A and P Test Review (Part 2)

The movement of ions across plasma membranes is an example of ________.

electrical energy

The subatomic particles that are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms are the ________.

electrons

The nucleotide chains of DNA are held together by ________.

hydrogen bonds

The pH scale is based on ________.

hydrogen ion concentration in solution

The reaction sucrose + water → glucose + fructose is an example of a(n) ________.

hydrolysis reaction

The number of protons always equals the ________ in a neutral atom.

number of electrons

Two chemicals were tested for pH in the laboratory. Solution A was found to be 10,000 times more acidic than solution B. If solution A was determined to be a pH of 6, what must have been the pH of solution B?

pH 10

Blood is considered a weak base. Select the pH that best represents blood.

pH 7.4

Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called ________.

polysaccharides

During a synthesis reaction, amino acids join to form ________.

proteins

The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of ________ an atom contains.

protons

The atomic mass number of an atom is equivalent to the number of ________ contained in its nucleus.

protons and neutrons

Two or more polypeptide chains combine to form a complex protein structure called a ________.

quaternary structure

An atom with 6 protons, 7 neutrons, and 6 electrons shares four pairs of electrons with four other atoms. This atom is now considered to be ________.

stable

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is responsible for ________.

surface tension

The growth of cells and repair of worn-out tissues is accomplished by ________.

synthesis reactions

The complementary base to adenine in a molecule of DNA is ________.

thymine

Shell 1 of an atom can hold a maximum of ________ electron(s).

2

An atom with 13 electrons will have ________ electrons in the valence shell.

3

Rank these elements found in the human body from most common to least common: 1) carbon 2) hydrogen 3) nitrogen 4) oxygen

4, 1, 2, 3

What is the atomic number of the atom in Figure 2.2?

6

Cyanide prevents the formation of energy molecules in the human body and leads to death because cells are unable to make ________.

ATP

Which statement best describes why ATP is an important nucleic acid in the body?

ATP provides a form of chemical energy all body cells can use.

The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by water in cerebrospinal fluid. What purpose do you think this fluid serves in protecting these organs?

Cushioning

We often hear to protect our skin from the damaging ultraviolet radiation of the sun. In some cases, sun damage causes thymines next to each other bind instead of to their complementary base pairs. In which type of molecule would this damage be most problematic?

DNA

What is the function of DNA?

DNA provides instructions for building every protein in the body.

Which of the following is found in a molecule of DNA but not in a molecule of RNA?

Deoxyribose

Which of the following statements about ATP is false? A) ATP drives the transport of certain solutes (e.g., amino acids) across cell membranes. B) ATP activates contractile proteins in muscle cells so that cells can shorten and perform mechanical work. C) ATP provides the energy needed to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions. D) ATP is a modified nucleotide. E) The phosphate groups of ATP are attached by high-energy hydrogen bonds.

E) The phosphate groups of ATP are attached by high-energy hydrogen bonds.

How do you know this figure illustrates an ionic bond?

Electrons have been transferred from one atom to another.

Which type of functional protein serves as a catalyst in the body's chemical reactions?

Enzymes

At a pH of 7, the number of hydroxide ions exceeds the number of hydrogen ions.

FALSE

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons during chemical bonding are known as isotopes.

FALSE

Both phospholipids and triglycerides are built from glycerol and three fatty acid chains.

FALSE

Glucose and fructose both serve as fuel for cells to make ATP.

FALSE

Inactive or stored energy is called kinetic energy

FALSE

Ionic bonds are responsible for the surface tension of water.

FALSE

What are the two types of building blocks that form triglycerides (neutral fats)?

Fatty acids and glycerol

Which of the following carbohydrates would be the best choice for providing the fuel for ATP production?

Glucose

Which polysaccharide is formed of linked glucose molecules and stored in animal tissues?

Glycogen

Which type of carbohydrate is insoluble in water?

Glycogen

Keratin is a protein that provide toughness to skin and forms hair and nails. Due to its role in the body, it is best classified as ________.

a structural protein

The hydrolysis of a protein will produce ________.

amino acids

An organic molecule that catalyzes sucrose into the monosaccharides glucose and fructose would be called ________.

an enzyme

Matter is best described as ________.

anything that occupies space and has mass

Enzymes are ________.

biological catalysts

Unsaturated fatty acid chains contain one or more ________ bonds between carbon atoms.

double

Which of these lipids is more "heart healthy" due to the presence of double and triple bonds that cause the fat to stay liquid at room temperature?

Unsaturated fats

Which of the following is classified as an inorganic compound?

Water

A molecule of methane, CH4, is known specifically as a(n) ________.

compound

An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass number is ________.

14

You have tested a chemical in the laboratory and determined it to be a proton donor. How would you classify this chemical?

Acid

Which of the following DNA base pairs is complementary?

Adenine and thymine

Which of the following is common to all elements?

Atoms

While grocery shopping with an aunt with heart disease, Gina has the opportunity to influence her buying habits. She's considering the following products, and Gina is assisting by looking at the nutrition labels. Which of the following snacks should Gina prioritize as the best choice for her aunt's heart health? A) Cookie dough, which lists both trans fat and saturated fat as ingredients B) Baked chips, which lists some unsaturated fat and very little saturated fat as ingredients C) Cookies, which lists both saturated fat and unsaturated fat as major ingredients D) Potato chips, which lists trans fat as an ingredientE) Popcorn, which lists equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fats as ingredients

B) Baked chips, which lists some unsaturated fat and very little saturated fat as ingredients

Gastric juices produced by the stomach are strongly acidic. Without the neutralizing effect of fluids from the pancreas, the stomach acids could be absorbed directly into the blood. What would be a likely outcome for blood pH if this happened?

Blood pH would become 6.9.

An enzyme helps add glucose molecules to a glycogen molecule when storing excess glucose. Assess the impact on the human body if this enzyme's active site is not able to fit with the molecules on which it acted.

Blood sugar would increase.

The atomic number of sodium is 11 while the atomic mass number is 23. Which of the following is not true of an atom of sodium? A) 11 protons present in the atomic nucleus B) 11 valence electrons present in a neutral sodium atom C) 11 neutrons present in the atomic nucleus D) 11 electrons present in the orbitals E) 1 valence electron present in a neutral sodium atom

C) 11 neutrons present in the atomic nucleus

Which of the following would be classified as an enzyme?

Hydrolase

Which of the following leads to an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction? A) Increased temperature B) Large particle size C) Lack of catalysts D) Decreased temperature E) Few particles

Increased temperature

Which of the following is not a subatomic particle associated with an atom?

Ion

What type of bond results when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another?

Ionic bond

Which of the following elements is needed to make a functional hemoglobin molecule?

Iron

How would you classify chewing food, a type of movement that directly involves the use of energy to move matter?

Mechanical

Which of the following contains sodium?

NaCl

In the small intestine, acidic gastric juice entering from the stomach mixes with basic fluids from the pancreas. What type of reaction results from the interaction of these two chemicals?

Neutralization reactions

A molecule with the sequence of AUCGUCA should be categorized as ________.

RNA

Which of these nucleic acids carries out the orders for protein synthesis?

RNA

Which of the following may be used in PET scans as biological tracers that can be followed through the body?

Radioisotopes

Disruption of the hydrogen bonds of functional proteins leads to their denaturation.

TRUE

Electrolytes conduct electrical currents in solution.

TRUE

If dehydration synthesis of glucose into a polymer called glycogen cannot occur, then blood sugar will increase.

TRUE

Inorganic compounds lack carbon and tend to be small, simple molecules.

TRUE

Neutralization reactions that occur between an acid and a base are a type of exchange reaction.

TRUE

The four most common elements in the human body are oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

TRUE

The lower the pH, the greater the number of hydrogen ions released by a chemical into solution.

TRUE

The number of protons in an atom equals the atomic number for that element.

TRUE

Water is the single most abundant inorganic compound in the human body.

TRUE

What structural level comes immediately after the creation of a beta-pleated sheet in proteins?

Tertiary structure

12C and 13C are isotopes. Which of the following is true about these two isotopes?

These isotopes have the same atomic number.

A chemist experiments on a molecule with the formula of C5H10O5. This compound is likely a(n) ________.

carbohydrate

An atom of magnesium has lost two electrons. It is known as a(n) ________.

cation

Polar molecules, like water, result when electrons are shared ________.

unequally between atoms

Trans fats increase the risk of heart disease because they have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms. Originally, trans fats were oils and classified as ________.

unsaturated fats

In order to break a disaccharide down into simple sugar units, ________.

water molecules must be added to each bond