A & P CH. 2 Chemistry of LIfe

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. Short Amino acids

element symbol for Potassium

K

Acids

release hydrogen ions

DNA 3 parts of nucleotides

1. sugar ( deoxyribose) 2. phosphate 3. bases

A neutral atom that has 15 protons and 16 neutrons will have how many electrons?

15

What is a chemical bond?

A chemical bond is formed to make atoms more stable. This can take place when two or more atoms share, donate, or borrow electrons, which enhances their stability.

What is a solvent? A solute?

A solvent is a liquid holding another substance in a solution or a liquid that reacts with the solvent to bring it into a solution. A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solution.

increase H+ = ?

Acid

What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

All of the above. Organic compounds are more complex than inorganic compounds. Organic compounds you should recognize include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic compounds are composed of molecules that contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds and/or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds. Remember, no inorganic compounds have carbon-carbon covalent bonds and/or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds. You should review Inorganic Chemistry and Organic Chemistry.

What is an acid? A base?

An acid is a concentration of hydrogen ions. As the concentration of H+ ions increases, the solution becomes more acidic and the pH value decreases. Base, or alkaline, occurs when OH- concentration increases, as does pH, making the solution more basic.

What is an electrolyte? An ion?

An electrolyte is a substance that ionizes in solution, rendering the solution capable of conducting an electric current. An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms.

Name and define three kinds of particles within an atom.

At the core of each atom is a nucleus composed of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. Electrons inhabit the outer regions called "electron shells."

decrease in H+ = ?

Bases or alkaline

element symbol for carbon

C

element symbol for calcium

Ca

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Proteins are characterized by the presence of four elements. They are:

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

element symbol for chloride

Cl

What is an energy level?

Energy levels are regions surrounding the atomic nucleus that contain electrons, which are negatively charged particles. Each level may contain up to eight electrons. Energy increases with distance from the nucleus.

element symbol for hydrogen

H

element symbol for iodine

I

Triglycerides are classified as:

Lipids Most dietary and body fats are triglycerides. They are the most abundant lipids and most concentrated source of energy. You should review Lipids.

element symbol for sodium

Na

On the pH scale, cytoplasm has a pH that is considered:

Neutral Cytoplasm has a value of 7.0, or neutral, on the pH scale. Acids have pH values that are lower than 7.0; alkaline substances, or bases, have pH values that are greater than 7.0.

element symbol for oxygen

O

. Define the terms organic compound and inorganic compound.

Organic compound refers to chemicals that contain covalently bound carbon and hydrogen atoms and are involved in metabolic reactions. Inorganic compounds have chemical constituents that do not contain both carbon and oxygen.

Four elements make up approximately 96% of the human body. They are:

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are major elements that make up approximately 96% of the human body. Potassium, calcium, sodium, and phosphorous are all elements that are found in trace amounts in the human body. You should review Elements in the Human Body.

element symbol for phosphorous

P

A large molecule that is made up of many identical small molecules is a/an:

Polymer A large molecule that is made up of many identical small molecules is a polymers. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides.

Briefly describe the structure and function of each of the following: carbohydrates

Structure: Carbohydrates are organic compounds such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are made up of six-carbon subunits called monosaccharide units (e.g., sucrose, lactose) and polysaccharides, which are made up of many monosaccharide units (e.g., glycogen, made up of many glucose units). Function: To store energy for later use.

Briefly describe the structure and function of each of the following: lipids

Structure: Lipids are organic compounds composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. The building blocks that make up lipids are glycerol and fatty acids. The types of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids (cholesterol). Function: Triglycerides are a major source of stored energy. They also function to insulate and protect body organs.

Briefly describe the structure and function of each of the following: nucleic acids

Structure: Nucleic acids are a group of high-molecular-weight substances found in cells of all living things. They consist of (1) nucleotide units, (2) DNA, and (3) RNA. Function: By directing the formation of structural and functional proteins, nucleic acids ultimately direct overall body structure and function.

Briefly describe the structure and function of each of the following: proteins

Structure: Proteins are large molecules formed by linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds; one of the basic building blocks of the body. Function: Proteins participate in chemical processes of the body. Functional proteins include some of the hormones. Most hormones are proteins, growth factors, cell membrane channels, receptors, and enzymes.

What are the major types of chemical bonds?

The major types of chemical bonds are: ionic, covalent, and hydrogen.

Explain the concept of pH

The term pH is a symbol used to mean hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution. As the concentration of H+ increases, the solution becomes more acidic and the pH value decreases. As the OH- concentration increases, the pH value also increases and the solution becomes more basic or alkaline.

Prostaglandins are often referred to as:

Tissue hormones Prostaglandins, often referred to as "tissue hormones," are like hormones. They act as chemical messengers, but they do not move to other sites. They work within the cells where they are synthesized. You should review Lipids.

When RNA is used by a cell to "grab" a specific amino acid and place it in the correct sequence when building a primary protein strand, it is then known as:

Transfer RNA (tRNA) When RNA is used by a cell to "grab" a specific amino acid and place it in the correct sequence when building a primary protein strand, it is then known as transfer RNA (tRNA). The correct location in the sequence is guaranteed by matching tRNA's "anticodon" to the complementary "codon" copied from the gene.

Prostaglandins are often referred to as:

Water is an inorganic compound. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are all organic compounds.

pH below 7 =

acids or acidic that dissolved in water

pH above 7 =

alkaline or bases solution

Protiens

amino acids = building block of proteins

Disaccharides

are double sugars. They consist of two monosaccharides linked together. Examples of disaccharides are sucrose (table sugar), maltose, and lactose.

buffers (works by donates H+ or removing H+) buffer pairs =

bicarbonate pair plasma and protein pair hemoglobin pair phosphate buffer pair

monomers

building blocks of polymers

organic molecules

carbohydrates = energy lipids = second stored energy proteins = amino acids, growth nucleic acids = DNA and RNA

prostaglandins

chemical messengers inside cell. Some activities are * blood clotting * respiratory * BP * digestive juices * inflammatory response

As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH goes

down and the solution becomes more acidic

A pure substance that is composed of only one type of atom is called a

element

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

A solution with a pH of 3

has 1000 times the H+ concentration of a solution with a pH of 6.

Compound

is a chemical combination of two or more elements.

Element

is a substance composed of only one type of atom that cannot be broken into simpler constituents by chemical means

Molecule

is formed when two or more atoms are joined

An atom

is the fundamental unit of an element. It consists of the nucleus, which contains protons, neutrons, and surrounding electrons

enzymes

largest group of proteins in the body chemical catalysts. speed up rate of metabolic reaction. types of digest carbohydrates enzymes = * amylase * maltase * sucrase * lactase parathyroid hormone (PTH) - primary structure protein

Each enzyme "fits" the specific molecule it works on. This explanation is often referred to as the

lock and key model

polypeptides.

long chains of amino acids

carbonhydrates

monosaccharides = simplest sugar dissacharides = polysachrides = complex sugar

A very large molecule composed of sub units of sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a

nucleic acid

Compounds containing C-C or C-H bonds formed by living things are often called

organic molecules

mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

peptides

two or more amnio acids chain

Lipids

use for energy purposes triglycerides = most body fats fatty acids * saturated = butter or lard, meat and dairy * unsaturated = oil, nuts, seeds phospholipids = steroids = found plant, fungi, animals example : choloesterol, cortisone, calcitriol, estrogen and testesterone