9-1

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

4

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ______

abused

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of __

developmental milestones

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust v mistrust

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the _____

vocabulary spurt

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge

zygote

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ___

anxious withdrawn and unhappy

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?

conventional

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. inferiority

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

preconventional

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

Ego identity is our ____

sense of self

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage

teratogen

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ______

accommodation

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage

integrity vs. despair

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive