pursuit of climate action will go a long way in helping the United States meet the obligations under the Paris climate accord on global warming that Trump has spurned. "Where we can, we will do everything in our power to hold this administration accountable," said state Atty. Gen. Xavier Becerra. "That's exactly what we've been doing, and we've already been successful numerous times. And where we can't, California will continue to lead on its own path as we have done in the past." Some things, though, can be out of the state's reach, even if they are happening in its backyard. A federal plan aimed at protecting endangered sea turtles and whales from drifting sword fishing nets off the West Coast was canceled. More of California's federal land is being opened to oil and gas drilling, and the administration is signaling it may move to open its waters up, too. The EPA is moving to repeal new restrictions on a type of heavily-polluting truck California was relying on to meet its climate and air quality goals. After California sued to stop the cancellation of another highway program aimed at tracking greenhouse gas emissions, the administration appeared to back off. Then it moved to cancel the program again. John McManus is watching it all with dismay from his office in Northern California. The executive director of the Golden Gate Salmon Assn. worries the state has only so much power to stop the federal government from pumping water out of California's rivers that he says could kill off the fishery. "The federal bureaucrats making these decisions have a new boss," McManus said. "We got a glimpse in October of how they might act. If they can do this to the smelt today, they can do it to the salmon tomorrow."

National Wilderness Preservation System

http://www.wilderness.net/map.cfm - this website covers BLM, USFWS, FS and NPS - Most lands on west coast are BLM and FS (ntl forests) - very few USFWS lands on west coast (but lots along the PNW coast)

ESRI Story Maps on protected and/or federall managed areas

https://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2017/protected-areas/ - Until recently, it was impossible to visualize the full scope of U.S. protected areas in a single resource. But a coordinated effort, led by the United States Geological Survey, is compiling all of the protected lands and waters of the U.S. into a single "Protected Areas Database of the U.S" (PAD-US). - The 417 units administered by the National Park Service form the jewels in the crown of America's protected lands. But they cover only 3.4 percent of the country's land area, and are a small part of a far more extensive patchwork. - In fact, 24 percent of the nation's land area is under some form of protection. A glance at this map might lead some to conclude that an ample - perhaps even excessive - portion of the country is protected. - Huge expanses of largely unpopulated Western lands are managed by the BLM. Most of these lands are "left over" areas that weren't claimed under the 19th century Homestead Act. But the land is far from idle. The agency grants permits for livestock grazing on 155 million acres; tens of thousands of oil and gas wells operate on BLM lands. Coal mining and other mining operations are also active, and BLM lands are widely used by outdoor recreation enthusiasts. - The density of National Forests is particularly high in the Northwest, although 40 of the 50 states have National Forests. By contrast about a third of the U.S. wilderness system is managed by the Forest Service. - In 2006 President George W. Bush established the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, protecting 160,000 square miles of relatively pristine ocean habitat surrounding the remote, outer islands of Hawaii. In 2016 the reserve was expanded outward to the 200-mile limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone, making it the world's second largest - exceeded only by a reserve in Antarctica. In the final days of his administration, President Barack Obama created the 1.35-million-acre Bears Ears National Monument (green outline) in southern Utah. The new preserve is co-managed by the BLM, the Forest Service, and several Native American tribes. The governor of Utah and its congressional delegation oppose the monument as an excessive federal intrusion. The monument has become a focal point of continuing controversy over federal control of western lands, often pitting local ranchers and business interests against conservationists, hunters and outdoor recreation enthusiasts. State lands: the Adirondacks Millions of acres are protected in a variety of state parks and reserves. A prime example is Adirondack Park, with 2.6 million acres of forests, mountains, lakes, and wetlands owned by New York State, and an additional 3.4 million acres of privately owned, but protected, lands. An 1894 amendment to the New York State constitution established the Adirondack Forest Preserve as "forever wild," protecting most of the region's forests from the rampant clear-cutting that was occurring elsewhere in the Northeast during the period. Maps of many regions in the West show an extensive checkerboard pattern, where public lands alternate with private. This is the legacy of a nineteenth-century railroad land grant program. As an incentive to private railroad companies, the U.S. government granted every other square-mile section within a certain distance of a railroad right-of-way to the railroad. The government intended to sell much of its half of the checkerboard, but most tracts remained in government hands. - Urban parks are currently the missing element of the Protected Areas Database; a few states are complete, but most are not.

Glen Canyon Ntl Recreation Area

includes Lake Powell Ntl Parl; 1.2 million acres Can have hydro-electric power generation and it's one of the parks main functions

Mount Whitney

is managed by both agencies bc it's both ntl park and ntl forests They have their boundaries but sometimes they do need to coordinate to come up with rules Tallest contiguous peak in the US Ntl forest on the east side (you can have ur dog on this side until you get into the wilderness area)

National Enviro Policy Act 1969

is their links on this? I don't have any notes The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was one of the first laws ever written that establishes the broad national framework for protecting our environment. NEPA's basic policy is to assure that all branches of government give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal action that significantly affects the environment. NEPA requirements are invoked when airports, buildings, military complexes, highways, parkland purchases, and other federal activities are proposed. Environmental Assessments (EAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs), which are assessments of the likelihood of impacts from alternative courses of action, are required from all Federal agencies and are the most visible NEPA requirements. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970. NEPA requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making decisions. The range of actions covered by NEPA is broad and includes: making decisions on permit applications, adopting federal land management actions, and constructing highways and other publicly-owned facilities. Using the NEPA process, agencies evaluate the environmental and related social and economic effects of their proposed actions. Agencies also provide opportunities for public review and comment on those evaluations.

Clean Air Act 1970

is their links on this? I don't have any notes but it will be on the test The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. this law authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants. The enactment of the Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) resulted in a major shift in the federal government's role in air pollution control. This legislation authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources. Four major regulatory programs affecting stationary sources were initiated: the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, pronounced "knacks"), State Implementation Plans (SIPs), New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). Furthermore, the enforcement authority was substantially expanded. The adoption of this very important legislation occurred at approximately the same time as the National Environmental Policy Act that established the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA was created on December 2, 1970 in order to implement the various requirements included in these Acts.

People are aware of ntl parks because of their

mission statement They mistake ntl refuges + monuments for ntl parks

BLM

most are on west coast - They comprise the vast majority of public lands Alaska- natl petroleum reserve in North - 1946 - combined two former federal agencies -- the General Land Office and the U.S. Grazing Service. GLO created after rev war → land aquired from wars, illegal takeovers etc (Napoleon, rev war) - When land came into the US through various means, the US Gov was responsible for mging the lands The general lands office To make the lands productive and make the lands valuable to the public At this time, this meant farming If you put ppl out to land, it helps the gov protect and manage the lands more easily than if ppl aren't there and helps protect occupation so GLO developed policies to get ppl interested in moving to farm land. Immigrants enticed to move across to farm Business of GLO: hand out lands to ppl, particularly in early days for farming The us grazing service started in west when ppl were grazing and was set up to manage grazing by giving out permits to graze, mostly cattle Two former federal agencies-- the US Grazing Service and the General Land Office came together in '46 The BLM is still a multiple-use-agency Mineral extraction, energy resources, hunting permits, camping (all of these on BLM) They make the most money through the grazing permits But since the permits are cheap, they don't make much money Hunting permits to hunt on BLM lands → more money recreating on BLM allowed Mineral extraction → most $ purchases: ppl can purchase isolated BLM land if put up for auction Lands today of BLM: no one wanted bc not suitable for farming & no other agencies wanted them Other agencies would reach out to BLM to acquire lands BLM= 235 mil acres & about 700 mil acres of minerals under the ground BLM can have rights underneath private property for mineral rights. These underneath surfaces can also be owned by a private company. Water rights underneath can be own by another agency/company Land use law is eternal BLM needs to know about lands and waters on the surface, but also below the surface. It causes a lot of land use issues but mostly in the western US Everything, even regulations, have to be consistent with FLPMA → the policy that directs what you can and cants do on fed lands, consolidated over 2k policies) - 1976 - Federal Land Policy and Management Act. Consolidated > 2,000 laws, and identified the "multiple use" framework of the BLM. All policies, procedures and actions of BLM must be consistent with the FLPMA. - 2000 - The 26 million-acre National Landscape Conservation System developed by Interior. Implemented with passage of the 2009 Omnibus Public Land Management Act. -A lot of push for conservation/wildlife protection on BLM lands → development of NLCS, developed by the interior but wasn't implemented until Obama (via 2009 Omnibus Public Lands Mgmt Act) administration reflects the politics Policies: law regulations can change depending on admin. → wording can change but the policy doesn't Omnibus: all the policies waiting to be approved under pro env admin were consolidated & passed under act w/ Obama. Did a lot for expanding lands These departments head are appointed by the pres of the us The way POLICIES are implemented REFLECTs THE STANCE OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION But policies are in place and the law has to be followed, unless the law is changed - unique ability to transfer lands No other agency has this right, mgmt of the lands can change PROTECTION VS EXTRACTION With obama it got implemented after Bush rejected it Multiple uses - Recreation opportunities - Commercial activities Wildlife habitat Transportation systems (roads, trails, and bridges) Paleontological resources and archaeological and historical sites, including museum collections derived from those areas Wild free-roaming horses and burros Wilderness and wilderness study areas Wild and scenic rivers Rare, vulnerable, and representative habitats, plant communities, and ecosystems Interpretative activities to meet scientific and educational needs Public land survey system plats and field notes