A & P chapter 21

What are the lymphatic system's main functions?

Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery

Where are lymphatic vessels found?

In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow

What does the body's second line of defense against pathogens consist of?

(Antimicrobial proteins, leukocytes, and macrophages) External barriers Specific defenses

Which cells function as antigen presenting cells? Multiple select question.

(Dendritic cells) (Macrophages) NK cells

What are functions of lymph nodes?

(Filtration of lymph) Filtration of blood (Site of B and T cell activation) Site of B and T cell development

The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks? Select two.

(Lumbar) Right jugular (Intestinal)

Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?

(Lymphatic organs) Lymphatic nodules

Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?

(Lymphatic organs) Lymphatic tissues Lymphatic nodules

Natural killer cells belong to which group of cells? Multiple choice question.

(Lymphocytes) Erythrocytes Thrombocytes Granulocytes

What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?

(Macrophages) Plasma cells NK cells

Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?

(Red bone marrow) Thymus Spleen Tonsil

Which are primary lymphatic organs?

(Redbone marrow) (thymus) Spleen Tonsils

When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?

(When it enters the lymphatic capillaries) When it enters the thoracic duct When it enters the subclavian veins

Examples of pathogens are

(fungi) broken bone (viruses) (bacteria)

The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.

(secondary) primary

Natural killer cells attack pick 4

(transplanted tissues) (bacteria) antibiotics (cancerous cells) (virus-infected host cells) parasitic worms

What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?

1. Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes 2. Clusters of splenocytes located in the lamina propria of mucous membranes 3. Clumps of mucous lining the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract (4. Aggregates of macrophages located in the intestines)

Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.

1. Blood capillaries (blood) 2. interstitial spaces (fluid) 3. lymphatic capillaries (lymph) 4. lymphatic vessels (lymph) 5. lymphatic ducts (lymph) 6. subclavian veins (blood)

Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.

1. afferent lymphatic vessel 2. subcapsular sinus of the cortex 3. sinuses of cortex and medulla 4. efferent lymphatic vessel.

How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body? Multiple choice question.

11

A typical adult has about how many lymph nodes?

50 250 1000 (450)

Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax? Multiple choice question.

Bronchomediastinal trunk (Right lymphatic duct) Cisterna chyli Thoracic duct

Which describes lymphatic capillaries?

Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells

What do lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form? Multiple choice question.

Collecting ducts LYMPHATIC TRUNKS Lymphatic capillaries

True or false: A pathogen or a tissue transplant is an example of a host cell.

False

True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart. True false question.

False

Which area of the spleen is penetrated by the splenic artery and vein?

Hilum

Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?

Hilum Medullary cords (Germinal center) Capsule

The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called

Lymph

The branched blank cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus.

Reticular cells

Which are features of lymphatic vessels?

Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall A tunica interna is present Valves are present

Where do B lymphocytes mature? Multiple choice question.

Spleen Yellow bone marrow Blood (Red bone marrow) Thymus

A surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed is called a(n)

Splenectomy

What do lymphatic trunks converge to form?

Subclavian veins COLLECTING DUCTS Lacteals

Which cell produces antibodies?

T cell Plasma cell Neutrophil (Plasma cell)

Thoracic duct

Thoracic duct

What is the function of a lacteal?

To absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food

Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?

Tonsil Spleen Peyer's patch (Red bone marrow) Thymus

Which are primary lymphatic organs?

Tonsils (Red bone marrow) (Thymus) Spleen Lymph nodes

Bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens.

True

Which factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?

VALVES THE SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP THE RESPIRATORY PUMP High lymphatic pressure Blood volume

Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?

Veins

cisterna chyli

an enlarged pouch-like structure that serves as a storage area for purified lymph

Macrophages are ______ cells.

antibody producing (phagocytic) mature T natural killer

The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the

blood red bone marrow (thymus)

Lymphatic vessels are absent from

cartilage and bone

Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of

lymphocytes

The lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses and differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells is the

macrophage T cell NK cell (B cell)

The blank killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally

natural

A small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph

node

The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodes and lymphatic

organs

A blank cell produces antibodies.

plasma

A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.

plasma natural killer (antigen presenting)

right lymphatic duct

receives lymph from the right upper part of the body

Hemopoiesis occurs in the blank marrow

red

Sinuses filled with concentrated erythrocytes make up the ______ pulp of the spleen.

red

Which bone marrow is mainly adipose tissue?

red (yellow)

Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?

red pulp

Lymphatic vessels are absent from

skin and cartilage (cartilage and bone) adipose tissue and bone

What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?

spleen

The duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax is the

thoracic duct

The bilobed lymphatic organ that is located in the mediastinum is the

thymus

The organ where T-cells mature is the

thyroid spleen Bone marrow (thymus)

The ______ are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens.

tonsils

The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as

valves

Any cell belonging to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants, is called a ______ cell.

viral cancerous (host) natural killer

B cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the blank bone marrow

yellow (red)

The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting

ducts

Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels

efferent, afferent (afferent, efferent)

Dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by

exocytosis pinocytosis phagocytosis (receptor-mediated endocytosis)

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.

false

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them. True or false

false

A blank center is an area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs.

germinal

Any cell belonging to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants, is called a ______ cell.

host

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the

lacteals

Lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node are called blank lymphatic vessels.

Efferent

Which lymphatic vessels carry lymph into a lymph node?

Efferent (Afferent)

Which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?

Bone marrow Cornea Cartilage

Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?

Adaptive (Innate)

What is lymphedema? or Edema?

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues

Which describe lysozyme?

An enzyme Capable of destroying bacteria Found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids

Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?

B cells (T cells)

Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs? Multiple choice question.

B cells T cells Natural killer cells (Reticular cells)

The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the

Dendritic cell

An abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting in swelling is known as

Edema, or Lymphedema

Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?

Lymphatic vessel

What does MALT stand for?

Membrane-associated lymphatic tissue (Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) Membrane-associated liver tissue Mucosa-associated liver tissue

Which collecting duct receives the least amount of lymph?

RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT Thoracic duct

Which features of skin offer immunoprotection?

The presence of lactic acid The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment The presence of defensins

When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid? Multiple choice question.

When it enters the ascending arteries When it enters the subclavian veins When it enters the thoracic duct (When it enters the lymphatic capillaries)