6,7,8

Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember _____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time

30

Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that capacity of working memory is how many units of information

4 plus or minus 1

which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

Acquisition and extinction

What was the most controversial conclusion made by Arthur Jensen with regard to Level 1 and Level II intelligence?

African Americans, as a group, had the lowest amount of Level II intelligence.

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

Arousal

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

Artificial

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

Associative learning

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayners work with "little Albert"?

It would be unethical by todays research standards

In Pavlovs classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word _____

Learned

Which pair of individuals is most likely to have the highest similarity in their IQ scores?

Marcus and Maria are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families.

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically.

Hideki tells a lie grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded) Which kind of learning is this?

Operant conditioning

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

Relearning

According to psychologist _______ classical conditioning is effective because of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS

Rescorla

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has _____ amnesia

Retrograde

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

What is an engram

a group of neurons that serves as a physical representation of a memory

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding

acoustic

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?

lexicon

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

logical-mathematical

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(n) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests she would be capable of holding a job and living independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

musical

______ Reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

primary

"Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences." This is the foundation of the ________ model.

range of reaction

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy. and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you wont forget it. This process is called _______

rehearsal

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called

spontaneous recovery

Which statistic is a measure of how data are dispersed in a population and can be used to give context to larger data sets?

standard deviation

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 state

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of a reflex

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Elaborative rehearsal involves _______.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

What is the main idea of operant conditioning

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Cognition

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Barney used to live in Pittsburgh, and his telephone number started with the area code of 410. Barney remembers his new area code by connecting it to the old one and just a subtracting two. This is an example of ____ rehearsal

Elaborative

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness

Which of the following is an example of instinct

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long strings of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of _____.

chunking

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ______, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________

construction; reconstruction

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic?

dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip

Rudy is amazing in all of his school classes, except math. He struggles to understand basic arithmetic concepts, confuses mathematical symbols like "+" and "=", and gets very frustrated and upset at the thought of doing math homework. Rudy has a normal level of cognitive functioning in other areas, and reads and writes with ease. Rudy's parents may want to have him evaluated to see if he suffers from ________.

dyscalculia

Although her reading skills are just fine, Beatriz has difficulty with her writing. Her teachers have noticed that no matter how hard she tries and how much they work with her the handwriting on her papers is almost illegible. Further, although she has great thoughts and understands concepts at a high level, she is unable to put them into a cohesive written paper. Beatriz may suffer from ________.

dysgraphia

The _____ Theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful

evolutionary

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

explicit memories

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

fear cannot be a conditioned response

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.

fluid

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

A public poll opinion was administered to 50 people before the election of president barack obama. polls taken before election night would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of _____ bias

hindsight

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of the multiple intelligences model does this exemplify?

interpersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

which of the following is an example of fixed ration reinforcement schedule

knowing you will get to play mini golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart