A & P 1 Chp 6
Which of the following labeled structures in the diagram is a site of red blood cell production in adult bones?
A
Which statements describe spongy bone?1. Composed of trabeculae.2. Made up of osteons.3. Found in higher amounts in the diaphysis.4. Found lining the superficial regions of all bones.5. Arranged along lines of force that are encountered.6. Gaps filled with marrow.7. Maintains strength with light weight.8. Has the same purpose structurally as compact bone.9. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi.10. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals.
1, 5, 6, 7, 9
Which of the following tissues are part of bone?1. epithelial tissues.2. muscular tissues.3. nervous tissues.4. connective tissues.
1,3,4
Which bone cell in the diagram is located in the inner layer of the periosteum, the endosteum, and perforating and Haversian canals?
A
Briefly describe what is happening in each of the numbered stages of intramembranous ossification as observed in a child's skull shown in the diagram below.
?
Briefly describe what is happening in each step of fracture repair shown in the diagram.
?
Jamie has a tumor of the parathyroid glands that causes a hypersecretion of PTH from these glands. Predict the effect this hypersecretion would have on the skeletal system and on the secretion of calcitonin from the thyroid gland.
?
Steps of bone deposition
?
Steps of bone resorption
?
signs and symptoms of osteoporosis and describe the risk factors for developing osteoporosis
?
Where in the diagram does the secondary ossification center form?
A
Where would reticular connective tissue be located in the diagram below?
A
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth?
A
Where in the diagram can you find red bone marrow in an adult?
A and B
Where in the diagram is hyaline cartilage located? Select all that apply.
A and E
Place the events of a fracture repair in order. A: A hematoma will form and will form a temporary connection between the ends of the bones. B: Fibroblasts and chondroblasts migrate from the periosteum and begin to produce fibrocartilage to connect the ends of the bones. C: Osteoclasts resorb dead portions of the new bony area, and compact bone replaces spongy bone. D: Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone. E: Phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove dead and damaged tissue.
A,E,B,D,C
What statements describe osteoblasts? Select all that apply.
Active when blood calcium levels are high Bone building cells PTH causes these cells to become more active Over activity can contribute to hypocalcemia Differentiates from osteoprogenitor
In the diagram, where do cells lose the ability to divide and increase in size?
B
What type of bone cell secretes hydroxyapatite and collagen fibers?
B
Which labeled structures in the figure are lamellae?
B
In the diagram, in what areas are osteoprogenitor cells located? Select all that apply
E,F
Which statement describes blood calcium levels accurately?
Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.
In the diagram, what bone is considered the strongest?
C
In which region of the diagram would yellow bone marrow be located?
C
What area in the diagram would the primary ossification center be formed?
C
Which bone cell in the diagram below transports nutrients and wastes through tiny canals radiating from the lacunae?
C
Which labeled structures in the figure are canaliculi?
C
In the diagram, what structures supply the red bone marrow? Select all that apply.
C,A,H
Which of the following labeled structures in the diagram are built during appositional growth? Select all that apply.
C,B
Which bone cell in the diagram below is an osteoclast?
D
In the diagram, which is the first blood vessel that enters the bone model in endochondral ossification?
H
During fracture repair, what area will have mesenchymal cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts?
E
Which illustration and radiograph in the figure shows a Pott's fracture?
E
Which labeled structure in the figure was once an osteoprogenitor cell?
E
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram secure dense irregular and osteogenic layers to the bone matrix?
E
What areas in the diagram lack a perichondrium? Select all that apply.
E,B
In the diagram, what area allows communication from the outermost region to the innermost region of bone?
F
Where in the diagram is dense irregular connective tissue located?
F
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram would house osteoprogenitor cells? Select all that apply.
F,E
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are composed of trabeculae, which are bony structures that lack osteons?
G
Steps of bone repair
Hematoma (6-8 hours) - blood clot formed between broken bones Fibrocartilaginous callus (3 weeks) - cartilaginous callus forms between broken bones Bony callus (3-4 months) - cartilaginous callus is turned to bone Remodeling - old bone tissue is replaced by new bone tissue
How is blood calcium regulated?
If it is TOO HIGH --> Calcium is taken out of the blood and put into our bones. (this is done by calcitonin, which is secreted by the thyroid) If is it TOO LOW --> Intestines absorb more calcium (vitamin D), bones release more calcium (vitamin D, parathyroid hormone), and the kidneys excrete less calcium (vitamin D, PTH)
What statements describe bone remodeling.
It occurs at different rates at different locations. It occurs throughout your lifetime. It involves bone resorption It involves bone deposition.
Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?
Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.
Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?
Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.
If collagen is removed from bone, what happens to the bone? Choose the best answer.
The bone becomes stiff and brittle
List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis. A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage
a,b,c,d
Why do greenstick fractures commonly occur in children?
Their bones contain higher amounts of collagen.
The ______ is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a joint.
articular cartilage
Which of the following important body functions is calcium involved? Select all that apply.
blood clotting nervous cell stability acting as a cofactor in some enzymatic reactions. muscle cell stablity
Which two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing?
calcium and phosphorus
What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called?
canaliculi
The shaft of a long bone is the
diaphysis
The ______ is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows the diaphysis to grow in length.
epiphyseal plate
Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?
epiphysis
Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of __, which would inhibit ___.
estrogen; osteoclast activity
Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture?
fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling
During endochondral ossification in a fetus, bones initially develop as a cartilage model that was formed from
mesenchyme
The _______ is the region of long bone that contains hyaline cartilage used for growth in length.
metaphysis
If bone is analogous to a bank, calcium is analogous to ______.
money
The cells active in fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus.
osteoblasts
PTH will increase _______ activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________ activity.
osteoclast; osteoclast
Cells active when cartilage needs to be removed so new bone can be produced.
osteoclasts
This cell is active once the matrix of bone calcifies. The cells sits in a lacunae.
osteocytes
In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?
osteoprogenitor cells
Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to highly specialized mature bone cell?
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes
How are osteons in compact bone tissue aligned? How does the osteon arrangement affect bone strength?
parallel to the length of the diaphysis; the shaft resists bending even when stresses are applied in certain directions.
What hormone(s) is/are released from the control center when the control center receives cAMP input; also important in increasing blood calcium serum levels. Choose the best answer.
parathyroid
Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?
parathyroid hormone
Which hormone is the MOST important for Ca2+ regulation?
parathyroid hormone
What area of long bone is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and osteogenic cells?
periosteum
In the diagram, where is the zone of resting cartilage and does it demonstrate a proximal epiphysis or a distal epiphysis?
proximal epiphysis
Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?
sex hormones
Mary, an avid runner, was complaining that her lower leg hurt. After going to the doctor, they did not see anything on x-rays of her tibia or fibula. The doctor ordered a bone scan and saw tiny fissures throughout her tibia without any other tissue damage. What is Mary's likely diagnosis?
stress fracture
Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? Select all that apply.
support protection assistance in moving mineral homeostasis triglyceride storage blood cell production