8H Earth Science Labs (27 complete labs)

Earth Science lab p-4

1) At the start, which calorimeter had the most potential energy? 2) Which calorimeter lost energy? 3) Which calorimeter was a heat source? 4) In which direction did the heat energy flow? 5) Compare the amount of energy lost by one cup to the amount of energy gained by the other cup. 6) Explain the difference between the amount of energy lost by one cup and the amount of energy gained by another. 7) How does your graph show that there is a change in the rate if the heat lost or gained as time passed? 8) How does the rate if heat loss from the hot cup change during the experiment? 9) If the experiment were left standing for 24 hr, what predictions could you make about the temperature of the cups. 10) How could you modify the experiment to increase the rate of heat transfer from the hot cup to the cold cup? 11) Explain why there is a change in rate of energy exchange as time passes. Conclusion: Explain how heat is transferred from the water in one calorimeter to the water of the other calorimeter.

Earth science Shoebox Lab

#1 What are the five senses? The five senses are sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. #2 Why was it necessary to use an instrument at station #4 It was necessary to use an instrument at station 4 because just using your senses normally wouldn't help you. #3 Give an example of an inference. For station number 1 I believe that there are balls in the box. #4 Explain why your example in question #3 is an inference. My example in question #3 is an inference because I reached a conclusion on the basis of evidence. #5 Give an example of an observation. The object in station #2 is round and fuzzy. #6 Explain why your example in question #5 is an observation. My example in question #5 is an observation because I used one of my 5 senses to come to a inference. Conclusion: If astronauts ever land on one of the moons of Jupiter, how might they gather information concerning its surface and atmosphere characteristics? They would take samples of the surrounding environment and they would test its gravity and oxygen amount.

Earth Science metal bar lab

1) At the start, which calorimeter had the most potential energy? -The Hot cup and the most potential energy. 2) Which calorimeter lost energy? -The hot cup lost energy. 3) Which calorimeter was a heat source? -The Hot cup was the h 4) In which direction did the heat energy flow? -It is flowing from the hot cup to the cold cup 5) Compare the amount of energy lost by one cup to the amount of energy gained by the other cup. -As the hot cup lost energy, the cold cup gained energy. 6) Explain the difference between the amount of energy lost by one cup and the amount of energy gained by another. -Since hot always goes to cold, the hot cups energy is going to the cold cup. This is causing the colder cup to gain more energy and the hotter cup to loose more energy. 7) How does your graph show that there is a change in the rate if the heat lost or gained as time passed? -The slope of the graph isn't consistent. This indicated a change in the rate of heat lost or gained. 8) How does the rate if heat loss from the hot cup change during the experiment? -The rate of heat lost by the hot water decreased. The slope decreased. 9) If the experiment were left standing for 24 hr, what predictions could you make about the temperature of the cups. -I predict that the temperature of the cups would be around the same temperature. 10) How could you modify the experiment to increase the rate of heat transfer from the hot cup to the cold cup? -In the experiment the metal bar was used to transfer hear. To speed up the process of heat transfer you can use a better conductor to transfer the heat faster. 11) Explain why there is a change in rate of energy exchange as time passes. - Conclusion: Explain how heat is transferred from the water in one calorimeter to the water of the other calorimeter. -The heat from one cup to another is done so by means of a conductor (the metal bar).

Earth Science lab 7-3

1) Even if you didn't know these were all cities of the United States, how could you tell from the temperature curves that they were all in the Northern Hemisphere? You are able to tell that the cities are located in the Northern Hemisphere since the warmest months occur from July to August. If it was the Southern Hemisphere the warmest months would be from December to February. https://prezi.com/sxhge-ooy_ec/earth-sience-exhibition-2012-2013/ 2) Which city has the greatest yearly temperature range? Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania has the greatest yearly temperature range, with temperatures that range from a low of 27°F to a high of 85°F (58° range). http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/vorwalb/09_Climate%20Factors.pdf 3) Explain the cause of the greater range you observed in question 2. The reason Pittsburgh has the greatest yearly temperature range is because Pittsburgh is located further inland than New York. http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/vorwalb/09_Climate%20Factors.pdf 4) How do the rates of heating and cooling differ for NY and Pittsburgh? The heating and cooling rates in Pittsburgh are quicker compared to the heating and cooling rates in New York. http://www.answers.com/Q/How_do_the_rates_of_heating_and_cooling_differ_for_New_York_ans_Bismarck 5) What is the yearly temperature range for Los Angeles? The yearly temperature range for Los Angeles ranges from a low of 58°F to a high of 75°F (17° range). http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/los-angeles/california/united-states/usca1339 6) What is the yearly temperature range for Phoenix? The yearly temperature range for Phoenix ranges from a low of 54°F to a high of 94°F (40° range). http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/phoenix/arizona/united-states/usaz0166 7) Since Los Angeles and Phoenix are at the same latitude, what can you infer about the intensity of insolation at both locations? Since Los Angeles and Phoenix are at the same latitude you can infer that they are receiving the same amount of insolation. http://faq.spurfect.com/ask/what-can-you-infer-about-the-intensity-of-insolation-at-both-locations-since-los-angeles-and-phoenix-are-at-the-same-latitude-1839258/ 8) Considering the intensity of insolation for Los Angeles and Phoenix, explain the difference in temperature curves for the two cities. The reason the temperature curve for Los Angeles and Phoenix are different is because Los Angeles is located closer to the ocean compared to Phoenix. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Temperature-Ranges-904556.html 9) How does the lack of atmospheric moisture in California's Mojave Desert cause a large daily temperature range? The more moisture, the longer the temperature can maintain because of the density of the air, the lesser moisture the more drastic the changes. This means that there is nothing to filter out the heat or cold. http://www.chacha.com/question/how-does-the-lack-of-atmospheric-moisture-in-the-mohave-desert-cause-a-large-daily-temperature-range CONCLUSI:Describe the difference in the annual temperature range between a coastal region and an inland region. Locations on the coast are more likely to experience more precipitation and a cooler climate than locations inland. http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/describe-difference-annual-temperature-range-176317

Earth Science Lab p-4

1) Why was it important to place each can an equal distance from the lamp? -So they would get the same amount of exposure, this is important to keep a consistent and accurate experiment. 2) After 10min why was it necessary to turn the lamps away from the area of the cans. - Because the lamp is still radiating heat we would want to ten it away from the cups so that the temperature isn't affected by the additional heat energy. 3) Which can absorbed energy quicker? How does your graph illustrate this. -The black can absorb energy quicker. As the amount of heat exposure goes up between the two cans, the black can got to a higher temperature quicker. 4) Which can radiated energy more quickly? How does your graph illustrate this. -The black can radiated energy quicker. The black can dropped temperature a lot faster then the silver can. 5) Which can had the greatest rate of change throughout the experiment? -The black can had a greater rate of change. 6) What evidence can you find from your graph that indicates that neither cup heated up nor cooled off at a constant rate. -There was no smooth transition between temperatures. As the minutes passed the amount of energy lost at one minute wasn't the same as the other minutes. 7) If you know that a surface is a good absorber of energy, what can you infer bout its ability to radiate energy. -I infer that its ability to radiate will increase. 8) What would cause the graph lines to tend to level off near the end of 20 min. -The temperature of the 2 cups would reach a point close to room temperature. This means that really no heat is being lost or gained. 9) How do the wavelengths absorbed by the cans differ from the wavelengths radiated by the cans? The black can would absorb all wavelengths and the silver wouldn't. This caused the black can to heat faster. Conclusion: What characteristic of the surface used in this lab determined the rates of heating and cooling. -The color of the surface determined the rates of cooling and heating. heating.

Earth science Lab p-5

1) the pattern of movement of the got dye during the first two observations -During the first two minutes the general motion of the dye was upward. 2) Describe the pattern of movement of the cold dye during the first two observations -During the first 2 minutes there was no motion of the dye. It remained at the bottom of the flask. 3) Why didn't the cold dye immediately rise into the warm water? -The cold dye was more dense then the surrounding hot water. 4) What difference in densities caused the pattern of movement observed when the hot dye was placed into the cold water? -The hot dye was less dense then the surrounding hot water therefore it rose upwards. 5) What happens to the density of a fluid when heat is applied? -The density of the fluid will decrease as temperature is increased. Conclusion: How is heat transferred by convection? -As heat is applied to a fluid, the density of the fluid surrounding the heat source will decrease and rise upwards in the fluid.

Earth Science Erosion and deposition lab

Erosion and deposition lab 1) How does a rivers gradient affect its velocity? -The steeper the gradient the faster the velocity 2) How do rivers transport sediment -They pick up loose sediment and bring it up stream until the velocity slows to a point in which it needs to drop the sediment. 3) Stream A runs down a slope that drops 3 meters in elevation for every 10 meters in distance. Stream B runs down a slope that drops 5 meters in elevation for every 20 meters in distance. Compare the gradients of the two streams. -Stream A has a higher gradient then stream B. 4) How does a river form a V-shaped valley? -It erodes the high elevation in one spot ultimately leading to a continuous cycle of erosion. Eventually after thousands of years the river would of brought the elevation down to a point in which it makes a v-shaped valley. 5) Why do deltas form at the mouths of rivers? -The mouth is eroded to the point in which it expands greatly and creates a larger platform for the water to flow. Example: The Nile Delta 6) How does the discharge in the Mississippi river change as it approaches the Gulf of Mexico? Why does this change occur? -As the Mississippi river approaches the Gulf of Mexico the discharge is decreased. This, in turn, causes the sediment in the river to settle out (sediment will settle out of slow moving water more quickly than in fast flowing water) and form the river delta. 7) What is the relationship between particle diameter and the velocity of the stream flow needed to keep the particle in suspension? -As the diameter of the sediment increases, the velocity of the stream will also have to increase to keep the sediment in suspension. Conclusion: In the early 1800s, geologists noted that many outcrops in Ny state featured polished and scratched surfaces. Boulders and sediments in these regions differed in composition from underlying bedrock. Some boulders could be traced to outcrops hundreds of miles to the north. Some scientists hypothesized that a flood scoured the out crops and transported the boulders. Give an alternative hypothesis. Be sure to include evidence that supports your hypothesis. -I believe that there was once a great river in this area. It was most likely caused by rainfall the severe melting of glaciers. The velocity of the River was great enough to move these boulders at a slow rate and the smaller sediments at a faster rate.

Earth Science Textbook page 183

Group A 11) Name some of the local conditions, incusing geographic features, which can affect a local weather pattern. -Elevation and geological features such as mountains and valleys can affect weather conditions. 12) Which atmospheric variables are related in a simple manner? Specify whether these relationships are direct or indirect -Both precipitation and visibility are inversely related. Precipitation and cloud cover are directly related. 13) What three main characteristics are used to determine air masses? - The three main characteristics are source region, moisture content identifiers, and temperature of the air. 14) What determines the characteristics of an air mass? -The characteristics of an air mass are determined by where the air mass was formed. 15) What is the direction of circulation in a low-pressure air mass in the Northern Hemisphere? -The direction of circulation is a counter-clockwise rotation 16) What is the direction of circulation in a high pressure air mass in the Northern Hemisphere. - The direction of circulation is a clockwise rotation 17) What is a front? - A front is a transition zone between two air masses 18) How does the passage of a front generally affect weather conditions? - The front can change the current weather conditions dramatically. 19) What are the four basic types of fronts? -There is a cold front, warm front, occluded front, and a stationary front 20) What are jet streams and why are they important - Jet streams are strips of strong winds that have a huge influence on climate, as they can push air masses around and affect weather patterns 21) What is the importance of storms in terms of energy in the atmosphere? - Group B 2) Explain how some or all of the variables in question 1 would change under the following conditions. -Weather changes from a warm and humid to cool and dry -Precipitation would decrease as would temperature as well, dew point would decrease. b) -The weather changes from cool and dry to a warm and humid -Precipitation would increase as would temperature as well, dew point would increase. 3) Describe the probable origin, path, and effect on your area of an air mass as to moves from its source region to your location, bringing: a) warm moist air: b) cool, dry air - Warm/Moist air would come from the southern US, it would come up the east coast and would likely bring precipitation -Cool/dry air air would most likely come from Canada, moving south an would decrease temperature and maybe bring cool winds.

Earth Science Interpreting Weather station models

Interpreting weather station models Which weather station model above would most likely have snow? -Station B probably has snow based on the fact that the air temperature and dew-point temperature are close together and are below freezing. Which weather station model above would most likely have rain? -Station A probably has rain because the air temperature and dew-point temperature are close together, it wouldn't be snow because the temperatures are above freezing. Which weather station model above has the highest air pressure? -Station B has the highest air pressure. The air pressure in millibars would be 1031.0 mb. 4) Which weather station model above has the highest wind speed? -Station C has the highest wind speeds because it has three large flags/feathers on the direction of wind line, stating that the wind is blowing at 30 knots. What are two unlikely weather events in this model? -Snow is an unlikely weather occurrence in this model because it has temperatures above freezing as well as temperatures that are far apart. -High atmospheric pressure is also another unlikely weather occurrence because high air temperatures mean low atmospheric pressure. What are two unlikely weather events in this model? -The dew-point temperature is impossible because it is higher than the air temperature. -Low atmospheric pressure is unlikely to occur since the air temperature is freezing and cold air temperatures mean higher atmospheric pressure. 7) Determine what the barometric pressure was three hours ago. -The barometric pressure three hours ago was 952.6 mb

Earth Science lab 3-4

Lab 3-4 1) What was the shape of the path the stream formed when the slope was 20*? -The path was straight with no curves. 2) When the slope was decreased, what happened to the velocity of the stream? -The velocity of the stream was decrease when the slope decreases. 3) After the slope was decreased, what changes did you observe in the rate of erosion? -After the slope was decreased, the erosion also decreased. 4) After the slope was decreased, what changes did you observe in the rate of deposition? -Deposition increased after the slope decreased. 5) Describe the deposition of sediments as the stream entered the lake. -When entering the lake the sediments were sorted by factors such as size, density, and shape. Conclusion: Describe the factors that affect the patterns of erosion and deposition in a stream. Slope is a major factor; The steeper the slops, the faster the velocity The velocity of a stream; The higher the velocity, the larger sediments that the water can move. The age of a stream; The older the stream the slower the velocity, this also causes an increase in deposition. The size of sediment; The larger the sediment the higher chances it has of being dropped. The smaller sediments flow down the river longer.

Earth science lab 4-6

Lab 4-6 Referring to Graph 1, what is the reason for the increasing density of olivine with increasing depth? As depth increases so does pressure causing the minerals' atoms to get closer and closer together leading to an increased density. Graph 1, pg 172 in Lab 4-6 Referring to Graph 1, at what depth is there a sudden change in the density of olivine? At 400 kilometers deep, there is a sharp increase in the density of olivine. Graph 1, pg 172 in Lab 4-6 On Graph 2, what identifies the boundaries between Earth's interior zones? Discontinuities identify the boundaries between Earth's interior zones. Graph 2, pg 173 in Lab 4-6 According to Graph 3, what change in arrivals of P and S-waves occurs at distances from the earthquake greater than 200 kilometers? At distances of 200 kilometers or greater p and s-waves split into 1st arrival p-waves, 1st arrival s-waves, 2nd arrival p-waves, 2nd arrival s-waves. The 1st arrival p and s-waves travel faster than the 2nd arrival waves because they travel through the mantle, which is a denser medium. Graph 3, pg 175 in Lab 4-6 On the diagram, compare the lengths of the paths through Earth's interior of the 1st arrival s-wave reached the earthquake recording station before the 2nd arrival S-wave? The length that the 1st arrival S-wave travels is a longer distance than the length that the 2nd arrival s- wave must travel by about 100 km (through and back out of the crust). Diagram: Partial Earth Cross-Section, pg 176 in Lab 4-6 Considering your answer to Question 5 and your Report Sheet, how is it possible that the 1st arrival S-wave reached the earthquake recording station before the 2nd arrival S-wave? It is possible that the 1st S-wave reached the recording station before the 2nd S-wave because the 1st S-wave travels through the mantle(since the Mantle is denser the waves travel faster through that medium). Diagram: Partial Earth Cross-section, pg 176 in Lab 4-6 and Report Sheet, pg 177 in Lab 4-6 What caused refraction of the first arrival S-wave? The difference in density caused the refraction of the first arrival S-wave. Graph 3, pg 175 in Lab 4-6 According to the Report Sheet and the diagram, what is a possible reason for the different rates of the 1st and 2nd arrival S-waves in the crust? A possible reason may be that the 1st arrival s-wave starts off with a quicker speed compared to the speed of 2nd arrival s-wave when traveling through the crust. Diagram: Partial Earth Cross-section, pg 176 in Lab 4-6 and Report Sheet, pg 177 in Lab 4-6 NOTE: COMPLETE QUESTION 9 AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY WITH PENNIES AS DIRECTED BY YOUR INSTRUCTOR. What is the comparison between the changing patterns of pennies and the sudden change in olivine pattern as density changed with increasing depth in Earth's interior? The comparison between the changing patterns of pennies and the sudden change in olivine is Graph 1, pg 172 in Lab 4-6 Conclusion: How can seismic waves be used to infer the presence of the Mohorovičić Discontinuity? The seismic waves may split in two separate waves when they encounter the different density of the Moho. https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090210160925AA7

Earth Science lab 6-4

Lab 6-4 Why does the height of the cumulus cloud base change from day to day? The height of the cumulus cloud base changes from day to day because the temperature and the dew point changes from day to day. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. 2. What would happens to height of the cloud base if the dewpoint temperature were lower? If the dewpoint temperature were lower the cloud base Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. 3. How would it be possible to have a day without any clouds. In a high pressure, the air sinks and warms up, dissolving clouds. This is the only way it is possible. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. 4. What relationship would you expect to find between the air temperature and dewpoint temperature at ground level if the area is covered by fog? The air temperature and dewpoint temperature are are the same when fog forms. Www2.sunysuffolk.edu. 5. What happens to the air temperature of a descending mass of air? A descending air becomes warmer.Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air.So the moisture content in the air may increase and there will be a corresponding increase in the dew point temperature. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. 6. What happens to the dewpoint temperature of a descending mass of air? The pressure of the mass climbs as it descends, and as the pressure increases the dew point decreases. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. 7. Explain why a descending mass of air would tend to become drier. Descending mass of air would tend to become drier because lower down you come the warmer it gets, due to atmospheric pressure, so the relative humidity decreases which causes it to feel drier. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. CONCLUSION: describe, step by step, how you can determine the base altitude at which clouds form.

Earth science lab 7-6

Lab 7-6 What is the effect of increasing particle size on each of the following: Percent of pore space -As particle size increases, the percent of pore space stays the same at 40%. Water retained -As particle size increases, the amount of water retained decreases. Time necessary for infiltration -As particle size increases, the amount of time it takes to infiltrate decreases. Rate of Infiltration -As particle size increases, the rate of infiltration increases. If an area has very small sized particles in the upper soil, what is the effect on each of the following: Runoff -As particle size decreases, the runoff increases. Time of Infiltration -As particle size decreases, the time of infiltration increases. Rate of Infiltration -As particle size decreases, the rate of infiltration decreases. http://www.cangeoeducation.ca/resources/learning_centre/classroom_activities/river_runoff.asp Compared to the tube containing large particles, mixing the particle sizes in the tube will have what effect on: Its percentage of pore space? -If you mix particle sizes the percentage of pore space will decrease. Its permeability? -If you mix particle sizes the permeability will decreases. Its amount of water retained? -If you mix particle sizes the amount of water retained will increase. In the demonstration, which particle size had the greatest capillarity? -In the demonstration the smallest particle size , 3 mm, had greater because it had the smallest openings. How far underground can water infiltration? -Water can infiltrate soil until it bedrock. Identify a source of experimental error that would adversely affect your results. -One possible experimental error that would affect my results would be a delay or advance in recording time. What would be the effect of that error on your data? -This error would change results in wetting front travel time as well as rate of infiltration. How could you change your procedure to reduce this error? - I would find a way for the time to be recorded that is more efficient. Conclusion: What factors control the amount of water that flows through the soil? -Some factors that control the amount of water that flows through the soil are the size of the particles, permeability, amount of water, gravity.

Earth Science lab 8-1

Lab 8-1 What is the shape of the apparent path of the sun across the sky? The apparent shape of the sun is an arc. http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Secliptc.htm According to your observations, what is the approximate angular distance in degrees the sun moves in one hour? According to my observations the angular distance the sun moves in an hour is 16.9 degrees, but the exact distance is actually 15 degrees per hour. http://www.exo.net/~pauld/activities/astronomy/rotation.html At the rate you calculated in Question 2, how many hours would it take the sun to travel 360 degrees? According to my data it would take 21.3 hours for the sun to travel 360 degrees, but it actually takes about 24 hours. http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys235/solar_path/solar_path.html According to the model hemisphere and your data, was the sun directly overhead at noon? Explain how your data confirms your answer. chrome-extension://bpmcpldpdmajfigpchkicefoigmkfalc/views/app.html According to the model hemisphere and your data, on this day did the sun rise directly in the east and set exactly in the west? Again, explain how your data confirms your answer. The sun didn't rise exactly east and set exactly west, it rose northeast and set southeast. My data shows how the sun rose more northeast than east and that it set more northwest than west. http://physics.weber.edu/schroeder/ua/StarMotion.html CONCLUSION: Describe the sun's apparent diurnal motion in terms of its path, direction, and rate of movement. The place on the horizon where the sun is first visible each morning is different each day of the year. In general the location is to the East but it is farther North on dates closer to June 21st and farther South on dates closer to December 21st

Earth Science Lab 8-3

Lab 8-3: Ellipses 1)What change take place in the eccentricity of the ellipses when you increase the distance between the foci? -As the distance between foci increase, the ellipse becomes more oval (eccentric). -http://www.kgbanswers.com/what-change-takes-place-in-the-eccentricity-of-the-ellipses-when-you-increase-the-distance-between-the-foci/20017389 2)Which of the four ellipses you drew (not counting the circle) was the most eccentric? -Ellipse #4 was the most eccentric. It had the highest eccentricity value. 3)Which of the four ellipses you drew (not counting the circle) was the least eccentric? -Ellipses #1 was the least eccentric. -http://newyorkscienceteacher.com/sci/files/user-submitted/ 4)What is the minimum eccentricity an ellipses can have? -The minimum eccentricity an ellipses can have is 0. -http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/688861/minimum-eccentricity-of-ellipses-around-another-ellipse 5)What is the name of the geometric shape which has the minimum eccentricity? -A circle has the minimum eccentricity of 0. -http://www.chacha.com/question/what-is-the-name-of-the-geometric-figure-which-has-the-minimum-eccentricity 6)How does the numerical value of "e" change as the shape of the ellipses approaches a straight line? -The value for eccentricity increases as an ellipses approaches a straight line. -http://openstudy.com/updates/4de817e44c0e8b0bbe55bbd8 7)Where is the sun located on a diagram of Earth's orbit? -The sun is located at one of the foci. -http://www.answers.com/Q/Where_is_sun_located_on_diagram_of_earth's_orbit 8) What was the eccentricity you calculated for ellipse #1? -Ellipse #1 had an eccentricity value close to 0.200 -http://www.mathopenref.com/ellipseeccentricity.html 9)Which is rounder, the orbit of the ellipse or your Ellipse #1? -The orbit of Earth is rounder since Earth has an eccentricity of 0.017 which is less than Ellipse #1 which had an eccentricity of 0.200 -http://www.most.org/curriculum_project/Earth_Science/High_School/Post/Orbit_Eccentricity.pdf 10)In the table, Eccentricity of the planets, the planets are listed in order by their distance from the sun. Is there a direct relationship between the eccentricity of its orbit and the distance a planet is from the sun? -There is no direct relationship between the eccentricity and distance from the sun since the eccentricity for planets varies the farther you go from the sun. -https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/book/export/html/1537 11)List the planets in order of the increasing eccentricity of their orbits. -In order from least eccentricity to greatest eccentricity the planets are Venus, Neptune, Earth, Uranus, Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Mercury, Pluto. -http://newyorkscienceteacher.com/sci/files/user-submitted/Ellipse_Lab.pdf Conclusion: Describe the true shape of the Earth's orbit. - The true shape of Earth's orbit is not a circle, but actually is an ellipse, oval-like shape. -http://www.ask.com/science/shape-earth-s-orbit-7935d84e655c5f7c

Earth Science Heat budget lab

Science Heat budget lab 1) In which month is the duration of insolation the longest? -The month of June has the longest duration of insolation. http://www.chacha.com/question/which-month-has-the-duration-of-insolation-the-longest 2) When does the maximum temp occur? -The maximum temp occurs in July 3) Do the longest duration and the maximum temperatures occur in the same month? - These dates do not coincide. The maximum temperature occurs after the longest duration of insolation http://www.chacha.com/question/do-the-longest-duration-of-insolation-and-the-maximum-temperature-occur-in-the-same-month 4) In which month is the duration of insolation the shortest? -The Duration of insolation is shortest in December. 5) When does the minimum temperatures occur? -The minimum temperature occurs in January 6) Do the shortest duration of insolation and the minimum temperature occur in the same month? -These dates do not coincide. The minimum temperature occurs after the shortest duration of insolation. 7) By looking at the lines for deposit and withdrawal on your graph, list the months in which the radiation absorbed by year earth was greater then the energy emitted by Earth? -From the graph, the months which have more radiation absorbed then radiation emitted are: February, March, April, May, June and july. 8) What change in surface temperature occurs when there is a surplus of energy? -When there is a surplus of energy, the surface temperature increases. 9) By looking at the lines for deposit and withdrawal on your graph, list the months in which radiation absorbed by Earth was less then the energy emitted by Earth? -The months in ehich absorbed radiation was less then radiation emitted are: August, September, October, November, December, and January. 10) What change in surface temperature occurs when there is a deficit of energy? -When there is a deficit of energy, the surface temperature decreases. Conclusion: Why don't the dates of the maximum and minimum temperatures coincide with the dates of the maximum and minimum insolation? -Although the maximum insolation occurs on June 21st, earth still receives energy that it emits until august so the temperature continues to rise at a slower rate. Although the minimum insolation occurs on Dec 21st Earth still emits more radiation than it receives until February so the temperature continues to fall.

Earth science lab 1-4

Science Lab 1-4 1 Will the temperature field you measured and mapped have the same appearance tomorrow? -It will not have the same temperature. The temperate is different every day. There are hundreds of variables that could change the temperature at a single point. Unless if was a controlled area with regulated temperature then yes it would be the same. But for the most part no, it wouldn't be the same. 2 Between which two letters in the ideal map is the temperature change the greatest? -Between letter C and Latter D there is the greatest change. 3 Between which two letters in the ideal map is the temperature change the least ? -Between letter E and latter F there is the least change. 4 As the temperature defenses between two points increases, what happens to the spacing of the isotherms? -The spacing seems to get smaller when temperature increases. 5 What factors may have caused the temperature variables in the classroom. -The temperature really depended on how many kids were in the room and if the windows were open. 6 Other then the types of fields already mentions in this lab, name at least two other scientific field quantities. 7 If a heat lamp were introduces into the room at position B on the ideal map, what changes would occur in the isotherm values? -Not much would change except the Temperature at B and maybe A and D. Some of the surrounding places would increase in temperature. Conclusion Describe, step by step, how we can map the field of a variable quantity. -Measure value in a field -Plot measured values on map -Draw lines connecting equal points

Earth Science The Suns path Lab

Science Lab: The Suns path 1) Describe the shape of the suns apparent path through the sky. Why does the suns path follow this shape? - The suns path in the sky is a large arc chape or a U shape. The sun follows this path because of the constant changing in the Earths alignment to the sun. http://physics.weber.edu/schroeder/ua/SunAndSeasons.html 2) On which dates will the sun rise exactly due east and set exactly due west for all location on the earth? Explain why this occures. -On March 21st The equnox will cause the sun to rise rue east and yet due east. This happens on march 21st. This is caused by the direct alignment we have to the Sun. The axis of the Earth is pointed in such a way that we get direct rays from the sun. http://earthsky.org/earth/does-the-sun-rise-due-east-and-set-due-west-at-the-equinox 3) What is the longest day of the year for locations in the Northern Hemsphere- The shortest day in the northern hemisphere is december 21st. Southern Hemesphere- The longest day in the northern hemisphere is december 21st. http://www.space.com/26284-summer-solstice-longest-day-year.html 4) What is the shortest day of the year for all locations in the Northern Hemsphere- The longest day in the northern hemisphere is june 21st, this is caused by the summer solstis. Southern Hemesphere- The shortest day in the southern hemisphere is june 21st, this is caused by the summer solstis. http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/december-solstice.html 5) In which directions will your shadow always point at the noon on long island? Explain - Our shadow will always point North. This is because the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. This causes us to have a constant shadow pointing north during noon time. http://www.kean.edu/~fosborne/resources/ex11a1.htm 6) During which month will your shadow be shortest at noon on long Island?- During the month of june, your shadow will be the shortest at noon time. http://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=73906 7) What is the relationshop between the altitude of the sun and the intensity of insolation at a particular location? Explain - As the altitude of the sun increases, the intensity of insolation for that area will increase as well. http://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=73906 Conclusion- Explain how the path of the sun changes over the course of the year as viewed from long island and how this affects the average monthly temperatures experienced on Long Island. -As the year progresses the path of the sun becomes a lot lower in the sky then begins to increase again. The more exposure the Earth recieves from the sun, an increase in monthly temperature increases. Months with longer day lengths are warmer then those that don't have as much exposure. http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physics/52-our-solar-system/the-sun/observing-the-sun/196-why-does-the-sun-s-apparent-path-through-the-sky-change-throughout-the-year-beginner

Earth Science Phase Change lab

Science lab 1) According to the graph, did temperature increase while the ice was melting? -No, the temperature did not increase during the melting process 2) According to your graph, what happened to the temperature of the water between the time the ice melted and the water boiled. -The temperature increased between the time the ice melted and water boiled. 3) According to your graph, what change occurred in temperature after the water began to boil? -There was no change in temperature after the boiling began. 4) Refer to the slope of your graph between the time the ice melted and the water boiled. What can you tell about the rate if temperature change? -Because the slop of the graph was constant during this time, I can infer the rate of temperature change was constant. 5) From the rate of temperature change what can you infer about the energy imput during each minute? - Because the rate of change was constant, I can infer the energy input to the water was constant. 6) Before the temperature began its steady rise, for what was the added head energy being used? -During the melting of ice, the heat energy given to the ice was used to melt the ice. 7) During the time of the steadily increasing temperature, what change in energy occurred because of added heat? - During steady increase of temperature of water, the heat energy given to the ice was used to increase kinetic energy of the ice. 8) During the last ten minutes, what changes occurred because of added heat? -During the last few minutes of the lab, the water changed its state to steam. 9) What is another term for the potential energy that is stored during a phase change? -Another term used for potential energy is called Latent Heat. Conclusion: According to the graph, which phase change required the most added heat energy? -Vaporization requires much more energy as compared to the melting of ice.

Earth Science Lab 1-1

Science lab 1-1 Explain why Eratosthenes' method would not work if the Earth were flat? -It wouldn't work because the shadow angle would be the same in both places. What assumption must be made about the sun's rays if you use this method for determining the circumference of a large sphere? -The suns rays wouldn't change the shadow. Draw a diagram which illustrates this method for determining Earth's circumference. Indicate the following on the diagram: the parallel sun's rays, sticks (project them to the Earth's core), shadow angle, interior angle a, and the distance between the stick(S). The Tropic of Cancer is 23.5 degrees north of the Equator. On a given day a vertical stick on the Equator casts no shadow while one at the Tropic of Cancer does. Calculate the Earth's circumference using this information. What would be the change in calculated circumference if you measured the angle larger than it really is? -The circumference would be smaller. What would be the change in calculated circumference if you measured the arc longer than it really is? -The circumference would be a larger number. Conclusion: Describe how you would actually set up and carry out an experiment using this method to determine Earth's circumference? I would pick a place that has direct sun rays (90) and do my experiment there. angle a distance 360 degrees = circumference

Earth Science lab 3-3

Science lab 3-3 How does each of the following affect the time in which particles settle in quiet water when other factors are equal? Size-As the size of the particle increases, the time it settles decreases Density-As density of the particle increases, the time in which it settles decreases Shape-As the shape of the particle becomes rounder, the time in which it takes to settle decreases. How does each of the following affect the rate in which particles settle in quiet water when other factors are equal? Size- As the size of the particle increases, the speed in which it settles increases. Density-As density of the particle increases, the speed in which it settles increases. Shape-As the shape of the particle becomes rounder, the speed in which it settles increases. What size particles seem to stay suspended indefinitely in a quiet body of water? -Smaller particles like extremely fine clay and other colloid particles will stay suspended in a quiet body of water. What is your description of the appearance of material, which accumulates on the bottom of the tube following the addition of a mixed sample of sediments in quiet water? -It looks to me like Vertical sorting is taking place. The larger sediments are on top while the smaller ones are on the bottom. Besides the properties of the particle itself, what other factors can affect the settling rates. -The velocity of the water or the type of liquid it is moving threw can also change the settlement rates. Conclusion: List the following factors (and their effects), which determine the rate at which sediments are deposited in quiet water.

Earth Science lab 6-5

Science lab 6-5 1) With respect to the cold front, where does precipitation occur? -Precipitation happens right on the cold front. 2) Which respect to the warm front, where does precipitation occur? -Precipitation happens ahead of the warm front. 3) What are the two characteristics used to describe an air mass? -Air masses are characterized by moisture and temperature. 4) Compare the characteristics of an air mass to its source region. -Air masses have properties by moisture and temperature. 5) Compare the following conditions on either side of the cold front. a-Temperature: Warm is ahead of the front: The cold is behind the front b-Air Pressure: Low pressure is ahead of the front and the high pressure is behind the front c-Wind Direction: Easterly winds are ahead of the front and westerly winds are behind the front Conclusion: Describe the general weather conditions associated with a high pressure area in terms of: Temperature In a high pressure system would be increased. Wind patterns In a high pressure system would be decreased Cloud development In a high pressure system would be Precipitation In a high pressure system would be decreased 2) Describe the general weather conditions associated with a low pressure center in terms of: Temperature In a low pressure system would be decreased Wind patterns In a low pressure system would be increased Cloud development In a low pressure system would be Precipitation In a low pressure system would be increased

Earth science Lab p-6

Science lab P-6 1) Why was it important to place each can an equal distance from the lamp? -So they would get the same amount of exposure, this is important to keep a consistent and accurate experiment. 2) After 10min why was it necessary to turn the lamps away from the area of the cans. - Because the lamp is still radiating heat we would want to ten it away from the cups so that the temperature isn't affected by the additional heat energy. 3) Which can absorbed energy quicker? How does your graph illustrate this. -The black can absorb energy quicker. As the amount of heat exposure goes up between the two cans, the black can got to a higher temperature quicker. 4) Which can radiated energy more quickly? How does your graph illustrate this. -The black can radiated energy quicker. The black can dropped temperature a lot faster then the silver can. 5) Which can had the greatest rate of change throughout the experiment? -The black can had a greater rate of change. 6) What evidence can you find from your graph that indicates that neither cup heated up nor cooled off at a constant rate. -There was no smooth transition between temperatures. As the minutes passed the amount of energy lost at one minute wasn't the same as the other minutes. 7) If you know that a surface is a good absorber of energy, what can you infer bout its ability to radiate energy. -I infer that its ability to radiate will increase. 8) What would cause the graph lines to tend to level off near the end of 20 min. -The temperature of the 2 cups would reach a point close to room temperature. This means that really no heat is being lost or gained. 9) How do the wavelengths absorbed by the cans differ from the wavelengths radiated by the cans? The black can would absorb all wavelengths and the silver wouldn't. This caused the black can to heat faster. Conclusion: What characteristic of the surface used in this lab determined the rates of heating and cooling. -The color of the surface determined the rates of cooling and heating.

Earth Science Moth flakes lab

Science moth flakes lab 1) Graphing. Plot the change in the temperature of the beaker of water throughout the entire experiment. -Look on pg.2 of Moth Flake Experiment 2) Graphing. On the same graph (question #1) plot the change in the temperature of the moth flakes throughout the experiment. -Look on pg.2 of Moth Flake Experiment 3) What happens to the temperature of substance when it is changing state of matter? -During a phase change the temperature doesn't change.http://zonalandeducation.com/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTemperature/changesOfPhase/changeOfState.html 4) What happened to the heat that was being added to the water during its change from a liquid to a gas? -The heat being added to the water during the phase change was called latent heat. This means that the molecular bonds that a solid has can be broken into the molecular bonds that a liquid has. -https://gcps.desire2learn.com/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/6605/48349/matter/phasechangesofmatter/Phase_Changes_of_Matter_print.html 5) What happened to the energy in the heated moth flakes as they were changing from a liquid to a gas? -The energy in the heated moth flakes was being used as latent heat to change the structure of the water to a solid to a liquid. This means that a solid is being broken into the molecular bonds that a liquid has. - http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/kt/basic.html 6) What is the freezing point of moth flakes? How does your graph support your answer? -The freezing point of moth flakes is 80° C. The graph shows that a phase change is occurring when it stays constant. ----------------------------------------------------- Graph on pg.2 in Moth Flakes Experiment Fill in the following missing information. Look at Discussion Questions on Pg.3 in Moth Flakes Experiment -http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/P12A1.htm

Earth Science topic 6 vocab

Science vocabulary Angle of Incidence the angle that an incident line or ray makes with a perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. Deforestation Deforestation is the clearing of trees, transforming a forest into cleared land. El Nino an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December. Global warming a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. Greenhouse gasses a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation, e.g., carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons. Hewat budget Earths Heat Budget. Definition: The Balance between the incoming and outgoing heat Ice ages a glacial episode during a past geological period. insolation the amount of solar radiation reaching a given area. ozone a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties, formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light. sunspot a spot or patch appearing from time to time on the sun's surface, appearing dark by contrast with its surroundings. Transpiration Transpiration is the process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves.

Earth Science Star classification lab

Star classification Lab Referring to the H-R Diagram, describe the sun in terms of magnitude, temperature, color. -The sun is average in terms of its magnitude, temperature, and color. Referring to the main sequence stars in the H-R diagram, what is the relationship between star temperature and absolute magnitude? -As magnitude increases, so does the stars temperature. What would be the luminosity and color of a main sequence star with a temperature of 25,000*K? -It would have a luminosity of 1,000 and its color would be blue. What causes stars to display different colors? - A star's color is caused by the type of gases its made up of and the temperature A main sequence star that is 10,000 times more luminous than the sun most likely has a temperature of... -It would be the same as the sun; around 6,000K A main sequence star that has a luminosity of 100 is most likely to be what color? -It would be a blue-white color. A white dwarf star with a temperature approximately 10,000 degrease Celsius would have a luminosity of: -The luminosity would be around 0.001 A massive star that has a temperature of 20,000 degrees Celsius and a luminosity of nearly 1,000,000 would be classified as what type of star? -It would be classified as a Supergiant. Why does a cool, distant, supergiant star such as Betelgeuse have such a high apparent magnitude? -Its large sizes makes it appear to have a larger magnitude. Considering the relatively high temperature of some nearby white dwarf stars, why do they have low absolute magnitudes? - They have low luminosities due to their small size. If Deneb and Rigel were located at Alpha Centauri's distance from Earth, how would they appear? -First of all there would be no more dark nights. Deneb has at least 60,000 times the Sun's light output (luminosity) and Rigel has around 40,000 times solar luminosity. They'd be too bright to look at According to the "Luminosity and Temperature of stars" chart in the Earth Science Reference tables, how much brighter is Rigel than the sun? -Rigel is roughly 60,000 times brighter then the sun. Conclusion: How can stars be classified using the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram? -On this chart they are classified by size, temperature and luminosity

Earth Science Textbook page 183 (TheRest)

Textbook page 183 Group A (1-10) 1)Define the term: weather. -Weather is a description of atmospheric variables at a particular place during a certain short period of time. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/weather 2) What is a station model? -A station model is the form that the recorded data of atmospheric variables is put into by the National Weather Service. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/stationmodel 3) What are weather predictions based on? -Weather predictions are based on data we receive about atmospheric variables and the possibility of a certain weather occurrence happening. http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov 4) What factors affect temperature at a given location? -Temperature is affected by variables like the total amount of the sun's radiation received by an area which in turn is affected by the intensity and the duration of insolation. https://golearngeo.wordpress.com/2010/08/29/factors-influence-the-temperature/ 5) What factors affect atmospheric pressure? -Atmospheric pressure is affected by variables like temperature and the saturation of the air. http://www.minerspisani.com/pdf/correctors_pulsers/PTCorrection.pdf 6) What does a change in dew-point temperature indicate? -A change in dew-point temperature indicates that https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point 7) What happens to the probability of precipitation as the difference between air temperature and dew-point temperature increases? Decreases? -The probability of precipitation decreases as the difference between air temperature and dew-point temperature increase. The probability of precipitation increases the closer the air temperature and dew-point temperature become. 8) What is wind? -Wind is the horizontal movement of air over a surface of the earth. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/wind 9)What causes wind? -Wind is caused by the differences in air pressure, the greater the difference in pressure the faster the wind speeds will be. http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_wind.htm 10) To which is wind speed related? -Wind speed is related to the difference between two different air pressures, the greater the difference the stronger the winds will be. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_speed Group B (1) The following variables are those shown on the station model on page 157. A. Pressure B. Temperature C. Cloud Cover D. Dew Point E. Visibility F. Precipitation G. Wind Speed H. Wind Direction Choose: 1) One pair that you would expect to show a direct relationship on a contingency table or a graph. -One pair that shows a direct relationship is air temperature and relative humidity. When the air temperature is higher the amount of water that is able to be absorbed by the air is greater thus giving a higher relative humidity. chrome-extension://bpmcpldpdmajfigpchkicefoigmkfalc/views/app.html One pair that would show an inverse relationship on a contingency table or a graph. One pair that shows an inverse relationship on a contingency table is between dew-point temperature and atmospheric pressure. When the dew-point temperature is high the atmospheric pressure is low. http://www.vaisala.com/Vaisala%20Documents/Application%20notes/Dew-point-compressed-air-Application-note-B210991EN-B-LOW-v1.pdf