A & P Sem. 1 Final (Modules 12.9-15.4)
Olfactory glands a) coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus b) react to aromatic molecules c) house the sense of smell d) group as olfactory bulbs e) support the olfactory epithelium
a) coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus
The corpus callosum is composed of a) commissural fibers. b) arcuate fibers. c) projection fibers. d) association fibers. e) longitudinal fasciculi.
a) commissural fibers.
Compare olfactory receptors with receptors for the other special senses. (Module 15.1C) a) Olfactory receptors are the dendrites of specialized excitable olfactory neurons, whereas the receptors for the other special senses are receptor cells with inexcitable membranes and form synapses with the processes of sensory neurons. b) Olfactory receptors have short axons because of their close proximity to the olfactory bulb, whereas the receptors for the other special senses have long axons because they are further away from the CNS. c) Olfactory receptors are at the surface of the olfactory epithelium and can generate a fast action potential, whereas receptors for the other special senses are deep and slower to generate an action potential. d) Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors and respond to dissolved chemicals, whereas the receptors for the other special senses are mechanoreceptors. e) Olfactory receptors do not require the CNS for processing the signal, whereas the receptors for the other special senses require processing by the CNS.
a) Olfactory receptors are the dendrites of specialized excitable olfactory neurons, whereas the receptors for the other special senses are receptor cells with inexcitable membranes and form synapses with the processes of sensory neurons.
Where does the simplest processing occur? (Module 12.11C) a) PNS and the spinal cord b) cerebellum c) cerebrum d) corpus callosum e) brainstem
a) PNS and the spinal cord
Identify somatic effectors and visceral effectors (Module 14.7C). a) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. b) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Visceral effectors are adipose tissue. c) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Visceral effectors are glands and adipose tissue. d) Somatic effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle. e) Somatic effectors are glands and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
a) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.
A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve a) V b) XIII c) IX d) III e) VII
a) V
Which cranial nerve monitors all the taste buds located on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue? a) VII b) VIII c) X d) IX
a) VII
Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia? a) acetylcholine b) dopamine c) endorphin d) norepinephrine e) all of the answers are correct
a) acetylcholine
White matter fibers that pass from one gyrus to the adjacent gyrus are called a) arcuate fibers. b) commissural fibers. c) longitudinal fasciculi. d) projection fibers. e) association fibers.
a) arcuate fibers.
All of the following are true of muscle spindles EXCEPT that they a) are found in tendons b) are found within skeletal muscle c) consist of specialized fiber called intrafusal fibers d) are innervated by gamma motor neurons e) are the receptor for the stretch reflex.
a) are found in the tendon
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving a) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation b) nerves from both the brain and spinal cord c) two nerves from the spinal cord and both autonomic and somatomotor nerves d) two nerves from the spinal cord e) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves
a) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ____ ganglia a) chain b) collateral c) suprarenal d) intramural e) prevertebral
a) chain
In a ____ neuronal pool, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons. a) diverging b) serial processing c) parallel processing d) converging e) reverberating
a) diverging
Filiform papillae a) do not contain taste buds b) contain about five tase buds each c) contain as many as 100 taste buds each d) form a V near the posterior margin of the tongue
a) do not contain taste buds
The basic reflex motor patterns related to eating and drinking are controlled by which region of the brain? (Module 13.21B) a) hypothalamus b) cerebral cortex c) midbrain d) thalamus e) pons
a) hypothalamus
Regarding ANS motor control, which CNS(s) is/are involved in emotional, memory, behavior? a) limbic system b) thalamus c) hypothalmus d) pon
a) limbic system
Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called ________ neurons. a) lower motor b) postganglionic c) preganglionic d) somesthetic e) upper motor
a) lower motor
The ____ relay(s) auditory information to the auditory cortex a) medial geniculate nuclei b) lateral geniculate nuclei c) suprachiasmatic nuclei d) preoptic area e) pulvinar nuclei
a) medial geniculate nuclei
Each gustatory cell extends ____ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore a) microvilli b) flagella c) papillae d) cilla
a) microvilli
The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the a) parietal lobe b) occipital lobe c) insula d) temporal lobe e) frontal lobe
a) parietal lobe
A(n) ____ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons. a) polysynaptic b) monosynaptic c) sensory d) motor e) integrative
a) polysynaptic
Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of ________ pain. a) referred b) somatic c) neurogenic d) phantom e) psychogenic
a) referred
A typical gustatory cell survives for about ____days before it is replaced a) 1 b) 3 c) 5 d) 10 e) 20
d) 10
The olfactory receptors cells can be activated by as few as ____ odorant molecules a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
d) 4
Define referred pain. (Module 13.22A) a) referred pain is a sensation felt in a part of the body other than its actual source. b) referred pain is visceral pain sensations that can be well localized. c) referred pain is when thermoreceptors detect temperature extremes that cause a painful sensation. d) referred pain is when nociceptors send impulse of pain that is not actually there. e) referred pain is somatic pain sensations from the skin.
a) referred pain is a sensation felt in a part of the body other than its actual source.
Define reinforcement as it pertains to spinal reflexes (Module 12.15A). a) reinforcement is an enhancement of a spinal reflex through the facilitation of motor neurons involved in reflexes b) reinforcement is the repetition of a spinal reflex in order to condition the motor neurons to the reflex c) reinforcement is a reduction of a spinal reflex through the inhibition of motor neurons involved in reflexes. d) reinforcement is the cooperation of many muscle groups to enable reflexes to occur without losing postural tone. e) reinforcement involves processing events in the nuclei of the brain to enhance the reflex.
a) reinforcement is an enhancement of a spinal reflex through the facilitation of motor neurons involved in reflexes
What part of the midbrain influences activity of the entire nervous system (Module 13.7D) a) reticular activating system (RAS), a part of the reticular formation b) superior colliculi and inferior colliculi c) substantia nigra d) red nuclei e) cerebral peduncles
a) reticular activating system (RAS), a part of the reticular formation
Which of the following is an effect of sympathetic activation? a) stimulation of the medial and lateral pathways associated with a general elevation in muscle tone b) change in blood flow and glandular activity associated with sexual arousal c) stimulation and coordination fo defecation d) constriction of respiratory passageways
a) stimulation of the medial and lateral pathways associated with a general elevation in muscle tone
The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is a) true for only the parasympathetic nervous system b) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems c) true for only the somatic nervous system d) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems e) true for only the sympathetic nervous system
a) true for only the parasympathetic nervous system
The CNS interprets the ________ of stimulus entirely on the basis of the labeled line over which it arrives. a) type b) duration c) location d) adaptation e) intensity
a) type
The taste sensation that is triggered by amino acids and small peptides is known as a) umami b) salty c) peppery d) sour e) sweet
a) umami
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ____ nerve(s). a) vagus b) splanchnic c) glossopharyngeal d) facial e) trigeminal
a) vagus
Define stretch reflex (Module 12.13A) a) A stretch reflex is an example of a withdrawal reflex that contracts the flexor muscles of a limb in response to a painful stimulus. b) A stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that provides regulation of skeletal muscle length. c) A stretch reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that activates extensor muscles in the opposite leg or arm when a flexor reflex is activated. d) A stretch reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that provides regulation of skeletal muscle length. e) A stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that activates extensor muscles in the opposite leg or arm when a flexor reflex is activated.
b) A stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that provides regulation of skeletal muscle length.
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the a) intramural ganglia b) adrenal glands c) chain ganglia d) collateral ganglia e) brainstem
b) adrenal glands
Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________. a) brain; visceral effectors b) autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors c) visceral effectors; autonomic ganglia d) visceral effectors; brain e) brain; spinal cord
b) autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors
Reduction in heart rate and force of contraction is a response in which visceral reflex? a) sexual arousal b) baroreceptor reflex c) cardioacceleratory reflex d) vasomotor reflex
b) baroreceptor reflex
Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the a) visual cortex b) basal nuclei c) anterior commissures d) auditory cortex e) motor association areas
b) basal nuclei
Which is likely to be more sensitive to continuous deep pressure: a lamellar corpuscle or a bulbous corpuscle? (Module 13.18B) a) lamellar corpuscle b) bulbous corpuscle
b) bulbous corpuscle
Identify the components of the cerebellar gray matter. (Module 13.6A) a) cerebellar peduncles b) cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei c) transverse pontine fibers d) cerebellar nuclei e) arbor vitae
b) cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei
Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain? a) cerebellum b) cerebrum c) parietal lobe d) frontal lobe e) medulla oblongata
b) cerebrum
Splanchnic nerves a) control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax b) consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia c) connect chain ganglia d) are formed of parasympathetic fibers e) originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord
b) consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia
During sympathetic activation, which of the following would not occur? a) increased sweating b) constriction of pupil c) elevated heart rate d) elevated blood pressure e) elevated blood glucose
b) constriction of pupil
Which of the following is improperly paired? a) septum pellucidum - a thin partition that separates the two lateral ventricles b) corpus callosum - thick tract of gray matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres c) cerebral aqueduct — slender canal that connects the third and fourth ventricle d) falx cerebri — a fold of dura mater between the cerebral hemispheres e) interventricular foramen - the opening between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle
b) corpus callosum - thick tract of gray matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
Damage to the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus would interfere with what particular function (Module 13.8A) a) damage would interfere with the limbic system and thus affect emotional processing b) damage would interfere with the flow of visual information and thus affect the sense of sight c) damage would interfere with the flow of visual information and thus affect the sense of hearing d) damage would interfere with the flow of somatic sensations and thus affect the sense of touch e) damage would interfere with the release of melatonin and thus affect circadian rhythms
b) damage would interfere with the flow of visual information and thus affect the sense of sight
Male brains are typically ____ compared to female brains a) smaller b) larger c) very smooth d) the same size e) more convoluted
b) larger
The putamen and globus pallidus are considered subdivisions of the a) claustrum b) lentiform nucleus c) limbic system d) caudate nucleus e) corpus striatum
b) lentiform nucleus
Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors? a) equilibrium b) olfaction c) hearing d) all of the answers are correct e) none of the answers is correct
b) olfaction
Nicotinic receptors a) are found at neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system b) open chemically gated sodium channels c) respond to epinephrine d) respond to norepinephrine e) open chemically gated calcium ion channels
b) open chemically gated sodium channels
The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the a) reticular formation b) prefrontal cerebral cortex c) cerebral ganglia d) occipital association cortex e) temporal lobe
b) prefrontal cerebral cortex
Where do the special senses originate? (Module 15.1A) a) special senses originate in the association areas of the cerebral cortex b) special senses originate at the sensory receptor c) special senses originate at the interneurons of the brain d) special senses originate at the axon of the sensory e) special senses originate in the thalamus where sensations are relayed
b) special senses originate at the sensory receptor
A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a a) lamellar corpuscle. b) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. c) root hair plexus. d) tactile (Merkel) disc. e) Ruffini corpuscle.
b) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.
The statement "it controls the diameter of the pupil" is a) true only for the somatic nervous system b) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems c) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system d) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems e) true for only the sympathetic nervous system
b) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect a) sight. b) voluntary motor activity. c) perception of pain. d) both perception of pain and voluntary motor activity. e) hearing.
b) voluntary motor activity.
An adult has approximately ____ taste buds, each of which contains ____ different receptor cells a) 500,000; 4 b) 50; 10,000 c) 5,000; 40-100 d) 500; 40-100 e) 50,000; 10,000
c) 5,000; 40-100
________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior. a) Dyslexia b) Parkinson's disease c) A seizure d) Apraxia e) Aphasia
c) A seizure
Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called a) nicotinic b) muscarinic c) adrenergic d) cholinergic
c) adrenergic
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ____ receptors. a) alpha-1 adrenergic b) alpha-2 adrenergic c) beta-1 adrenergic d) muscarinic cholinergic e) nicotinic cholinergic
c) beta-1 adrenergic
Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to a) contact a specialized olfactory cell b) be transported to the olfactory bulb c) bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites d) gate open ion channels e) respond to applied pressure
c) bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites
Name the plexuses innervated by the vagus nerve a) sacral and pelvic plexuses b) brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses c) cardiac, celiac, interior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses d) cervical, celiac, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses e) cervical, cardiopulmonary, celiac, and sacral plexuses
c) cardiac, celiac, interior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses
Sensations of burning or aching pain a) reach the CNS quickly. b) are fast adapting. c) cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus. d) are well localized. e) are carried by type A fibers.
c) cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the a) midbrain. b) cerebrum. c) cerebellum. d) pons. e) medulla oblongata.
c) cerebellum.
While evaluating a motorcycle accident victim, a doctor strokes the side of the patient's foot, eliciting an extension of the hallux, and fanning of the toes. This indicates __________. a) a negative Babinski reflex b) a normal response in an adult c) damage to the central nervous system is likely d) a plantar flexion
c) damage to the nervous system is likely
Which of the following is sometimes called "prickling pain"? a) mechanical damage b) chemicals c) fast pain d) extremes of temperature e) both chemicals and fast pain
c) fast pain
Gustatory receptor are found in the taste buds of all the following papillae EXCEPT a) fungiform b) vallate c) filiform d) foliate
c) filiform
Part complete Identify the lobes of the cerebrum, and indicate the basis for their names. (Module 13.11A) a) epicranial, nasalis, temporalis; they are named for the overlying skeletal muscles b) precentral gyrus, central sulcus, postcentral gyrus; they are named for the landmark grooves in the cerebral cortex c) frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; they are named for the overlying bones of the skull d) frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and occipital lobes; they are named for the overlying bones of the skull e) anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior lobes; they are named based on directional terms in standard anatomic position
c) frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; they are named for the overlying bones of the skull
What brain structure is considered to be the headquarters for the ANS? (Module 14.11A) a) pons b) thalamus c) hypothalamus d) medulla oblongata e) midbrain
c) hypothalamus
Which brain area is considered to be the headquarters of the ANS? a) brain stem b) limbic system c) hypothalamus d) cerebral cortex e) thalamus
c) hypothalamus
Which of the following is true for the craniosacral division? a) it is also called the sympathetic division of the ANS b) it is a division of the visceral sensory nervous system c) it is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS d) it is included solely in the peripheral nervous system e) it is referred to as the "fight or flight" division
c) it is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS
The basal nuclei a) plan and coordinate voluntary muscle activity b) provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking c) control secretions of the pituitary gland d) control respiration and blood pressure e) coordinate sensory information
c) provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking
Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle a) with practice, involve little input from the brain. b) are largely controlled at the level of the spinal cord. c) require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain. d) usually escape notice by the cerebellum. e) only require neural processing at the level of the cerebrum.
c) require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain.
What contains a spider-web like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows? a) pia mater b) dural sinus c) subarachnoid space d) subdural space e) falx cerebri
c) subarachnoid space
In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when a) sympathetic stimulation is decreased b) parasympathetic stimulation is decreased c) sympathetic stimulation is increased d) somatomotor stimulation is increased e) parasympathetic stimulation is increased
c) sympathetic stimulation is increased
Which brain structure relays somatosensory information? (Module 14.11B) a) pon b) thalamus c) midbrain d) medulla oblongata
c) thalamus
Which of the following is a characteristic of chemoreceptors of the aortic bodies? a) they trigger reflexive adjustments in the depth and rate of respiration b) they respond to the concentration of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the CSF. c) they are sensitive to changes in the pH, PCO2, and PO2 in arterial blood. d) they respond to the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) in venous blood.
c) they are sensitive to changes in the pH, PCO2, and PO2 in arterial blood.
The statement "There is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is a) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. b) true only for the somatic nervous system. c) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. d) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. e) true only for the sympathetic nervous system.
c) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? (Module 14.10A) a) Baroreceptors are nociceptors that detect pain. They are located throughout the somatic and visceral systems of the body. b) Baroreceptors are thermoreceptors that detect changes in temperature. They are primarily located in the skin and hypothalamus. c) Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies. d) Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs. e) Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.
d) Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs.
Compare nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors. (Module 14.6B) a) Nicotinic receptors binds epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors binds norepinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. b) Nicotinic receptors binds norepinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors binds epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. c) Nicotinic receptors binds norepinephrine and epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. d) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. e) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells.
d) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions.
Describe the brachial plexus (Module 12.9A). a) the brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments C1-C7 b) the brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments L1-L5 c) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments T1-T12. d) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments C5-T1. e) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments S5-Co1.
d) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments C5-T1.
The largest numbers of taste buds in adults are associated with the a) pharynx b) filiform papillae c) fungiform papillae d) circumvallate papillae e) larynx
d) circumvallate papillae
The transparent portion of the fibrous layer is the a) conjunctiva b) canthus c) pupil d) cornea e) iris
d) cornea
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)? a) exertion b) stress c) trauma d) digestion e) all of the answers are correct
d) digestion
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the a) arrector pilli muscles b) pupils c) sweat glands d) digestive tract e) heart
d) digestive tract
The ____ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories a) fornix b) mammillary bodies c) amygdaloid body d) hippocampus e) cingulate bodies
d) hippocampus
Stimulation of the reticular formation results in a) sleep b) decreased cerebral function c) coma d) increased consciousness e) all of the above
d) increased consciousness
Parasympathetic stimulation a) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate b) causes the pupils to dilate c) causes sweat glands to secrete d) increases gastric motility e) increases heart rate
d) increases gastric motility
The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the a) anterior spinothalamic. b) fasciculus gracilis. c) fasciculus cuneatus. d) lateral spinothalamic. e) posterior spinocerebellar.
d) lateral spinothalamic.
The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the a) cerebellum b) spinal cord c) cerebrum d) medulla oblongata e) midbrain
d) medulla oblongata
The tract that links the cerebellum with the pons is the a) inferior cerebellar peduncle. b) superior cerebellar peduncle. c) obverse fibers. d) middle cerebellar peduncle. e) longitudinal fibers.
d) middle cerebellar peduncle.
The flexor reflex a) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex b) usually depends on cranial c) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension d) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus e) prevents a muscle from overstretching
d) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
Damage to the ________ nerve would result in near paralysis of the eye. a) abducens b) optic c) trochlear d) oculomotor e) olfactory
d) oculomotor
The olfactory organ consists of the ____ and the lamina propria. a) olfactory bulb b) olfactory tract c) olfactory nerve d) olfactory epithelium e) cribiform plate
d) olfactory epithelium
Gustatory receptors are not located a) in the pharynx b) in the epiglottis c) in the larynx d) on the inferior surface of the tongue e) on the superior surface of the tongue
d) on the inferior surface of the tongue
The primary motor cortex is the surface of the a) insula b) arcuate gyrus c) postcentral gyrus d) precentral gyrus e) corpus callosum
d) precentral gyrus
All of the following are a function of the hypothalamus EXCEPT a) controlling autonomic centers b) secreting hormones c) regulating day-night cycles of activity/inactivity d) projecting visual information to the visual cortex e) regulating body temperature
d) projecting visual information to the visual cortex
Name the two types of motor pathways (Module 14.7B). a) peripheral and visceral b) sympathetic and parasympathetic c) sensory and somatosensory d) somatic and visceral e) external and internal
d) somatic and visceral
Activity in the basal nuclei is regulated by which component of the midbrain? a) RAS of the reticular foramen b) superior colliculi c) red nucleus d) substantia nigra
d) substantia nigra
Describe the insula (Module 13.11B) a) the insula is posterior to the central sulcus and contains the primary somatosensory cortex. b) the insula is a band of commissural fibers between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. c) the insula is a collection of fasciculi that connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same cerebral hemisphere. d) the insula is an island of cerebral cortex located medial to the lateral sulcus. e) the insula is a region anterior to the central sulcus and contains the primary motor cortex.
d) the insula is an island of cerebral cortex located medial to the lateral sulcus.
Which is a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a) postganglionic fibers are generally long b) preganglionic fibers are generally short c) PNS ganglia are located near the vertebral column d) the location of PNS ganglia is typically intramural
d) the location of PNS ganglia is typically intramural
Give the functions of the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi. (Module 13.7B) a) the superior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the limbs. The inferior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the head, neck, and trunk. b) the superior colliculi control the reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. The inferior colliculi control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli. c) the superior colliculi provide subconscious control of upper limb position and background muscle tone. The inferior colliculi processes incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands automatically and helps maintain consciousness. d) the superior colliculi control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli. The inferior colliculi control the reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. e) the superior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the head, neck, and trunk. The inferior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the limbs.
d) the superior colliculi control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli. The inferior colliculi control the reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli.
Which EEG waves may appear transiently during sleep in normal adults but are most often observed in children and in intensely frustrated adults? a) beta waves b) delta waves c) alpha waves d) theta waves
d) theta waves
Thalamic neurons that travel to the primary sensory cortex are ________ neurons. a) fourth-order b) receptor c) first-order d) third-order e) second-order
d) third-order
The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are a) III and V. b) II and VI. c) II, III, and IV. d) I, II, and III. e) III, IV, and VI.
e) III, IV, and VI.
Compare the SNS with the ANS. (Module 14.1A) a) The SNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The ANS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. b) The SNS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. The ANS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. c) The SNS controls the muscular visceral effectors: smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. The ANS controls the other visceral effectors: glands and adipocytes. d) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS consists of the brain and spinal cord. e) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes.
e) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes.
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle would result in a) a decrease in vessel diameter b) oscillation in vessel diameter c) an increase in blood flow through the vessel d) an increase in vessel diameter e) both an increase in vessel diameter and in increase blood flow through the vessel
e) both an increase in vessel diameter and in increase blood flow through the vessel
Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located a) only in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord b) only in the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord c) only in the posterior horns of the spinal cord d) only in the brain stem e) both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
e) both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon a) sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation b) sympathetic stimulation only c) parasympathetic stimulation only d) somatomotor stimulation only e) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation
e) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation
How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles? (Module 13.3C) a) decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would increase the volume of CSF in the ventricles because more CSF would reenter the bloodstream. b) decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would not change the volume of CSF because the amount of CSF reentering the bloodstream can accommodate for the changes. c) decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would decrease the volume of CSF in the ventricles because less CSF would reenter the bloodstream. d) decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would decrease the volume of CSF in the ventricles because more CSF would reenter the bloodstream. e) decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would increase the volume of CSF in the ventricles because less CSF would reenter the bloodstream.
e) decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would increase the volume of CSF in the ventricles because less CSF would reenter the bloodstream.
Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex? a) pupillary reflex b) ejaculation (in males) in response to tactile stimuli c) cardioacceleratory reflex d) vasomotor reflex e) defecation reflex
e) defecation reflex
A tract of white matter found in the limbic system that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the a) amygdaloid body b) hippocampus c) cingulate gyrus d) mammillary bodies e) fornix
e) fornix
The link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron is called a a) sensation. b) transduction. c) receptive field. d) receptor. e) labeled line.
e) labeled line.
The olfactory receptors are highly modified a) epithelial cells b) olfactory glands c) areolar connective tissue cells d) goblet or mucous cells e) neurons
e) neurons
The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ____ cortex a) olfactory b) auditory c) visual d) primary motor e) primary sensory
e) primary sensory
The pons contains all of the following structures except the a) sensory and motor nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII. b) tracts that link the cerebellum with the brainstem. c) transverse fibers that link the pons with the cerebellum. d) nuclei concerned with the control of respiration. e) pyramids that contain motor tracts originating in the cerebral cortex.
e) pyramids that contain motor tracts originating in the cerebral cortex.
As the ____ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. a) pudenal b) femoral c) brachial d) perineal e) sciatic
e) sciatic
Identify two major divisions of the ANS (Module 14.2A) a) central division and sympathetic division b) somatic division and parasympathetic division c) enteric division and the central division d) somatic division and sympathetic division e) sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
e) sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
The ____ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex a) cerebrum b) cerebellum c) medulla oblongata d) pons e) thalamus
e) thalamus
Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged? a) the prefrontal lobe b) the thalamus c) the general interpretive area d) the putamen e) the limbic system
e) the limbic system
During a withdrawal reflex of the foot, what happens to the limb on the side opposite the stimulus? What is this response called? (Module 12.14B) a) the opposite side is extended. This is called reciprocal inhibition. b) the opposite side is also flexed. This is called the crossed flexor reflex. c) the opposite side is also flexed. This is called reciprocal inhibition d) the opposite side is extended. This is called reinforcement e) the opposite side is extended. This is called the extensor reflex.
e) the opposite side is extended. This is called the extensor reflex.
The statement "it sends its preganglionic fibers to intramural ganglia" is a) true for only the sympathetic nervous system b) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems c) true for only the somatic nervous system d) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems e) true for only the parasympathetic nervous system
e) true for only the parasympathetic nervous system
