A & P Chapter 24
An individual has a height of six feet and a weight of 150 pounds. This individual has a BMI of ___ and is considered ___. 15; underweight 20; optimal 20; overweight
20; optimal (though, I hope that's a female)
Fats should account for about ___% of your daily caloric intake. 20 30 40
30
Approximately __ of the energy in a glucose molecule winds up in ATP molecules at the end of aerobic respiration. 20% 40% 80%
40%
Carbohydrates and proteins yield about ___ kcal/g, while fats yield about ___ kcal/g when completely oxidized. 4;9 4;4 4;7
4;9
Carbohydrates should account for about ___% of your daily caloric intake. 40 50 60
50
Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs C) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered
A
Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) glycogenolysis B) triglyceride anabolism C) protein anabolism D) lipogenesis
A
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycerol B) glycogen C) glyceraldehyde D) glucagon
A
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________. A) production of energy B) production of some hormones C) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies D) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
A
Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed ________. A) radiation B) convection C) conduction D) evaporation
A
Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A) dehydrogenases and oxidases B) kinases and phosphorylases C) phosphatases and kinases D) synthetases and lipases
A
Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) liver B) muscles C) kidneys D) blood
A
The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________. A) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age B) their appetite begins to diminish C) they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food D) they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat
A
The term metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration
A
What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) phosphorylation B) beta oxidation C) cellular respiration D) glycolysis
A
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. A) urea B) ammonia C) acetyl CoA D) ketone bodies
A
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain
A
Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) No metabolism occurs. D) Only glucose metabolism occurs.
A
Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. C) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.
A
Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) release of epinephrine B) sympathetic sweat gland activation C) increase in ADH production D) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
A
Which of the following is not a function of LDLs? A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis D) influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells
A
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) oxidation-reduction reactions D) oxidation reactions
A
Which of the following molecules are considered key molecules at metabolic crossroads? A) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA B) glucose-6-phosphate, lactic acid, acetyl CoA C) acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, ATP D) ATP, pyruvic acid, lactic acid
A
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins
A
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. B) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy. C) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate. D) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage.
A
acidosis
A blood pH below 7.35 is called _____.
buffer
A chemical that converts a strong acid or base to a weak one and thus resists pH changes is called a/an _____.
3
A deck of cards is equal to about 1 serving of meat at ____ oz.
hyponatremia
A deficiency of Na+ in the blood is called _____.
hypoglycemia
A deficiency of blood glucose is called _____.
C
A deficiency of potassium ions in the blood is called A) hyperpotassemia. B) hypernatremia. C) hypokalemia. D) hypotassemia. E) hypophosphatemia.
a
A fluid secreted in the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is: a. bile b. pancreatic juice c. intestinal juice d. gastric juice
D
A gram of fat has about _____ the calories of a gram of starch. A) one-tenth B) one-half C) one-fourth D) twice E) five times
true
A high-fat meal remains in the stomach longer than a high-carbohydrate meal.
edema
A local accumulation of interstitial fluid is called _____.
f. H2CO3
A weak acid
RDA
AI is used when the _____ can not be set do to lack of scientific evidence.
Adequate Intake
AI stands for?
Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of- ATP hydrolysis vasodilation glycolysis
ATP hydrolysis
Hydrogen ions diffuse from the intermembrane space of a mitochondrion into the mitochondrial matrix by way of- iron-sulfur centers proton pumps ATP synthase
ATP synthase
The inner membrane of mitochondrial cristae contains the protein called ___, which harnesses electrical energy to produce ATP by ___. ATP synthase; chemiosmosis ATP synthase; oxidation ATPase; reduction
ATP synthase; chemiosmosis
true
Abnormal loss of protein in the urine can lead to edema.
trigylcerides
About 95% of the dietary fat consumed are in the form of ________________.
60
About ___ min a day of physical activity a day is needed to prevent weight gain.
true
About two-thirds of the total body weight is intracellular.
myenteric
Activities of different regions of the digestive tract are coordinated with each other through the _____ nerve plexus between two layers of the muscularis externa.
E
Aldosterone has which of the following effects? A) increases Na+ and K+ reabsorption B) reduces Na+ and K+ reabsorption C) causes the urine to be more dilute D) reduces Na+ reabsorption and increases K+ reabsorption E) increases Na+ reabsorption and reduces K+ reabsorption
E
All of the following except _____ contribute to the large surface area available for nutrient absorption in the small intestine. A) circular folds B) intestinal length C) microvilli D) villi E) rugae
C
All of the following vitamins except _____ are fat-soluble. A) A B) K C) C D) D E) E
c
Among the conditions required for measuring the basal metabolic rate is: a. being in an absorptive state b. remaining in an upright position c. keeping the room temperature between 20-25 degrees C d. sleeping
uncompensated
An acid-base imbalance that the body cannot correct is said to be _____.
g. cholecystokinin
An appetite-suppressing hormone
30
An average american should be physcially active for at least ___ min most days of the week.
2 juices
An average person should consume ___ cups of fruits each day and try to avoid fruit _____.
3
An average person should consume ____ cups of milk or dairy every day.
5.5
An average person should consume ____ oz of lean meats and beans.
2.5
An average person should consume _____ cups of a variety of vegetables each day.
An individual who has atherosclerosis would have a high ____ ratio. LDL: HDL LDL: VLDL
An individual who has atherosclerosis would have a high ____ ratio. LDL: HDL LDL: VLDL
b
Anabolism includes reactions in which: a. carbohydrate utilization increases b. larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones c. structural proteins are used as a potential energy source d. ketone bodies are formed
B
Antidiuretic hormone A) increases water and sodium reabsorption. B) increases water reabsorption but not sodium reabsorption. C) increases urine output but not urine concentration. D) increases the volume and concentration of the urine. E) reduces the glomerular filtration rate.
C
Approximately _____ of the energy in a glucose molecule winds up in ATP molecules at the end of aerobic respiration? A) 10% B) 20% C) 40% D) 80% E) 98%
emulsified
As a prelude to enzymatic digestion, fat must be _____, or broken up into small droplets suspended in the chyme.
b
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body switches to fatty acids a. liver b. brain c. pancreas d. spleen
b
As the food in the stomach is repeatedly squeezed and mixed with gastric juice, it is converted into a creamy paste called: a. a bolus b. chyme c. bile d. feces
E
Atrial natriuretic factor is secreted in response to A) hyponatremia. B) hypernatremia. C) aldosterone. D) Hypotension. E) hypertension.
s. 200 ml/day
Average production of metabolic water
n. 1,500 mg/day
Average urine output
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed
B
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A) liver B) brain C) pancreas D) spleen
B
Dietary fats are important because they ________. A) keep blood pressure normal B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins C) contribute significantly to the health of the skin D) help prevent the common cold
B
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors C) glycogen is formed D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water
B
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) postabsorptive state B) absorptive state C) starvation period D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest
B
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D) formation of sugar
B
Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) utilize hydrogenases B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons C) are rarely coupled together D) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen
B
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. A) norepinephrine B) thyroxine C) prolactin D) ADH
B
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) cellulose
B
What is the outcome of ketosis? A) water retention and edema B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) glycogen buildup E) glucogenesis
B
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) amino acids B) fatty acids C) glycogen D) lactic acid
B
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) Krebs cycle D) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid
B
Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. C) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. D) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle.
B
The coenzymes of aerobic respiration are synthesized from minerals B vitamins amino acids
B vitamins
Which of the following is a ketone body? PGAL B-hydroxybutyric acid a-ketoglutaric acid
B-hydroxybutyric acid
A
Bacteria -destroying macrophages are found in sinusoids of A) the liver. B) the pancreas. C) the intestinal crypts. D) the gastric glands. E) the appendix.
E
Blockage of the lymphatic vessels draining a region of the body is most likely to cause A) insensible water loss. B) cutaneous transpiration. C) negative water balance. D) positive water balance. E) edema.
o. NH3
Buffer in the renal tubules that supplements the action of bicarbonate ions
y. proteins
Buffers most responsible for stabilizing the pH of the blood
All of the following vitamins except __ are fat-soluble. A K C D E
C
Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels
C
Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) adequate essential amino acids B) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet D) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea
C
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
C
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? A) the way an individual metabolizes fat B) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D) an individual's body weight
C
Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.
C
Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. A) transferred to acetyl CoA B) converted to urea C) transferred to a keto acid D) converted to ammonia
C
Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production? A) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels B) shivering C) sweating D) enhanced thyroxine release
C
Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) glycogenolysis in the liver B) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract D) catabolism of cellular protein
C
Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation? A) It occurs in the mitochondrion. B) Every second carbon is reduced. C) It involves the anabolism of fats. D) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments.
C
starch sugar fiber
CHO are listed as total CHO, _____, _____, and _____.
c
Catabolism involves processes that: a. cause a decline in circulating ketone bodies b. mobilize fat during the post absorptive state c. break down complex structures to simpler ones d. elevate glucagon levels
true
Chemical buffers act more quickly than physiological buffers.
b
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves: a. a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa b. cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction c. Secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion d. Bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action
b
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of: a. mastication b. catabolism c. anabolism d. fermentation
true
Chronic diarrhea tends to cause both hypokalemia and hypovolemia.
D
Chylomicrons are produced in A) the mouth, by the action of lingual lipase. B) the stomach, by the action of the gastric lipase C) the lumen of the small intestine, as lipids are absorbed D) the epithelial cells of the small intestine, as lipids are absorbed E) the lymph, as fats are absorbed
b
Chyme is created in the a. mouth b. stomach c. esophagus d. small intestine
polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates like starch and fiber are known as________.
Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________. A) reducing activity B) the evaporation of sweat C) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
D
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) glyceraldehyde B) pyruvic acid C) ammonia D) oxaloacetic acid
D
Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) glucose levels drop slightly C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
D
Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) skeletal muscle contraction B) control of blood volume C) noninflammatory responses D) control of blood pressure
D
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) cholesterol B) phospholipids C) fatty acids D) triglycerides
D
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
D
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) gluconeogenesis B) fat utilization C) lipogenesis D) lipolysis
D
The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
D
When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________. A) pant B) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels C) perspire heavily D) shiver
D
Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) epinephrine D) insulin
D
Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) ATP production B) lipogenesis C) amino acid synthesis D) conversion to a nucleic acid E) glycogenesis
D
Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange? A) radiation B) conduction/convection C) evaporation D) shivering
D
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
D
Which of the following is the most important function of the liver? A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism B) synthesis of bile salts C) processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D D) protein metabolism
D
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
D
v. hypoglycemia
Deficiency of blood glucose
b
Dietary fats are important because: a. They keep blood pressure normal. b. They help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins. c. They contribute significantly to the health of the skin. d. They help prevent the common cold.
a
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? a. lipids b. carbohydrates c. proteins d. starches
true
Digestive enzymes digest each other, allowing the amino acids to be absorbed and reused.
a. maltose
Disaccharide produced by starch digestion
d
Due to hepatic action, a comparison of blood entering and leaving the liver shows that: a. blood leaving the liver contains more glucose b. blood leaving the liver contains more amino acids c. blood leaving the liver usually has more ingested toxic substances d. blood leaving the liver via the hepatic vein contains fewer nutrients and waste material than the blood that entered it
a
During normal conditions, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except: a. production of energy b. production of some hormones c. production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies d. formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
B
During periods of fasting, fat is said to have a protein-sparing effect because the body A) oxidizes its spare proteins unless it depletes its fat reserves. B) does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves. C) must have an adequate fat intake in order to absorb and metabolize fats. D) must have an adequate protein intake in order to absorb and metabolize fats. E) metabolizes fats and proteins through the same metabolic pathways.
Esitmated Average Requirement
EAR stands for?
k. anorexia
Effect of a lesion in the hunger center of the hypothalamus
A
Eicosanoids and bile salts are made from which of the following nutrients? A) lipids B) minerals C) vitamins D) proteins E) carbohydrates
s. micelles
Emulsified lipid droplets in the small intestine
true
Even though fiber is important in health, it is not considered a nutrient.
false
Even though water is important in health, it is not considered a nutrient.
A deficit of potassium can cause rickets.
False
A diet high in cellulose helps to reduce the body's cholesterol level.
False
All athletes require diets high in protein and calories in order to perform and to maintain their muscle mass.
False
Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.
False
Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.
False
Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations.
False
Elderly people easily become chilled because they have more brown fat.
False
Even though water is important in health, it is not considered a nutrient.
False
Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.
False
Glycolysis is a series of six chemical steps, most of which take place in the mitochondria.
False
Including the ATP from glycolysis, the cell gains 34 ATP molecules from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule.
False
Normal body temperature range is 98.6-100°F, regardless of external temperature.
False
Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.
False
The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.
False
The body requires adequate supplies of only three minerals (calcium, sodium, chloride) and trace amounts of all others.
False
The body's thermoregulatory centers are located in the thalamus.
False
The essential amino acids can be synthesized from other amino acids when they are lacking in the diet.
False
The primary reason we do not feel hungry for a few hours after eating a meal is the stretching of the stomach.
False
The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.
False
There are no complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a complete protein.
False
Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.
False
Water-soluble vitamins remain dissolved in the blood plasma longer, and are excreted from the body more slowly, than fat-soluble vitamins.
False
Plant foods contain more salt than meats do.
False (really? Did you REALLY think it was true?)
Ideally, a person's blood HDL level should be kept as low as possible.
False, dummy.
glucose sparing
Fat has a _____ effect, meaning that by meeting the energy needs of many tissues, it leaves more glucose available for those tissues that depend on it exclusively.
100 5
For females the healthy weight is _____ pounds for the first 5 feet and ____ pounds for every foot after +/- 10%.
106 6
For males the healhty weight is _____ pounds for the first 5 feet and _____ pounds for every foot after +/- 10%.
weight loss
For sustaining ______ ___ at least 60-90 min of physical activity is needed each day.
glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen from glucose
d
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from lumen. a. muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa b. serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa c. submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa d. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Each of the following lists some of the intermediates of glycolysis and aerobic respiration. Which lists them in correct metabolic order? -G6P, PGAL, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA, citric acid OR -G6P, PGAL, acetyl-CoA, citric acid, pyruvic acid
G6P, PGAL, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA, citric acid
b
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of: a. starches and complex carbohydrates b. protein and peptide fragments c. simple carbohydrates and alcohols d. fatty acids
a
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? a. enteroendocrine cells b. parietal cells c. zymogenic cells d. mucous neck cells
b
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which: a. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose b. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors c. glycogen is formed d. glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water
a
Glucose can be obtained from: a. glycogenolysis b. fatty acid hydrolysis c. protein anabolism d. ketogenesis
b
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the: a. post absorptive state b. absorptive state c. starvation period d. period when the metabolic rate is lowest
b
Glycolysis is best defined as the: a. Conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water b. conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid c. conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide d. formation of sugar
true
HDL's contain more protein and less lipid than LDL's.
r. pharaynx
Has superior, middle, and inferior constrictors
A
Heat exhaustion results from A) extreme electrolyte loss in the sweat. B) denaturation of proteins in the brain tissue. C) excessive heat loss from the body. D) a high rate of conduction and convection. E) a high humidity that retards evaporative cooling.
a
Hepatocytes do not: a. produce digestive enzymes b. process nutrients c. store fat-soluble vitamins d. detoxify
g. antidiuretic hormone
Hormone that stimulates deployment
b
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? a. chief cells b. parietal cells c. serous cells d. mucous neck cells
potassium ions
Hyperkalemia is an abnormally high concentration of _____ in the blood.
C
If a person has malocclusion (mal- =bad), A) he or she has difficulty swallowing. B) there is an occlusion (obstruction) of the bile duct, perhaps by gallstones. C) the teeth do not meet properly when the mouth is closed. D) he or she has constipation. E) he or she had indigestion.
B
If a person's urine has an unusually high concentration of ammonium chloride, we would suspect that the person has A) Addison's disease. B) acidosis. C) alkalosis. D) hyperchloremia. E) an abnormally high rate of amino acid catabolism.
A
In a state of nitrogen balance A) nitrogen intake and output are equal. B) the rates of muscle growth and atrophy are equal. C) equal amounts of nitrogen are supplied by proteins and nucleic acids. D) 50% of the RDA of nitrogen comes from essential amino acids and 50% is produced in the body.
a
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food the stomach: a. initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins b. is the first site where absorption takes place c. is the only place where fats are completely digested d. is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
a
In carbohydrate metabolism, the carbohydrates: a. are converted into fat if present in excess b. such as the monomer galactose are normally used to make ATP c. are converted into fructose by the liver before they enter into general circulation d. that are highly refined offer many valuable nutrients in addition to calories
u. cutaneous transpiration
Included in insensible water loss
C
Increasing the K+ concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) will A) cause more K+ ro diffuse out of the cells into the ECF. B) usually not affect the intracellular K+ concentration. C) raise cell membrane potentials and make cells more excitable. D) lower cell membrane potentials and make cells more excitable. E) lower cell membrane potentials and make cells less excitable.
true
Ingested food raises the pH of the stomach contents.
c
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because: a. vitamins provide protection against the common cold b. very few foods contain vitamins c. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients d. all vitamins are water-soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
true
It is undesirable to consume large doses of fat-soluble vitamins.
The highest percentage of cholesterol is found in VLDs LDLs HDLs
LDLs
30
Less than ____ % of your daily calorie intake should be from fats.
9
Lipids or fats yield _____ kcal/gram
chylomicrons
Lipoproteins that transport newly absorbed dietary fats in the lymph and blood are called _____.
n. mitochondrial cristae
Location of ATP synthase
false
Long-term satiation of thirst is mainly due to distension of the stomach by the swallowed water.
c
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? a. The way an individual metabolizes fat. b. The way skeletal muscles break down glycogen. c. The ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body. d. An individual's body weight
3
Megadoses are generally __x the RDA.
b
Minerals are substances that cannot be used for fuel. They: a. include substance like carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen b. are the major electrolytes in the blood c. help maintain body heat balance d. help regulate liver by-products
A
Most of the water entering the digestive tract each day comes from A) gastrointestinal secretions. B) beverages. C) food. D) transpiration. E) metabolic water.
individualized
MyPyramid is a food guidance system that allows for an _________ approach to improving diet and lifestyle.
true
No significant amount of the body's energy requirement comes from vitamins.
d
Of all of the minerals required by the human body, ___________ and _________ account for three-quarter of the total. a. zinc, selenium b. potassium, sodium c. sulfur, chlorine d. calcium, phosphorus
A
Of the following components of bile, only _____ has/have a digestive function. A) bile salts B) bilirubin C) cholesterol D) phospholipids E) neutral fats
6 half
On a 2000 kcal diet a person should consume __ oz everday of grains with _____ of those as whole grains.
d
Only the ______ forms urea. a. kidney b. pancreas c. spleen d. liver
A
People who have lost a lot of blood often feel intensely thirsty. This is because A) angiotensin II is produces and stimulates the thirst center. B) the osmolarity of the remaining blood is elevated. C) the hypothalamic osmoreceptors respond to falling blood pressure. D) ADH is released and stimulates the thirst center. E) the loss of plasma electrolytes stimulates the thirst center.
c. transcellular fluids
Pericardial, synovial, and peritoneal fluids
d
Peristaltic waves are: a. segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract b. churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract c. pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract d. waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
5
Phosopholipids or cholesterols make up about ___ % of the dietary fat.
false
Plant foods contain more salt (NaCl) than meats do.
v. hypoglycemia
Prevented by glucagon following a high-protein meal
4
Proteins and Carbohydrates yield ____ kcal/gram
5
RDA is re-released every ___ years.
energy
RDA meets 98% of the population in everything except ______ consumption where it is 50%.
98
RDA meets ___% of the healthy population.
Recommended Dietary Allowance
RDA stands for?
r. alkalosis
Result of an excess of bicarbonate ions
m. hypovolemia
Results from net loss of proportionate amounts of Na+ and H2O
c. vagus nerves
Route of the nerve signals in the long reflexes of the digestive tract
t. lingual lipase
Salivary enzyme that is activated in the stomach
m. gastrin
Secreted by G cells of the gastric glands
a
Secretin is an enzyme that is liberated by the small intestinal mucosa in response to: a. acidic chyme entering the small intestine b. irritation in the lining of the stomach c. distention of the stomach d. the enterogastric reflex
a
Select the correct enzyme/substrate combination: a. amylase: starches b. chymotrypsin: neutral fats c. nucleases: proteins d. amylase: starches and nucleases: proteins
b
Select the correct statement: a. anabolism is the process of breaking down large substance into smaller ones b. cellular respiration is a catabolic process c. during oxidation reactions, substances gain electrons d. during reduction reactions, substances lose electrons
c
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? a. rennin b. pepsin c. lipase d. cholecystokinin
e. parietal cells
Site of H+-K+ ATPase
k. duodenum
Source of cholecystokinin
e. parietal cells
Stomach cells that secrete hydrochloric acid
Adequacy Balance Calorie Control Nutrient Density Moderation Variety
The ABC's of a Healthy diet are?
RDA
The EAR which helps meet the needs of half the population is used to set the ___s.
EAR
The ____ is the DRI the gives the nutrient amount that will help maintain function in half the people in a given age group or gender.
Recommended Dietary Allowance
The _____ _____ ______ is the DRI that helps meet the nutrient needs of nearly all ______ living Americans under usual stress.
lesser omentum
The _____ is a serous membrane that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver.
germ
The _____ of the grain contains fats and then some vitamins and minerals.
Bran
The _____ of the grain contains most of the vitamins, minerals and fiber.
endosperm
The ______ of the grain contains the carbohydrates and protein.
E
The absorption of _____ depends on the presence of vitamin D. A) vitamin K B) cholesterol C) nucleotides D) glucose E) calcium
a
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestines is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? a. plicae circularis and intestinal wall b. the vast array of digestive enzymes c. brunner glands d. the rugae
false
The adult body is is about 75% water by weight.
b
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important factor in determining BMR. a. norepinephrine b. thyroxine c. prolactin d. ADH
true
The amount of water lost by way of the respiratory system is greater in cold weather than in hot weather.
B
The blood plasma is about _____ of the total body water. A) 2% B) 8% C) 25% D) 35% E) 48%
adipocytes
The body fat compartment is made up of ______ which are fat cells.
11
The body mineral compartment is composed of skeletal mass, teeth, nails and hair and makes up around ____ of total body weight.
a
The chemical and mechanical process of food breakdown are called: a. digestion b. absorption c. ingestion d. secretion
A
The conversion of amino acids to glucose is called A) gluconeogenesis. B) glycogenesis. C) glycogenolysis. D) glycolysis. E) glyconeogenesis.
i. carotene
The dietary provitamin that the body converts to vitamin A
Lactose
The disaccharide made from galactose and glucose is?
sucrose
The disaccharide made from glucose and fructose is?
Maltose
The disaccharide made from glucose and glucose is?
d
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the: a. portal vein b. pancreatic acini c. bile canaliculus d. hepatopancreatic ampulla
secretin
The duodenal hormone _____ stimulates the liver and pancreas to secrete bicarbonate.
c
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called a. diffusion b. active transport c. hydrolysis d. denatured
true
The external anal sphincter allows for voluntary control over the time of defecation.
65
The fastest growing age in the US population is over ___.
b
The function of the goblet cells is to: a. absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use b. produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion c. secrete buffers in order to keep the PH of the digestive tract close to neutral d. provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms
b
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to: a. carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract. b. collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage before releasing them to the circulation for cellular use. c. distribute hormones d. return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
D
The highest percentage of cholesterol is found in A) chylomicrons B) chylomicron remnants C) VLDL's D) LDL's E) HDL's
third center
The hypothalamus has a nucleus called the _____ that stimulates water intake and inhibits salivation.
c
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? a. Sever indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes. b. This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. c. Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. d. The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food.
b
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fiber is the: a. mucosa b. submucosa c. muscularis externa d. serosa
intracellular
The liquid contained within the cells is called _____.
C
The liver performs all of the following functions except A) disposal of chylomicron remnants. B) production of high-density lipoproteins. C) absorption of digested nutrients. D) synthesis of urea. E) synthesis of clotting factors.
B
The liver performs all of the following functions except A) glycogenesis. B) secretion of digestive enzymes. C) phagocytosis. D) detoxification. E) synthesis of plasma proteins.
B
The loss of body heat by conduction can be enhanced by A) radiation. B) convection. C) non-shivering thermogenesis D) shivering thermogenesis E) evaporation.
A
The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance by A) returning fluid from the interstitial compartment to the bloodstream. B) transferring excess water from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid. C) compensating for the hypovolemia by releasing stored fluid to the tissues. D) compensating for hypervolemia by absorbing and storing excess fluid. E) maintaining equilibrium between fluid intake and output.
l. cholesterol
The major components of LDL's
m. pyruvic acid
The major end product of glycolysis
b
The major function of the large intestine is to: a. secrete digestive enzymes b. remove waste materials c. regulate the release of bile d. reabsorb 95% of ingested water
glycolysis
The metabolic reaction chain that splits glucose into two molecules of pyrvic acid is called _____.
b
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel is: a. fat b. glucose c. acetyl CoA d. cellulose
false
The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon into the duodenum.
chyme
The partially digested slurry that passes from the stomach into the small intestine is called _____.
c
The pickup molecule for the Krebs cycle is ___________ acid. a. isocitric b. fumaric c. oxaloacetic d. malic
c
The primary function of carbohydrates is to: a. contribute to cell structure b. maintain a large storehouse of glycogen c. maintain energy production within the cells d. form functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
d
The primary function of cellular respiration is to: a. determine the amount of heat needed by the human body b. provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals c. efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body d. generate ATP, which traps some of the chemical energy of food molecules in its high energy bonds
d
The primary reason the elderly seem to have more negative effects from some medications is that: a. They often forget to take their medications as prescribed. b. They tend to skip meals. c. They are not exercising. d. Their livers have become less efficient at detoxifying.
A
The release of bile into the duodenum is controlled by A) the hepatopancreatic sphincter. B) the gastroesphageal sphincter. C) the pyloric sphincter. D) the biliary valve. E) the ileocecal valve.
a
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called: a. mesenteries b. lamina propria c. serosal lining d. mucosal lining
y. intestinal epithelium
The site of chylomicron formation
c
The site of production of secretin and cholecystokinin is the: a. stomach b. pancreas c. small intestine d. large intestine
B
The small intestine is suspended from the dorsal body wall by A) the falciform ligament. B) the mesentary. C) the greater omentum. D) the lesser omentum. E) the epiploic appendages.
d
The solutes contained in saliva include: a. only salts and minerals b. only proteases and amylase c. mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts and minerals d. electrolytes digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes and IgA
amylases
The starch-digesting enzymes of the saliva and pancreatic juice are called _____.
false
The stomach lining is so well protected by mucus and tight junctions that its epithelial cells die at a very slow rate.
true
The stomach secretes gastrin when its internal pH rises.
D
The swallowing center is located in A) the mouth B) the oropharynx C) the esophagus D) the brainstem E) the enteric nervous system
C
The synthesis and storage of triglycerides is called A) Beta-oxidation. B) ketogenesis. C) lipogenesis. D) lipolysis E) the fat-sparing effect.
a
The term "energy output" includes: a. the energy lost as heat b. the loss of organic molecules in urine c. the loss or organic molecules in feces d. the loss of energy to perspiration
a
The term "essential amino acid" refers to those amino acids that: a. the body cannot synthesize b. contribute to structural proteins c. become a part of the metabolic reserves d. are stored
d
The term "metabolism" is best defined as: a. the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats b. a measure of carbohydrate utilization c. the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day d. the sum of energy produced by all the chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body
b
The terminal portion of the small intestine is know as the: a. duodenum b. ileum c. jejunum d. pyloric sphincter
glucose fructose galactose
The three monosaccharides are?
E
The volume of water in a cell is governed mainly by the amount of _____ in the cytoplasm. A) protein B) HCO3 C) Cl- D) Na+ E) K+
false
There are normally 32 teeth in the maxilla and 32 in the mandible.
essential
There are ten amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and therefore must acquire from the diet. They are called the _____ amino acids.
a
There are three phases of the gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs: a. Before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought. b. Immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients. c. At the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time. d. When the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required.
p. dentin
Tissue that constitutes most of the bulk of the tooth
physcially active
To aim for fitnss a person should aim for a healthy weight and be _______ ______ each day.
l. cholesterol
Transported to the liver in HDL's to be disposed of in the bile
Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.
True
Even though fiber is important to health, it is not considered a nutrient.
True
For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.
True
Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.
True
Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate.
True
HDLs contain more protein and fewer lipids than LDLs.
True
High levels of HDLs are considered good.
True
In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed.
True
It is undesirable to consume large doses of fat-soluble vitamins.
True
It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.
True
Lactic acid contains more free energy than the pyruvic acid from which it is made.
True
More energy enters the mitochondrial membrane reactions by way of NADH than by way of FADH2-.
True
No significant amount of the body's energy requirement comes from vitamins.
True
On a day when the temperature is over 100 degrees F, evaporation is the only means by which the body can lose heat.
True
Peptides called NPY and AgRP are powerful appetite enhancers.
True
The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by the age, size, and metabolic rate of the person.
True
The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.
True
The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.
True
The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells.
True
Triglycerides and cholesterol do not circulate freely in the bloodstream.
True
c
Under normal conditions, the gastric mucosa pours out as much as: a. 10 liters of gastric juice per hour b. 1 pint of gastric juice following each meal. c. 2 to 3 liters of gastric juice per day d. 6 liters of gastric juice when the meal is usually heavy in fats
B
Urine normally has a pH of approximately A) 4.5. B) 5.5. C) 7.4. D) 8.2. E) 9.1.
A
Vitamin B12, which is needed for red blood cell production, requires _____ for its absorption. A) intrinsic factor B) bile salts C) lecithin D) hydrochloric acid E) enterokinase
C
Volume excess is the opposite of A) hypotonic hydration. B) dehydration. C) volume depletion. D) water intoxication. E) positive water balance.
C
What are Peyer's patches, and where are they located? A) mucous glands of the duodenal submucosa B) fatty, clublike appendages on the serosa of the colon C) lymphatic follicles of the ileum D) peptic ulcers that may occur in the stomach or duodenum E) lymphatic tissues of the oropharynx
d
When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may: a. pant b. exhibit vasodilation c. perspire heavily d. shiver
A
When fats are incompletely oxidized, they yield _____, which may cause acidosis. A) ketones B) fatty acids C) glycerol D) amino acids E) acetal groups
b
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it indicates increased metabolism of: a. amino acids b. fatty acids c. glycogen d. lactic acid
b
When proteins undergo deamination, a substance found in the urine is: a. steroids b. ammonia c. acetyl CoA d. ketone bodies
glycogenolysis
When stored glycogen is needed for energy, it is hydrolyzed to glucose through a preocess called _____.
c
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called: a. absorption b. secretion c. chemical digestion d. mechanical digestion
monosaccharides glucose
When you eat carbohydrates all disaccharides are broken down into _________ and transported to the liver where they are converted to _____ and then absorbed by the blood.
B
Which of the following cations is most concentrated in the extracellular fluid? A) K+ B) Na+ C) NH4 D) Fe2+ E) Ca2+
A
Which of the following cations is most concentrated in the intracellular fluid? A) K+ B) Na+ C) NH4 D) Fe2+ E) Ca2+
B
Which of the following cells are not found in the gastric glands? A) chief cells B) goblet cells C) parietal cells D) mucous neck cells E) enteroendocrine cells
B
Which of the following diseases is most likely to produce metabolic acidosis? A) emphysema B) diabetes mellitus C) diabetes insipidus D) Addison's disease E) tuberculosis
c
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? a. dextrinase b. amylase c. trypsin d. lipase
d
Which of the following food groups can be considered complete proteins? a. corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ b. lima beans, kidney beans, nuts and cereal c. egg yolk, fish roe, and grains d. eggs, milk, yogurt, meat and fish
E
Which of the following is not a dietary source of cholesterol? A) eggs B) liver C) whole milk D) shrimp E) corn oil
D
Which of the following is not a macronutrient? A) fat B) starch C) protein D) calcium E) water
d
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? a. cephalic b. gastric c. intestinal d. enterogastric
b
Which of the following is not true of saliva? a. cleanses the mouth b. contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins c. moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus d. dissolves food chemicals so they can tasted
A
Which of the following nutrients is most likely to circulate through the skeletal muscle before it ever circulates through the liver? A) a triglyceride B) an amino acid C) galactose D) ascorbic acid E) magnesium
a
Which of the following nutrients yield highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? a. fats b. vitamins and minerals c. foods and beverages high in caffeine d. proteins
d
Which of the following statements best describes "complete protein"? a. derived from meat and fish only b. meets all the minimum daily requirements for a sound diet c. derived from legumes and other plant material d. must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
E
Which of the following would provide the lowest quantity of minerals for a given weight of food? A) peas and beans B) eggs and milk C) broccoli and carrots D) fish and oysters E) rice and white flour
D
Which of these is the site of contact digestion? A) the gastric pits B) the surface of the gastric mucosa C) the intestinal crypts D) the brush border of the small intestine E) the cytoplasm of the small intestinal cells
a
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? a. B12 b. K c. A d. C
a
You have just eaten French fries, buttered toast, ice cream and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you digest this food? a. the pancreas b. the buccal glands c. the thyroid gland d. the parotid glands
b
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? a. gastrin b. amylase c. cholecystokinin d. trypsin
5 10
__ to __% of your carbohydrate intake should be from simple sugars.
net
___ carbohydrates are the total CHO less fiber, sugar alcohols, glycerine and polydextrose.
AI
___ is the DRI of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion based on a scientific judgement.
1 2
___ oz for women and __ oz for men of alcohol which is one shot per 1 oz or a beer is the healthy moderation under the choose sensibly category for the dietary guidelines for americans.
20
____ % of the body is made up of water excluding water in other compatments .
20 30
____ - ____% above or below the average weight is considered severly under weight or severely over weight.
10 20
____ - ____% above or below the average weight is considered under or over weight.
lean body mass
____ ______ ____ is the primary determinant of the body's total energy and nutrient needs....metabolically active tissue. Makes up anywhere from 30-65% of the total body weight.
58
____% of your daily calorie intake should be from carbohydrates.
12
____% of your daily calorie intake should be from protein.
48
____% of your daily intake of carbohydrates should be complex.
Calorie Control
_____ ____ is the management of energy intake.
Nutrient Density
_____ ____ is the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides. more nutrients and fewer calories means higher this?
body composition
_____ _______ is made up of lean body mass, fat, water and mineral mass (ash).
health
_____ claims meet the FDA "A" list and can be used on food lables. This A list is established connections between a nutrient and a health condition. example is sodium and reduced risk of hypertension
Variety
_____ is consuming a wide selection of foods within and among major food groups.
Adequacy
_____ is sufficent essential nutrients, fiber and energy to maintain health.
30
_____% or above the average weight is considered obese.
children teenagers
______ and ________ should be physcially active for 60 min on most days.
nutrient
______ claims must meet FDA definitions. examples low cholesterol, high fiber, sugar free.
Trans
______ fats are commercially prepared solid fats that increased CVD risk.
enriched
______ grain products add back vitamins and minerals.
nutrition
______ includes the social, economic, cultural, and psychological implications of food and eating.
growth
______ is an increase in size...biological ______ of an organism occurs through cell multiplication.
Water
______ is neither a macronutrient or micronutrient
Balance
______ is providing foods in right proportions to each other and body's needs.
Omega 3
______-_ fatty acids are found in cold water marine fish like tuna and salmon and are related to a decreased risk of CVD and cancer.
Dietary Reference Intakes
_______ _______ _______ or DRIs are a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in US or Canada that are used for planning and assessing diets.
soluble
_______ fibers decrease the rate of glucose absorption and increase cholesterol excretion.
insoluble
_______ fibers decrease the risk of colon cancer, diverticulosis, and increase GI mobility.
extracellular
_______ fluid Consists of blood plasma, interstitial fluid ( fluid surrounding cells), secretory fluid, and dense tissue fluid (in connective tissue, cartilage, and bone)
development
_______ is the process by which growing tissues and organs take on an increased complexity of function.
essential
________ AA must come from your foods.
physiologic
________ age is the biologic maturation of adults that can very from the chronologic age which is the actual number of years a person has lived.
cholesterol
________ is found only in animal products and is related to an increased risk of CVD.
d
_________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor. a. Iron b. Sodium c. Phosphorus d. Calcium
nutrition
_________ is the science of foods and the substances they contain.
All of the following people could be expected to exhibit positive nitrogen balance except- a growing child a person dying in a famine a pregnant women a fetus
a person dying in a famine
Which of the following nutrients is most likely to circulate through skeletal muscle before it ever circulates through the liver? a triglyceride an amino acid magnesium
a triglyceride
The liver performs all of the following functions except- disposal of chylomicron remnants absorption of digested nutrients synthesis of clotting factors
absorption of digested nutrients
Leptin is produced by ____ and inhibits the synthesis of ____. adipocytes; orexin adipocytes; neuropeptide Y hepatocytes; serotonin
adipocytes; neuropeptide Y
endosperm
all purposen flower just contains the _______ which has no vitamins and minerals.
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
whole
building a healthy base require the gudance of the food pyramid, a variety of grains including _____ grains, fruits, veggies and keeping foods safe to eat.
Which of the following is not a macronutrient? fat starch protein calcium
calcium
fat
calories are listed as total calories and calories from ____.
In humans, NE stimulates the appetite for- carbohydrates proteins triglycerides
carbohydrates
The recommended daily allowance is higher for ___ than any of these other nutrients. proteins carbohydrates vitamins
carbohydrates
The human body contains carbohydrates in all of the following forms and places except -glucose in the bloodstream -glycogen in the liver -cellulose in the cell walls
cellulose in the cell walls
A major structural component of plasma membranes and myelin that is also the precursor of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D is- cholesterol phosholipids thromboplastin
cholesterol
plant
complex carbohydrates are _______ foods.
The loss of body heat by conduction can be enhanced by- radiation convection evaporation
convection
Which of the following is not a dietary source of cholesterol? eggs liver whole milk shrimp corn oil
corn oil
The quickest physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss is- cutaneous vasodilation OR cutaneous vasoconstriction
cutaneous vasoconstriction
The catabolism reaction that breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid takes place in the- mitochondria cytoplasm Golgi complex
cytoplasm
fiber
dietary ______ is an indigestiable carbohydrate and gives you zero calories.
During periods of fasting, fat is said to have protein-sparing effect because the body -oxidizes its spare protein before it depletes its fat reserves -does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves
does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves
Heat exhaustion results from- -extreme electrolyte loss in the sweat -excessive heat loss from the body -a high humidity that retards evaporative cooling
extreme electrolyte loss in the sweat
kidneys
extremely high amounts of protein from 30-35% can cause damage to the ______.
The basal metabolic rate should be measured when a person- is sleeping first rises in the morning has just eaten a normal meal
first rises in the morning
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
The conversion of amino acids to glucose is called- gluconcogenesis glycogenesis glyconeogenesis
gluconcogenesis
About four hours after a meal, which of the following will be stimulated? gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glyconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis
Insulin has all of the following effects in the absorptive state except that it does not stimulate- glycolysis gluconeogenesis lipogenesis
gluconeogenesis
According to one hypothesis, the satiety center has neurons called ___ that rapidly absorb glucose after a meal and send inhibitory signals to the feeding center. glucostats lipostts gycerostats
glucostats
Which of these is least characteristic of the postabsorptive state? gluconcogenesis glycogenesis glycogenolysis
glycogenesis
Glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the ____ and fats are absorbed into the ____. hepatic portal system; lymphatic system hepatic portal system; blood capillaries
hepatic portal system; lymphatic system
Which of the following vessels would have the highest concentration of glucose? hepatic vein hepatic portal vein hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
hypertension
high salt foods do not cause _______ unless you are sensitive.
Glucostats are cells located in -the gastric mucosa -the hypothalamus -the pancreatic islets
hypothalamus
ose
if a substance in the body ends in -___ it is probably a carbohydrate.
sugar
increase ______ really only causes tooth decay and cavities.
monounsaturated
increase intake of __________ fats leads to a decreased risk of CVD and Cancer
glucose
increased complex carbohydrate consumption is leads to improved ______ regulation.
polyunsaturated
increased intake of ________ fats leads to a decreased risk of CVD but an increased risk of cancer.
CVD
increased intake of saturated fats leads to an increased risk of ____ disease.
An increase in blood glucose will stimulate the release of ___ and most of any excess glucose will be stored as ___. insulin; glycogen insulin; fat
insulin; fat
Glycogenesis is stimulated by ___, and glycogenolysis is stimulated by ____. insulin; aldosterone insulin; glucagon and EP
insulin; glucagon and EP
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are absorbed- into blood capillaries into lacteals
into lacteals
When fats are incompletely oxidized, they yield ___, which may cause acidosis. ketones amino acids acetyl groups
ketones
The two major dietary disaccharides are ___, and ultimately all carbohydrate digestion generates ___. lactos and sucrose; glucose lactose and maltose; glucose
lactos and sucrose; glucose
Eicosanoids and bile salts are made from which of the following nutrients? Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates
lipids
The synthesis and storage of triglycerides is called- lipogenesis lypolysis the fat-sparing effect
lipogenesis
Lactic acid formed in RBCs and in fast twitch muscle fibers leaves the cells, enters the bloodstream to the ___ and oxidizes to ___. liver; acetic acid liver; pyruvic acid
liver; pyruvic acid
fat
make most of your ____ sources from fish, nuts and vegetable oils.
Next to water, the most abundant substance in cow's milk is calcium vitamin D maltose
maltose
Our need for all of the following except __ is met partly by our own intestinal bacteria. biotin manganese vitamin K
manganese
10
monounsaturated, saturated and polyunsaturated fats should all equally be consumed at around ___% for each.
solid animal
most saturated fats are ____ at room temperature and _____ in nature.
Most of thee carbohydrates in the body are found as- blood glucose liver glycogen muscle glycogen
muscle glycogen
In a state of nitrogen balance -nitrogen intake and output are equal OR -rates of muscle growth/atrophy are =
nitrogen intake and output are equal
growth reproduction maintenance
nutrients are chemical substances used by the body for the ________ , _______, and __________ of health.
plant
oils that are ______ in origin and liquid at room temperature contain polyunsaturated fats.
monounsaturated
peanut oils/butter, olives/olive oils and canola oil all contain large amounts of _________ fats.
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have the highest proportion of- lipid to protein protein to lipid
protein to lipid
At a comfortable room temperature, the body loses the most heat by- convection evaporation radiation
radiation
When the triglycerides have been removed from a chylomicron, the empty chylomicron remnant- -returns to the liver to be refilled with lipids -removed from the blood and degraded by the liver
removed from the blood and degraded by the liver
An excess of this vitamin can cause anorexia, hair loss, and birth defects. riboflavin (B2) retinol (A) phylloquinone (K)
retinol (A)
Which of the following would provide the lowest quality of minerals for a given weight of food? peas and beans eggs and milk broccoli and carrots rice and white flour
rice and white flour
The liver performs all of the following functions except- secretion of digestive enzymes glycogenesis synthesis of plasma proteins
secretion of digestive enzymes
FDA
standard serving sizes are set by the ____ and facilitate comparisons among foods.
The postabsoptive state is regulated mainly by the __ nervous system and the hormone ___. sympathetic; insulin sympathetic; glucagon sympathetic; cortisol
sympathetic; insulin
folate niacin riboflavin thiamin iron
the 5 things that are enriched back in grains are?
macronutrients
the _________ are carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
micronutrients
the _________ are vitamins and minerals
lipolysis
the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids
Of all the NADH contributing energy to ATP synthesis, most is produced by- anaerobic fermentation the citric acid cycle the mitochondrial proton pumps
the citric acid cycle
14 28
the healthy male body fat is between ____ to ____% with the females being 1% higher on each.
Cytochromes and iron-sulfur centers are found in- -the mitochondrial matrix -the space between the 2 mitochondrial membranes -the inner mitochondrial membrane
the inner mitochondrial membrane
coconut palm saturated fat
the tropical oils ____ and _____ oil are high in ______ ___.
Proteins are important for all of the following physiological roles except- structural strength thermal insulation oxygen/membrane transport
thermal insulation
A gram of fat has about __ the calories of gram of starch. twice or five times.
twice
The most significant product of ornithine cycle is ornithie ammonia urea
urea
Which of the following is an unsaturated fat? vegetable oil coconut oil egg yolk
vegetable oil
Pectin is a ___ fiber found in oats, beans, peas, carrots, brown rice, and fruits. This fiber reduces blood ___. water-soluble; cholesterol and LDL water soluble; fatty acids and HDL
water-soluble; cholesterol and LDL
Of the macronutrients we consume, _____ is required in the largest daily quantity and ___ is required in the smallest. water; fats water; protein
water; protein
post absorptive
when the stomach and small intestine are empty and the body is drawing on its stored energy reserves, it is in the _____ state.
