6314 Exam 3 Review

parse-able data

[XML] Consider the following code segment. #PCDATA means ___.<!DOCTYPE note[<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)><!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>] >

XML notation

[XML] Unlike DTD's, schemas use ________.

public cloud

available to multiple organizations

distributed cloud (deployment model)

==== - A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of machines in different locations, connected to a single network or hub service. It is possible to distinguish between two types of distributed clouds: public-resource computing and volunteer cloud.

Broad network access (nist)

Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).

Rapid elasticity (nist)

Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.

platform as a service (paas)

The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.

Resource pooling (nist)

The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.

$xmlDoc = new DOMDocument();$xmlDoc->load("note.xml");print $xmlDoc->saveXML();

[XML] To read XML file using XML DOM parser into a variable $xmlDoc, which of the following statements is correct to read the XML file ("note.xml")?

length

[XML] Which of the following is not a property or method of a DOM Document?

The XMLHttpRequest object cannot send data to a server in the background

[XML] Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

Tree-based parser is a better option for larger XML documents than smaller XML documents.

[XML] Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

Selectively disabling scripts with Content-Security-Policy (CSP)

[XSS] Consider Cross-site scripting (XSS) and its preventive measures.As long as trusted nonces only appear on trustworthy scripts, the browser will not run programs from untrusted authors. Some large application providers report having successfully deployed nonce-based policies.This is an example of __________.

covert redirection

[XSS] Consider Cross-site scripting (XSS) and its related vulnerabilities._______ takes advantage of third-party clients susceptible to XSS or Open Redirect attacks. (In contrast, normal phishing attempts can be easy to spot, because the malicious page's URL will usually be off by a couple of letters from that of the real site.) The difference is that an attacker could use the real website instead by corrupting the site with a malicious login pop-up dialogue box.

persistent

[XSS] Consider Cross-site scripting (XSS). Suppose there is a dating website where members scan the profiles of other members to see if they look interesting. For privacy reasons, this site hides everybody's real name and email. An attacker joins the site and wants to figure out the real names of the people on the site. To do so, the attacker writes a script designed to run from other users' browsers when they visit the attacker's profile. The script then sends a quick message to the attacker's own server, which collects this information. This is an example of _____ XSS attack.

XSS risk is now almost disappeared today as the majority of the recent servers and browsers can detect and prevent the attacks.

[XSS] Consider Cross-site scripting (XSS). Which one of the following choices is NOT correct?

XSS vulnerabilities have been reported and exploited since the 2010s

[XSS] Consider Cross-site scripting (XSS). Which one of the following choices is NOT correct?

hybrid cloud (deployment model)

____ is a composition of a public cloud and a private environment, such as a private cloud or on-premises resources, that remain distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. -=== can also mean the ability to connect collocation, managed and/or dedicated services with cloud resources. Gartner defines a ==== service as a cloud computing service that is composed of some combination of private, public and community cloud services, from different service providers. A ==== service crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it can't be simply put in one category of private, public, or community cloud service. It allows one to extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service, by aggregation, integration or customization with another cloud service.

platform as a service

_____ vendors offer a development environment to application developers. The provider typically develops toolkit and standards for development and channels for distribution and payment. In the ____ models, cloud providers deliver a computing platform, typically including operating system, programming-language execution environment, database, and web server. Application developers develop and run their software on a cloud platform instead of directly buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With some ____, the underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually.

autonomic computing

automate the process through which the use can provision resources on demand

enterprise cloud

available to a single organization

function as a service

is a service-hosted remote procedure call that leverages serverless computing to enable the deployment of individual functions in the cloud that run in response to events. ____ is included under the broader term serverless computing, but the terms may also be used interchangeably.

virtualization

provides agility required to speed up IT operations and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure utilization

operating-system level virtualization

essentially creates a scalable system of multiple independent computing devices, where idle computing resources can be used more efficiently

grid computing

form of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a super and virtual computer is composed of a cluster of networked loosely coupled computers acting in convert to do large tasks

structural rules

[XML] Document type definition (DTD) files define the ________ for an XML document.

large clouds

common today often distributed over multiple locations

security and privacy

"There are some real Achilles' heels in the cloud infrastructure that are making big holes for the bad guys to get into". Because data from hundreds or thousands of companies can be stored on large cloud servers, hackers can theoretically gain control of huge stores of information through a single attack—a process he called "hyperjacking". Some examples of this include the Dropbox security breach, and iCloud 2014 leak. Dropbox had been breached in October 2014, having over 7 million of its users passwords stolen by hackers in an effort to get monetary value from it by Bitcoins (BTC). By having these passwords, they are able to read private data as well as have this data be indexed by search engines (making the information public).

iaas

"where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls)."

client server model

(Enabling technologies of Cloud Computing) broadly to any distributed app with 2 layers distinguishing service providers and service requestors

On-demand self-service (nist)

(nist) A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.

software as a service

- in the ____ model, users gain access to the app software and databases - cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platform that run the applications - ___ is sometimes referred to as "on-demand software" and is usually priced on a pay-per-user basis or using a subscription fee - in the __ model, cloud providers install and operate application software in a cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients - cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where the application runs - this eliminates the need to install and run the app on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifes maintenance and support - cloud applications different from other applications in their scalability - which can be achieved by closing tasks onto multiple VMs at run-time to meet changing work demand - load balancers distribute the work over the set of VMs - this process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access point - to accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be multi tenant, meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud-suer organization

volunteer cloud (deployment model)

==== computing is characterized as the intersection of public- resource computing and cloud computing, where a cloud computing infrastructure is built using volunteered resources. Many challenges arise from this type of infrastructure, because of the volatility of the resources used to build it and the dynamic environment it operates in. It can also be called peer-to-peer clouds, or ad-hoc clouds. An interesting effort in such direction is Cloud@Home, it aims to implement a cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing a business-model to incentivize contributions through financial restitution.

cloud engineering

==== is the application of engineering disciplines to cloud computing. It brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization, standardization and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse areas such as systems, software, web, performance, information technology engineering, security, platform, risk, and quality engineering.

multi cloud (deployment model)

==== is the use of multiple cloud computing services in a single heterogeneous architecture to reduce reliance on single vendors, increase flexibility through choice, mitigate against disasters, etc. It differs from hybrid cloud in that it refers to multiple cloud services, rather than multiple deployment modes (public, private, legacy).

HPC cloud (deployment model)

==== refers to the use of cloud computing services and infrastructure to execute high-performance computing (HPC) applications. These applications consume considerable amount of computing power and memory and are traditionally executed on clusters of computers. • In 2016 a handful of companies, including R-HPC, Amazon Web Services, Univa, Silicon Graphics International, Sabalcore, Gomput, and Penguin Computing offered a high performance computing cloud. The Penguin On Demand (POD) cloud was one of the first non-virtualized remote HPC services offered on a pay-as-you-go basis. Penguin Computing launched its HPC cloud in 2016 as alternative to Amazon's EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud, which uses virtualized computing nodes.

poly cloud (deployment model)

==== refers to the use of multiple public clouds for the purpose of leveraging specific services that each provider offers. It differs from Multi cloud in that it is not designed to increase flexibility or mitigate against failures but is rather used to allow an organization to achieve more that could be done with a single provider.

community cloud (deployment model)

==== shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party, and either hosted internally or externally. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a private cloud), so only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.

cloud architecture

====, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in the use of tight or loose coupling as applied to mechanisms such as these and others.

Peer-to-peer

A distributed architecture without the need for central coordination. Each peer could be both suppliers and consumers (in contrast to the traditional client-server model).

Cloud sandbox

A live, isolated computer environment in which a program, code or file can run without affecting the application in which it runs.

disadvantages of cloud computing

According to Bruce Schneier, "The downside is that you will have limited customization options. Cloud computing is cheaper because of economics of scale, and—like any outsourced task—you tend to get what you want. A restaurant with a limited menu is cheaper than a personal chef who can cook anything you want. Fewer options at a much cheaper price: it's a feature, not a bug." He also suggests that "the cloud provider might not meet your legal needs" and that businesses need to weigh the benefits of cloud computing against the risks

security and privacy

According to the Cloud Security Alliance, the top three threats in the cloud are Insecure Interfaces and APIs, Data Loss & Leakage, and Hardware Failure—which accounted for 29%, 25% and 10% of all cloud security outages respectively. Together, these form shared technology vulnerabilities. In a cloud provider platform being shared by different users, there may be a possibility that information belonging to different customers resides on the same data server. Additionally, Eugene Schultz, chief technology officer at Emagined Security, said that hackers are spending substantial time and effort looking for ways to penetrate the cloud.

infrastructure as a service (process)

Ahypervisorrunsthevirtualmachinesasguests.Poolsofhypervisorswithinthecloudoperational system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements. LinuxcontainersruninisolatedpartitionsofasingleLinuxkernelrunningdirectlyonthephysical hardware. Linux cgroups and namespaces are the underlying Linux kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers. • Containerizationoffershigherperformancethanvirtualizationbecausethereisnohypervisor overhead. Also, container capacity auto-scales dynamically with computing load, which eliminates the problem of over-provisioning and enables usage-based billing. • IaaScloudsoftenofferadditionalresourcessuchasavirtual-machinedisk-imagelibrary,rawblock storage, file or object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles.

hybrid cloud (deployment model)

Another example of ==== is one where IT organizations use public cloud computing resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud. This capability enables ==== to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds. Cloud bursting is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and "bursts" to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity increases. A primary advantage of cloud bursting and a ==== model is that an organization pays for extra compute resources only when they are needed.

hybrid cloud (deployment model)

Cloud bursting enables data centers to create an in-house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads, and use cloud resources from public or private clouds, during spikes in processing demands. The specialized model of ====, which is built atop heterogeneous hardware, is called "Cross-platform Hybrid Cloud". A cross-platform hybrid cloud is usually powered by different CPU architectures, for example, x86-64 and ARM, underneath. Users can transparently deploy and scale applications without knowledge of the cloud's hardware diversity. This kind of cloud emerges from the rise of ARM-based system-on-chip for server-class computing. ==== infrastructure essentially serves to eliminate limitations inherent to the multi-access relay characteristics of private cloud networking. The advantages include enhanced runtime flexibility and adaptive memory processing unique to virtualized interface models.

emerging trends

Cloud computing is still a subject of research. A driving factor in the evolution of cloud computing has been chief technology officers seeking to minimize risk of internal outages and mitigate the complexity of housing network and computing hardware in- house. Major cloud technology companies invest billions of dollars per year in cloud Research and Development. For example, in 2011 Microsoft committed 90 percent of its $9.6 billion R&D budget to its cloud. Research by investment bank Centaur Partners in late 2015 forecasted that SaaS revenue would grow from $13.5 billion in 2011 to $32.8 billion in 2016.

security and privacy

Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the service provider can access the data that is in the cloud at any time. It could accidentally or deliberately alter or delete information. Many cloud providers can share information with third parties if necessary for purposes of law and order without a warrant. That is permitted in their privacy policies, which users must agree to before they start using cloud services. Solutions to privacy include policy and legislation as well as end-users' choices for how data is stored.

public cloud (deployment model)

Cloud services are considered "____" when they are delivered over the public Internet, and they may be offered as a paid subscription, or free of charge. Architecturally, there are few differences between ____- and ____-cloud services, but security concerns increase substantially when services (applications, storage, and other resources) are shared by multiple customers. Most ____-cloud providers offer direct-connection services that allow customers to securely link their legacy data centers to their cloud-resident applications. Several factors like the functionality of the solutions, cost, integrational and organizational aspects as well as safety & security are influencing the decision of enterprises and organizations to choose a ____ or on-premise solution.

Measured service (nist)

Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

the "square" has no attribute as specified by EMPTY keyword.

Consider the following XML DTD code segment. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?<!ELEMENT square EMPTY><!ATTLIST square width CDATA "0">

Fog computing

Distributed computing paradigm providing data, compute, storage and application services closer to the client or near-user edge devices (e.g., network routers).

disadvantages of cloud computing

In cloud computing, the control of the back end infrastructure is limited to the cloud vendor only. Cloud providers often decide on the management policies, which moderates what the cloud users are able to do with their deployment. Cloud users are also limited to the control and management of their applications, data and services. This includes data caps, which are placed on cloud users by the cloud vendor allocating a certain amount of bandwidth for each customer and are often shared among other cloud users.

disadvantages of cloud computing

Nevertheless, cloud computing has proven to have some limitations and disadvantages, especially for smaller business operations, particularly regarding security and downtime. Technical outages are inevitable and occur sometimes when cloud service providers (CSPs) become overwhelmed in the process of serving their clients. This may result in temporary business suspension. Since this technology's systems rely on the Internet, an individual cannot access their applications, server or data from the cloud during an outage. However, many large enterprises maintain at least two internet providers, using different entry points into their workplaces, some even use 4G as a third fallback.

Mainframe computer

Powerful computers mainly used by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing (e.g., US census, IRS, social security admin, police and secret intelligence services, global enterprise planning, financial and stock markets, banks, credit card processing worldwide).

disadvantages of cloud computing

Privacy and confidentiality are big concerns in some activities. For instance, sworn translators working under the stipulations of an NDA, might face problems regarding sensitive data that are not encrypted. Cloud computing is beneficial to many enterprises; it lowers costs and allows them to focus on competence instead of on matters of IT and infrastructure.

security and privacy

Some small businesses that don't have expertise in IT security could find that it's more secure for them to use a public cloud. There is the risk that end users do not understand the issues involved when signing on to a cloud service (persons sometimes don't read the many pages of the terms of service agreement, and just click "Accept" without reading). This is important now that cloud computing is becoming popular and required for some services to work, for example for an intelligent personal assistant (Apple's Siri or Google Now). Fundamentally, private cloud is seen as more secure with higher levels of control for the owner, however public cloud is seen to be more flexible and requires less time and money investment from the user.

utility computing

The "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity."

software as a service (saas)

The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

security and privacy

There is the problem of legal ownership of the data (If a user stores some data in the cloud, can the cloud provider profit from it?). Many Terms of Service agreements are silent on the question of ownership. Physical control of the computer equipment (private cloud) is more secure than having the equipment off-site and under someone else's control (public cloud). This delivers great incentive to public cloud computing service providers to prioritize building and maintaining strong management of secure services. Some small businesses that don't have expertise in IT security could find that it's more secure for them to use a public cloud.

public-resource computing (deployment model)

This type of distributed cloud results from an expansive definition of cloud computing, because they are more akin to distributed computing than cloud computing. Nonetheless, it is considered a sub-class of cloud computing.

default namespace

[XML] To eliminate the need to place namespace prefixes in each element, document authors may specify a(n) ________ for an element and that element's children.

security and privacy

Users can encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access. Identity management systems can also provide practical solutions to privacy concerns in cloud computing. These systems distinguish between authorized and unauthorized users and determine the amount of data that is accessible to each entity. The systems work by creating and describing identities, recording activities, and getting rid of unused identities.

hybrid cloud (deployment model)

Varied use cases for ==== composition exist. For example, an organization may store sensitive client data in house on a private cloud application, but interconnect that application to a business intelligence application provided on a public cloud as a software service. This example of ==== extends the capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific business service through the addition of externally available public cloud services. ==== adoption depends on a number of factors such as data security and compliance requirements, level of control needed over data, and the applications an organization uses.

XML DTD

[XML] The following code is an example of ___.<!DOCTYPE note[<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)><!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>] >

$x = $xmlDoc->documentElement;foreach ($x->childNodes AS $item) { . . . }

[XML] After reading the XML file ("node.xml") using XML DOM parser into a variable $xmlDoc, which of the following statements is correct to loop through all elements of the <note> element?

The example above declares that the "note" element can contain zero or more occurrences of parsed character data, "to", "from", "header", or "message" elements.

[XML] Consider the following code segment, which of the following statement is correct?<!ELEMENT note (#PCDATA|to|from|header|message)*>

"note" must have at least one occurrence of "message"

[XML] Consider the following code segment, which of the following statement is correct?<!ELEMENT note (message+)>

AJAX uses XMLhttp object (to exchange data asynchronously with a server)

[Ajax] Which of the following statements is incorrect?

REST is Representational Extended State Transfe

[REST] Which of the following statements is incorrect?

compiler analysis

[SQLinject] Consider SQL Injection. Which one of the following choices is NOT correct?The web application developers strive to prevent these SQL injections by using one of the common source code analysis types. Which one of the following choices is NOT correct for one of the common source code analysis types?

false positive

[SQLinject] Consider the following statement concerning SQL Injection attack and Static analysis.________ results are those paths which are detected as a vulnerable path; however, they are not vulnerable.

The hybrid analysis shows a higher false-positive rate, as it combines the dynamic analysis tool.

[SQLinject] Consider the following statement concerning SQL Injection attack and hybrid analysis.Which of the following choice is NOT correct?

blind SQLi

[SQLinject] Consider the following statement concerning SQL Injection attack.The _______ attack is categorized into different types like the Boolean-Based or Time-Based SQLi attacks.

true

[SQLinject] True/False. Consider the following statement concerning static analysis of SQL Injection attack.Static analysis have the advantage to cover all source code, and the ability to detect all vulnerabilities among the source code.

availability

[Web Security] A loss of ____ might manifest as a denial of service attack.

sql injection

[Web Security] There are two ways to protect against this type of attacks or threats: to sanitize user input, and to apply the least privileges possible for the application's database user.

Information Disclosure

[Web Security] This is a threat when the attacker accesses data they should not be able to.

a. Public key cryptography is also called symmetric cryptography

[Web Security] Which of the following statements is incorrect?

reflected xss

[Web Security] ___ is attack that sends malicious content to the server, so that in the server response, the malicious content is embedded.

stored XSS

[Web Security] ___ is even more dangerous, because the attack can impact every user that visits the site.

authentication

[Web Security] ___ is the process by which you decide that someone is who they say they are and therefore permitted to access the requested resources, whether or not getting entrance to an airport, getting past the bouncer at the bar, or logging into your web application, you have already seen ___ in action.

availability

[Web Security] _____ is essential to making the other two elements relevant (for CIA), [since without it, it's easy to have a confidential and integral system (a locked box)].

integrity

[Web Security] _____ is the principle of ensuring that data is accurate and correct.

confidentiality

[Web Security] ______ is the concept most often thought of when security is brought up.

serverless computing

cloud computing code execution model in which the cloud provider fully manages starting and stopping virtual machines as necessary to serve requests, and requests are billed by an abstract measure of the resources required to satisfy the request, rather than per virtual machine, per hour. ____ is so named because the business or person that owns the system does not have to purchase, rent or provision servers or virtual machines for the back-end code to run on. Despite the name, it does not actually involve running code without servers.

edge server

if the connection to the user is relatively close

information security

is the holistic practice of protecting information from unauthorized users.

benefits of cloud computing

organization agility, cost reductions, global services, easier maintenance, multi tenancy (sharing of resources and costs with a large pool of users), productivity increase

cloud computing

on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user; typically used to describe data centers available to many users over the internet

five essential characteristics of cloud computing (NIST)

on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, measured service

Computer bureau

providing computer services (1960s to 1980s)

infrastructure as a service

refers to online services that provide high-level APIs used to abstract various low-level details of underlying network infrastructure; For example, physical computing resources, location, data partitioning, scaling, security, backup, etc.

virtualization software

separate a physical computing device into one or more "virtual" devices, to be easily used and managed

MBaas (mobile backend as a service)

web app and mobile app developers are provided with a way to link their applications to cloud storage and cloud computing services with application programming interfaces (APIs) exposed to their applications and custom software development kits (SDKs). Services include user management, push notifications, integration with social networking services and more. This is a relatively recent model in cloud computing, with most ____ startups dating from 2011 or later but trends indicate that these services are gaining significant mainstream traction with enterprise consumers.

paas

• Some integration and data management providers also use specialized applications of ____ as delivery models for data. • Examples include i____ (Integration Platform as a Service) and d____ (Data Platform as a Service). i____ enables customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows. Under the i____ integration model, customers drive the development and deployment of integrations without installing or managing any hardware or middleware. d____ delivers integration—and data-management—products as a fully managed service. Under the d____ model, the ____ provider, not the customer, manages the development and execution of programs by building data applications for the customer. d____ users access data through data- visualization tools.

big data cloud (deployment model)

• The issues of transferring large amounts of data to the cloud as well as data security once the data is in the cloud initially hampered adoption of cloud for big data, but now that much data originates in the cloud and with the advent of bare-metal servers, the cloud has become a solution for use cases including business analytics and geospatial analysis.

software as a service

• The pricing model for ____ applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user, so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point. •It may also be free. Proponents claim that ____ gives a business the potential to reduce IT operational costs by outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. •This enables the business to reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and from personnel expenses, towards meeting other goals. •In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be released without the need for users to install new software. •One drawback of ____ comes with storing the users' data on the cloud provider's server. •As a result,[citation needed] there could be unauthorized access to the data. •Examples of applications offered as ____ are games and productivity software like Google Docs and Word Online. •____ applications may be integrated with cloud storage or File hosting services, which is the case with Google Docs being integrated with Google Drive and Word Online being integrated with Onedrive.

private cloud (deployment model)

•____ is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third party, and hosted either internally or externally. - undertaking a ____ project requires significant engagement to virtualize the business environment, and requires the organization to reevaluate decisions about existing resources - it can improve business, but every step in the project raises security issues that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities - self-run data centers are generally capital intensive - they have a significant physical footprint, requiring allocations of space, hardware, and environmental controls - these assets have to be refreshed periodically, resulting in additional capital expenditures - they have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from less hands-on management, essentially "lacking the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept"