A and P exam 2 (Blood and Lymphatic)

Cytokines and Immune system

-Colony-stimulating factors are produced by active T cells, cells of the monocyte-macrophage system, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. They target the red bone marrow and lymphoid tissues and organs as well as stimulate blood cell production. -Interleukins play an important role in the immune system by regulating the activity of other cells. For example, interleukins stimulate the production of antibodies from plasma cells.

ways that red blood cell shape is significant?

-It allows red blood cells to bend and flex. -It allows fast exchange of gases between the inside of the cell and the plasma. -It enables red blood cells to form stacks. -It gives the red blood cell a large surface area to volume ratio.

Blood fun facts

-RBC, WBC, and platelets all constitute ~45 percent of the volume of normal whole blood. -normal hematocrit, or packed cell volume (PCV), is 46 in adult males and 42 in adult females. -If you have virtually no hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), there is nothing for the erythropoietin to stimulate. -To produce platelets, myeloid stem cells have to differentiate into; -Megakaryocytes begin shedding their cytoplasm in small, membrane-enclosed packets that become platelets that enter the bloodstream.

Cytokines : -Tumor necrosis Factors -Colony-Stimulating Factors -Phagocyte-activating Chemicals -Interleukins -Interferons -characterized by many unique functions associated with the immune response, some overlap between them. -Both colony-stimulating factors and tumor-necrosis factors stimulate blood cell production. -Interleukins and interferons, have antagonistic effects, specifically on inflammation.

-TNF-Slow growth of tumors and kills sensitive tumor cells -Stimulate blood cell production -Attract free macrophages and microphages -1.Promote secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 2.Stimulate inflammatory process 3. Promote activity of fibroblasts -1.Slow progress of inflammation 2.Stimulate the activity of NK cells 3.Impart viral resistance to cells that secrete this cytokine4. Used to treat Kaposi's sarcoma

Lymphatic capillaries are known for

-being the smallest lymphatic vessels. -being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. -having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries. -having shingle-like endothelial cells.

Class I and Class II MHC Proteins

-class II MHC proteins are found only on antigen-presenting cells. -class II MHC proteins present antigens that originated from outside the cell (phagocytized extracellular pathogens). -class I MHC proteins are recognized by CD8 cells. -Yes, nucleated body cells bring pieces of endogenous proteins to the surface to display on the MHC protein. -Yes, CD8 cells become cytotoxic T cells.

lymphatic system

-helps maintain normal blood volume. -transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. -transports lipids from the digestive tract. -eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. -fights infection.

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity

-it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. -circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. -it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. -it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. DOES NOT depend on Memory B cells

Lymph nodes

-monitor the contents of lymph. -produce antibodies through B cells. -remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. -accumulate cancer cells.

thymus gland

-reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. -involutes after puberty. DOES NOT activate B cells. -lies in the anterior mediastinum. DOES produce T cells.

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6

The average life span of a red blood cell is

4 months

The total volume of blood in the body of a 76-kg man is approximately ________ liters.

5.3

Blood volume represents about ________ percent of a person's body weight.

7%

The medulla of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and macrophages.

B cells

Once infected with Chicken pox

Cells that are actually infected with the virus will produce Class I MHC proteins to display on their plasma membranes as a signal they are infected. Phagocytic cells that directly attack the virus or infected cells will display fragments of the antigen in Class II MHC proteins on their plasma membranes. IgM is the first class of antibody secreted during the primary response to an antigen being encountered. IgM concentration declines as IgG production accelerates.

The common pathway in coagulation ends with

Conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

AIDS

Helper T cells activate sensitized B cells, which then begin producing and secreting antibodies. Helper T cells have CD 4 markers, which are crucial in recognizing infected antigen-presenting cells. The immune system of AIDS patients lacks the necessary coordination between cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and is thus virtually nonfunctional.

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Once platelets arrive at the site of injury, they secrete chemicals to promote the clotting process. Hemophiliacs lack clotting factor VIII or IX. Which of the following would be the most likely hypothesis to best describe the underlying problem with their condition?

Lack of clotting factors VIII or IX results in a deficiency in factor X production. Thus, this deficit in the intrinsic pathway leads to compromised blood clotting.

are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

Monocytes

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

Peyer's patches

Blood that has clotting proteins removed is termed

Serum

What do the interferons alpha, beta, and gamma have in common?

They all impart viral resistance to cells.

Transferrin transports iron ions in the plasma.

Transferrin

The most abundant plasma protein is

albumin

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

body's innate defenses include all of the following except

antibodies

What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine?

artificially acquired active immunity

Iron to oxygen to heme

binding of heme

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Red blood cells carry __________ to the lungs and __________ to the tissues. carbon dioxide; oxygen

carbon dioxide; oxygen

Hormones called ________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations.

colony-stimulating factors

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

cytotoxic T

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone

erythropoietin

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

helper T

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

hematocrit

Antibodies are what type of plasma protein?

immunoglobulin

Another term for antibodies is

immunoglobulins.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucocorticoid secretion on the effectiveness of the immune response?

increased interferon activity ARE: -inhibition of interleukin secretion -depressed inflammation response -reduced abundance and activity of phagocytes in peripheral tissues

A triglyceride + globulin complex is termed a(n)

lipoprotein

Natural killer cells are one of the functional classes of

lymphocytes

What types of cells are found in the white pulp of the spleen and in the red pulp of the spleen?

lymphocytes; red blood cells

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

megakaryocytes

HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

mother's antibodies may cross the placenta, attacking and destroying fetal RBCs. The resulting condition Little exposure from first pregnancy fetal blood to Rh+. Mother's immune system is not stimulated to produce anti-Rh antibodies. Mixing of fetal and maternal blood can stimulate the mother's immune system to produce anti-Rh antibodies, leading to sensitization (20% within 6 months). Future pregnancy involves an Rh+ fetus, maternal anti-Rh antibodies produced after the first delivery cross the placenta and enter the fetal bloodstream. These antibodies destroy fetal RBCs (hemolysis of), producing a dangerous anemia. Immature erythroblasts cause erythroblastosis fetalis, also increases bilirubin. Mom AB's stay 1-2 months post . Mother's anti-Rh antibody production can be prevented if such antibodies (available under the name RhoGAM) are administered to the mother in weeks 26-28 of pregnancy and during and after delivery. destroy any fetal RBCs that cross the placenta before they can stimulate a maternal immune response. Because maternal sensitization does not occur, no anti-Rh antibodies are produce

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are

necessary for the transport of dietary lipids.

most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

neutrophils.

NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells.

perforin

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal tissues, this is termed

specificity.

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the

spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.

Most of the plasma proteins required in the coagulation process are produced by

the liver

Part complete People with type O blood are considered "universal donors" for transfusions because

their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens

The hormone that stimulates platelet formation is

thrombopoietin.

pyrogens

trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body's core temperature -released by RBC

Cancer cells can be detected by NK cells when they show

tumor-specific antigens.