A & P Ch 6,7, & 8 Exam Review

The epidermis of thin skin ranges in thickness from _________ millimeters to _________ millimeters thick

0.075; 0.150

How many bones are contained in each lower limb?

30

Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of _____________, melanin, and carotene.

hemoglobin

Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment-producing cells called _______________.

melanocytes

The ultraviolet rays in sunlight are prevented from penetrating to the deeper dermis layer by specialized cells called _____________.

melanocytes

When part of the skin is too severely damaged or its cells lack the capacity to divide, the body fills in the gap with ______ tissue. This process is known as ____________.

scar; fibrosis

Chronic exposure to UV rays can damage the ______ in epidermal cells.

DNA

_____________ connect bone to bone.

Ligaments

The release of _____ hormone increases blood calcium levels.

PTH

________ skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Thin

Which are the functions of the paranasal sinuses? a) to lighten the weight of skull bones b) to humidify and warm inhaled air c) to provide resonance to the voice d) to allow for passage of the olfactory nerve (CN I) into the skull

a, b, c

The main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following? a) protects the body b) provides thermal insulation c) to provide the skin with melanin to protect it from sunlight d) acts as an energy reservoir

a, b, d

Which statements characterize osteocytes? a) they maintain bone matrix b) they break down bone matrix c) they secrete osteoid d) they reside in lacunae

a, d

The spine of the scapula is continuous with the ____________.

acromion

Paranasal sinuses are normally filled with ______.

air

The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis is made up of two types of connective tissue, which are _____________ and ____________ _________________ _____________.

areolar; adipose connective tissue

The end of a long bone is covered with _________ ______________.

articular cartilage

Auditory ossicles are part of the ______ skeleton.

axial

The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______. a) decrease blood calcium levels b) increase blood calcium levels c) stimulate the secretion of growth hormone d) promote vitamin D production

b

What tissue is sutures connects cranial bones firmly together? Multiple choice question. a) adipose tissue b) dense regular connective tissue c) nervous tissue d) areolar tissue

b

What is true of the pectoral girdle? a) protect internal organs b) supports the upper limb c) articulates with the body trunk d) promotes lower limb mobility

b, c

Hemangiomas are __________ tumors.

benign

A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ________ ___________ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

blood vessels

The anterior, weight bearing part of each vertebra is known as the ______.

body

Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ________ and a distal whitish-free _________.

body; edge

A large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure on a bone is properly identified as a ____________.

condyle

The vertebral canal contains the spinal ________, whereas the intervertebral foramina allow for passage of the spinal nerves.

cord

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ___________ layer of the epidermis.

corneum

The suture that connects the frontal and parietal bones of the skull is called the _________ suture.

coronal

The root and shaft of the hair is ______ while the bulb of the hair is ______.

dead; living

The dermis is _______ to the epidermis and contains primarily __________ _________.

deep; collagen fibers

In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal _____________ cells that help to fight infection.

dendritic

Motile cells in the dermis are called ___________ cells.

dendritic

Ligaments and tendons are made of ________ ___________ connective tissue.

dense regular

The _________ _____________ contains the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis.

dermal papillary

The skin is made up of two distinct layers which are the ___________ and _________.

epidermis; dermis

The tympanic part of the temporal bone surrounds the ___________ ____________ ___________.

external acoustic meatus

True or false: Melanin plays a role in Vitamin A production and normal vision as well as improved immunity.

false

The strongest and heaviest bone in the body is the ______.

femur

The replacement scar tissue is produced by ____________ and composed primarily of ___________ fibers.

fibroblasts; collagen

The last two pairs of false ribs lack connections with the sternum, so they are classified as _____________ _______.

floating ribs

The structures that allow the cranial bones of the fetal skull to overlap as a baby passes through the birth canal are called ________________.

fontanelles

A __________ is a rounded passageway through a bone.

foramen

The largest foramen in the skull, visible on an inferior (basal) view, is the ____________ __________.

foramen magnum

The spinal cord enters the cranial cavity through the ____________ ___________.

foramen magnum

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to _________ hormone.

growth

Which bone associated with the skull is an attachment site for tongue and larynx muscles?

hyoid

When exposed to the sun, the _____________ become more active and secrete a protein that gives the skin a tanned look.

melanocytes

Tendons connect ________ to bone.

muscle

The bridge of the nose is formed by the __________ bones.

nasal

Which bones are just inferior to the glabella?

nasal bones

The perpendicular plate and vomer come together to form the ______ __________.

nasal septum

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the _______________ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.

nucleus

The process of bone formation is called _______________.

ossification

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have lost their bone-forming ability when enveloped by calcified osteoid are called _____________.

osteocytes

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of _____ ________ ______.

red blood cells

The connective tissue fibers of the ______________ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ____________________ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.

reticular; subcutaneous

The bony ridge on the posterior side of the scapula is called the _________.

spine

Which component of the thoracic cage consists of a manubrium, body, and xiphoid process?

sternum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ___________ __________.

stratum corneum

A structure that is an immoveable joint forming the boundary between cranial bones is called a __________.

suture

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ________ glands and _______________ glands.

sweat; sebaceous

The zygomatic arch is formed by the fusion of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the ____________ process of the zygomatic bone.

temporal

The most superior ribs are called the ______ ribs.

true

True or false: Bone growth begins during embryologic development.

true

Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of __________ bone marrow into ______ bone marrow.

yellow; red

Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called ________________.

osteoporosis

The __________ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae.

papillary

Which bones can clearly be seen on a superior view of the skull?

parietal bones

The glenoid cavity is part of the ____________ girdle and the acetabulum is part of the _________ girdle.

pectoral; pelvic

The superior portion of the nasal septum is formed by the ________________ ________.

perpendicular plate

The entrance to the external acoustic meatus is located in the _________ part of the temporal bone.

petrous

The condition of having extra digits is called _____________.

polydactyl

The number of bones in each upper limb is _____ bones.

30

How many tarsal bones are found in each foot?

7

Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass.

80%

Calcitonin is produced by the ___ cells in the thyroid gland.

C

___________ is a yellow-orange pigment acquired from vegetables like carrots, corn, and squash.

Carotene

Which are functions of the vertebral column? a) houses and protects the spinal cord b) acts as a protective framework around organs of the thorax c) provides vertical support for the body d) encloses, protects, and supports the brain e) supports the weight of the head

a, c, e

Ossification refers to the formation and development of ______.

bone

The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called _______ _______________.

bone remodeling

The three recognizable zones along the length of a hair are ________, _________, and _________.

bulb; root; shaft

Osteoporosis is a disease of ______. a) overly dense bone b) disorganized bone c) decreased bone mass

c

Epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata? Choose all that apply. a) corneum b) basale c) spinosum d) lucidum e) granulosum

c, e

The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is ______________.

calcitonin

The two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium are ___________ and _______.

calcitriol; PTH

Overexposure to UV rays is the primary factor in the development of almost all skin __________.

cancers

A pectoral girdle consists of two bones, the _____________and the _____________.

clavicle; scapula

When _____________ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals.

hemoglobin

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______________ or superficial fascia.

hypodermis

The most superior portion of a hip bone is called the ______.

illium

PTH acts synergistically with calcitonin to __________ the release of calcium from the bone to the blood by ____________ osteoclast activity.

increase; increasing

Spongy bone is located ___________ to compact bone.

internal