6.1: Artificial Intelligence

How does Watson answer a question?

Watson learns a new subject - All related materials are loaded into Watson, such as Word documents, PDFs and web pages - Questions and answers pairs are added to train Watson on the subject - Watson is automatically updated as new information is published Watson answers a question - Watson searches millions of documents to find thousands of possible answers - Collects evidence and uses an algorithm to rate the quality of this evidence - Ranks all possible answers based on the score of its supporting evidence

What is the turing test?

A program will win the $100,000 if it can fool half the judges into thinking it is human while interacting with them in a freeform conversation for 30 minutes and interpreting audio-visual input

What is artificial general intelligence (AGI)?

AGI is imminent AGI is extremely complex and difficult Requires enormous computational power (remember Moore's Law?) Companies are spending billions of dollars - Google - IBM Cross domain optimization We will achieve AGI during your lifetime. - It will have significant implications on your life Sometimes referred to as Strong AI, or Human-Level AI, Artificial General Intelligence refers to a computer that is as smart as a human across the board—a machine that can perform any intellectual task that a human being can

What can IBM Watson do?

Answer your customers' most pressing questions Quickly extract key information from all documents Reveal insights, patterns and relationships across data

How does Watson reveal insights?

Analyzes unstructured data - Uses natural language processing to understand grammar and context Understands complex questions - Evaluates all possible meanings and determines what is being asked Presents answers and solutions - Based on supporting evidence and quality of information found

What are three types of AI?

Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI) Artificial general intelligence (AGI) Artificial superintelligence (ASI)

What is AI?

Computer program or machine capable of learning Interacts with its environment for inputs Capable of processing very large number of calculations Able to become more intelligent over time

What is artificial superintelligence?

Condition where machines are more intelligent than humans A short trip from AGI "Summoning the Devil"? "An intellect that is much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom and social skills." Artificial Superintelligence ranges from a computer that's just a little smarter than a human to one that's trillions of times smarter—across the board

What is coffee test?

Go into an average American house and figure out how to make coffee, including identifying the coffee machine, figuring out what the buttons do, finding the coffee in the cabinet, etc

What is Watson?

IBM Watson is a technology platform that uses natural language processing and machine learning to reveal insights from large amounts of unstructured data

What is Moore's Law?

Number of transistors on a chip doubles every 2 years Computational power, or performance, doubles every 18 months Price to consumer decreases over time

What are significant current-day things going on regarding AI and Watson?

Software will disrupt most traditional industries in the next 5-10 years. Uber is just a software tool, they don't own any cars, and are now the biggest taxi company in the world Airbnb is now the biggest hotel company in the world, although they don't own any properties. Artificial Intelligence: Computers become exponentially better in understanding the world. Watson already helps nurses diagnosing cancer Education Autonomous cars

What is artificial narrow intelligence (ANI)?

Sometimes referred to as Weak AI, Artificial Narrow Intelligence is AI that specializes in one area ANI is everywhere: - Google maps - Autonomous cars - Spam filters - Google translate - Travel bookings - Manufacturing - Facebook suggestions

What is employment test?

To pass the employment test, AI programs must... [have] at least the potential [to completely automate] economically important jobs

What are the four operational definitions for AGI, in (apparent) increasing order of difficulty?

Turing test, coffee test, robot college student test, and employment test

What is robot college student test?

When a robot can enrol in a human university and take classes in the same way as humans, and get its degree, then I'll [say] we've created [an]... artificial general intelligence