A & P: The immune system

what's the difference between free and fixed macrophages?

1. Free macrophages: wanders through tissue spaces. Ex. alveolar macrophages wander through tissue space within each alveoli 2. Fixed macrophages: permanent residents within organ system

what are the steps of the inflammatory response?

1. Inflammatory chemicals released at injury to sound the alarm 2. Opens capillary beds, allowing more fluid to cause swelling 3. Neutrophils arrive, which help kill pathogens. Can eat 15 bacteria/hour 4. Macrophages arrive, help kill pathogens and debris

how does the ciliary escalator work? (3 steps)

1. Pathogen gets trapped in mucosal membrane 2. Ciliary escalator helps move mucus along cilia, full of pathogens 3. Coughing moves mucus to different part of body, out of lungs (swallowed) where destroyed by stomach acid

what are the 3 complement activations?

1. classical pathway 2. lectin pathway 3. alternative pathway

what are the 4 major mechanisms used by antibodies?

1. neutralization 2. agglutination 3. precipitation 4. complement activation

all of the following are the 5 signs of the inflammatory response except: 1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Numbness 4. Pain 5. Impairment of function (use of area is inhibited) 6. Swelling

3

pros of adaptive defenses

Amplifies inflammatory response Activates complement

__________: anything recognized as "non-self" The target of all adaptive immune responses

Antigen

opsonization

Flavor enhancer: covers bacteria with hand holds that make it easy for phagocytes to hold onto them and eat

naturally acquired active humoral immunity

Formed from actual threat: actual infection

artificially acquired active humoral immunity

Formed in response to dead or attenuated (live but weak) pathogens: VACCINES

what determines the class of antibodies?

Heavy chain-constant region determines the class

what are the 5 classes of antibodies

Ig M Ig A Ig D Ig G Ig E

artificially acquired passive humoral immunity

Injection of antibodies serum

what is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?

Opens up capillaries and makes them leaky

cons of adaptive defenses

Pre-exposure is required Takes time

why is inflammation good?

Prevent spreading Attracts phagocytes (alerts adaptive immune system) Aids in tissue repair

Intracellular antigens of _____ cells include Viruses or bacteria, cancerous/abnormal, and Foreign

T

immunological memory

The capacity of the immune system to generate a secondary immune response against a specific antigen for a lifetime

naturally acquired passive humoral immunity

Transplacental or via colostrum (breast milk)

active humoral immunity

When B cells encounter an antigen and produce specific antibodies to fight antigen

passive humoral immunity

When ready made antibodies are introduced to the body B cells not challenged by an antigen

Constant region and variable region

Where antigen binding occurs Identical on each arm Different variable regions allow them to bind to different kinds of antigens Constant region is the stem

all of the following are part of the inflammatory response except: a. localized response b. chemical release: histamine c. opens capillary beds, allowing more fluid to cause swelling d. the inflammatory chemicals sound the alarm and call phagocytes to the scene

a. generalized

two types of humoral immunity

active and passive

which mechanism of antibodies? Cells clump together Reduces infectious units

agglutination

____________ pathway of complement activation: Cascade activated spontaneously Certain complement factors bind directly to foreign invader

alternative

what are defensins

antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth

all of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except: a. B and T cells b. Localized c. Specific d. Systemic e. Memory

b

all of the following are chemical protection of the innate system except: a. acid b. B cells c. enzymes d. mucin e. defensins

b

all of the following are true of IgD antibodies except: a. Monomer b. on T cells c. On B cells d. Initiate immune response

b

all of the following are true of natural killer cells except: a. Licensed to kill; before adaptive immune system is activated cancer/viral infected b. Engulf or ingest microbes c. Attack "non-self" by looking for receptors on surface and through apoptosis d. Secrete chemicals assoc. With inflammatory response

b. DO NOT

all of the following are true of Antimicrobial proteins except: a. Attack directly b. Enhance reproduction c. Help enhance innate response d. the two types are interferons and complement

b. Hinder

all of the following are true about the skin barrier except: a. Keratin: strong, resistant to weak acids and bases, resistant to bacterial enzymes b. Very moist: deter growth of microorganisms c. Sebum: anti-fungal oil to deter fungal growth d. Top layer=dead cells. Shed over time, taking microorganisms with it (Sweat and shedding deters microorganism growth)

b. dry

all of the following are characteristics of the innate defenses except: a. Always active b. Third line of defense c. Response in same way to infection d. You are born with this e. Attack anything that is "non-self"

b. first and second line

all of the following are true of IgA except: a. Dimer or monomer b. 1st antibody produced c. Mucus and other secretions d. Prevents pathogen entry

b. igM

all of the following are true of antibodies except: a. aka immunoglobulins b. Proteins secreted by T cells c. Bind with antigen d. Five immunoglobulin classes

b. plasma cells (B cells)

phagocytosis

begins when a phagocyte recognizes a foreign invader Brought into cell Lysozymes bind to vesicle and degrade materials within vesicle

rheumatoid arthritis

body attacks joints (autoimmune)

multiple sclerosis

body attacks myelin sheaths (autoimmune)

type 1 diabetes

body attacks pancreatic cells (autoimmune)

all of the following are complement activation outcomes except: a. causes inflammation: mast cells release histamine b. opsonization (to make tasty) c. T cells are activated d. membrane attack complex (punch holes in cell walls of bacteria, causing cytoplasm to leak out and bacteria lyses)

c

all of the following are true of memory cells in the secondary immune response except: a. Respond in hours b. Peak antibody levels= 2-3 days, much higher levels c. Part of innate immunity d. Faster, more effective response bc of these cells

c

all of the following are true of IgE antibodies except: a. Monomer b. Found on mast cells (initiate them to release) c. Inhibits histamine release d. Allergic reactions e. Lysis of parasitic worms

c. causes

______________: -Lungs -Prevent pathogens from entering respiratory path -Allows for rapid mucus turnover, where pathogens get trapped

ciliary escalator

____________ pathway of complement activation: Antibodies bind to invader and complement "Complement fixation" Leads to cascade

classical

which mechanism of antibodies? Complement -binding alignment: triggers activation of complement Main mechanism of defense Ex. amplified inflammation response due to opsonization

complement activation

all of the following are part of subacute hypersensitivity except: a. slow onset 1-3 hours b. long duration 10-15 hours c. cytotoxic reactions d. anaphylaxis e. immune complex hypersensitivity

d

all of the following are true of immunodeficiencies except: a. Congenital/acquired b. Impair function/production c. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome d. all of the above are true

d

all of the following are true of phagocytes except: a. WBCs, engulf and digest microbes b. Neutrophils: generally die during battle c. Macrophages: mobilized WBC, "big eater," look for debris and pathogens to clear d. all of the above are true

d

prolonged fever can cause all of the following except: a. Tachycardia b. Acidosis of the blood c. Dehydration d. Edema e. Brain damage f. Death

d

all of the following are components of the mucosal membranes except: a. cavities open to exterior b. includes digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts c. ciliary escalator d. adaptive immunity

d (innate)

all of the following are true of cytotoxic T cells except: a. Destroy cells with foreign antigens b. CD8 Cells c. Can become memory T cells d. Same thing as helper T cells

d.

all of the following are true of the complement system except: a. Circulating protein: Inactive state b. Activated by bacteria, and then enhances inflammatory response and directly kills bacteria c. Named like this: C1, C2, C3 (complement 1...) d. AKA interferon system

d.

all of the following are true of helper T cells except: a. Help to activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages b. Direct adaptive immune response c. Some CD4 cells help moderate immune response d. AKA CD8 cells

d. CD4 cells

all of the following are true of fever except: a. abnormally high body temperature b. Leukocytes and macrophages → pyrogens (act on body's thermostat in the hypothalamus) c. Prolonged can cause serious problems d. no good things come out of it

d. Fever=good. Some bacteria are inhibited by high temperature. Proteins are denatured and bacteria fall apart, increased in body temperature increases transferrin activity causing the iron and zinc to be sequestered by the liver, leading to slower bacterial growth (bc iron and zinc are needed by bacteria to grow). Also increases metabolic rate which increases tissue repair

all of the following are true of the secondary immune response except: a. Re-exposure b. Memory cells! c. Stronger; bind with greater affinity d. Level remain low

d. high

all of the following are true of adaptive defenses except: a. Learned responses b. Third line of defense c After you have been exposed to a pathogen d. Takes shorter for them to react than innate defenses

d. longer

all of the following are true of autoimmune diseases except: a. can't distinguish between self and non-self b. attacks healthy tissues; production of autoantibodies c. includes multiple sclerosis, type 1 DM, rheumatoid arthritis d. treatment involves building the immune system

d. treatments are Suppress entire immune system Anti-inflammatory drugs

in what two ways do T cells attack target cells?

directly (by killing infected cell outright) and indirectly (release chemicals that enhance inflammatory response, or by activating other macrophages to do the job)

all of the following are true of the structure of antibodies except: a. Y shaped b. 4 polypeptide chains c. 2 identical heavy and 2 identical light chains d. constant region and variable region e. all of the above

e

all of the following are true of IgM antibodies except: a. Pentamer b. 1st antibody produced in response to an infection c. Activates complement d. Circulates in plasma e. Cross placenta barrier f. Strong agglutinator

e. IgG

all of the following are true of interferons except: a. Inhibit viral replication b. Activate NK c. Signal nearby cells (with chemicals), or they can invade them d. Examples: alpha and beta IFN e. part of complement system

e. part of antimicrobial proteins

all of the following are true of IgG antibodies except: a. Monomer b. Activates complement c. secondary/primary responses (~75-80% of antibodies) d. Blood and lymph e. Cross placenta barrier f. all of the above

f

t/f: B cells or more complex than T cells

false

t/f: Antibodies destroy antigen: inactivate them or tag them as foreign invader- form immune complexes

false, do not

t/f: the immune system is considered an organ system

false; consists of innate and adaptive systems

"immune" means

free

what are the two types of T cells?

helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

what are the two types of adaptive defenses?

humoral immunity cellular immunity

what are the three types of hypersensitivities?

immediate, subacute, delayed

cellular immunity

immune response that relies on T cells to destroy infected body cells

what are the 3 problems with the immune system?

immunodeficiencies autoimmune diseases hypersensitivities

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome

immunodeficiency B and T cell deficit Can be fatal Most treatments involve bone marrow treatment

the immune system can be split into which two components?

innate defenses (nonspecific) and adaptive defenses (specific)

____________ pathway of complement activation: Recognize invaders Binds to invader and complement, activating it

lectin

is asthma local or systemic allergies

local

_____________: the enzyme found in saliva and tears

lysozyme

what cells release histamine?

mast cells

what are 2 types of passive humoral immunity

naturally acquired and artificially acquired

two types of active and passive humoral immunity

naturally acquired and artificially required

which mechanism of antibodies? Prevent binding on target cell Complex is then phagocytized by other cells

neutralization

What are the 6 second line innate defenses?

pattern recognition receptors phagocytes natural killer cells inflammatory response antimicrobial proteins fever

what are the two types of cells that B cells are proliferated and differentiated in?

plasma cells (secrete antibodies) and memory cells (remember the invader for next time)

which mechanism of antibodies? Soluble molecules precipitate out of solution Easier for phagocytes to find and engulf

precipitation

primary exposure vs. secondary exposure of immediate hypersensitivity

primary: asymptomatic: IgE antibodies are secreted, attach to mast cells and basophils Secondary: allergic reaction: allergen binds to IgE antibodies: histamine released

Apoptosis

programmed cell death; natural killer cells reprogram cells to self destruct when it is infected with cancer or a virus

antibodies

proteins that bind to 1 specific antigen

what is the job of the immune system?

provides resistance to disease

Pattern recognition receptors

second line of innate defense Toll-like receptors (TLRs): play role in triggering immune response Disarms invader before they can do any damage

what are the three FIRST LINE innate defenses?

skin, mucus membranes, secretions

humoral immunity

specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids

cytotoxic reactions

subacute hypersensitivity antibodies bind to antigens Ex. mismatched blood transfusion

what is mucin?

super sticky mucus found in digestive and respiratory tracts that traps microorganisms

hypersensitivities

system responds to harmless threat (pet hair, pollen)

anaphylactic shock

systemic allergic reaction. treatment is epinephrine, which only works for 20 minutes the you have to get antihistamines

how are the innate and adaptive systems connected?

the innate alerts the adaptive system that foreign molecules are present

t/f: in immunological memory, cell proliferation and differentiation takes time... the peak antibody levels = 10 days

true

t/f: the acidity of the skin and mucus help inhibit bacterial growth

true

when are B cells activated?

when antigens bind: cross-linking them