A+ Section 1 Hardware

FTP(File Transfer Protocol) Secure Shell (SSH) SFTP(sub set of this) Telnet SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) DNS(Domain Name System) HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) POP3(Post Office Protocol) IMAP(Internet Message Acesss Protocol) HTTPS(Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer) RDP(Remote Desktop Protocol) AFP(Apple Filing Protocol)

21-Permits the transferring of of files between computer systems 22- Remote administration tool used to remotley access a router or a switch. Has an encryptes command line session for managing devices 23- Similar to SSH only it lacks and encryption, sending data like passwords in plaintext 25- Sends email between servers 53- Translates host names to Ip addresses 80- Communication between web server and a web browser 110- Recieves e-mails from a mail server 143- Store-and forward cababillity version of POP3 443- Secure version of HTTPS 3389- Windows Remote desktop communications 427/548- Mac OS file protocol that allows users to access outside system files as well as provide security features that restrict user access to certain files.

PCI-X(eXtended)

"Double Wide" version of PCI that that enhances the 32-bit PCI local bus for higher bandwidth demanded mostly by servers and workstations. It uses a modified protocol to support higher clock speeds (up to 133 MHz),the slots are the same as the original PCI slots, although with one additional extension allowing for 64-bit communication

TCP/IP Address

A 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a host on a TCP/IP network as well as gets linked to all online activity you do

bootrec

A Windows Vista, 7, 8, and 8.1 Recovery Environment troubleshooting and repair tool that repairs the master boot record, boot sector, or BCD store.

Multimeter

A measuring instrument for current, voltage, and resistance

Thermal Paste

A special compound used between CPUs and heat sinks. It fills in microscopic gaps and helps draw heat from the CPU into the heat sink where it is dissipated.

punchdown tool

A tool used to punch individual wires from a network cable into their slots to terminate the cable.

inkjet printer

A type of nonimpact sheet fed printer that uses ink that is squirted from nozzles as they pass over the media.

Bluetooth

A type of wireless that creates a Personal Area Network. It's range goes up to 35 feet(10 meters). Also allows for usage of headsets

set-top box

Appliance that has a Tv-tuner input and a display output to a Tv set. It accepts input from mulitple sources from cable, satelite, over the air, etc

PCIE(peripheral component interconnect express)

Bus slot that operates at a high speed than PCI and AGP, you can convert ____ to PCI by using an adapter but it wont work vice versa, , v1 8 GBps v2 16 GBps and v4 is coming soon

miniPCI

Bus slot used for laptops and other portable devices that have the same functionality as PCI but is smaller

TN (Twisted Nematic) panels were the first LCD panel type that were widely produced, has a really short response time high brightness, draws less power, and suffers poor quality when viewed from wide angles as well as distortion of colors IPS is a newer technology that address the shortcomings of TN panels. IPS panels seek to solve TN panels' issues of poor color reproduction and viewing angles. But the trade-off to this is that IPS panels have slower response times, higher production costs, higher power consumption, and lower possible refresh rates

Compare TN(Twisted Nematic) vs IPS(In-plane switching) of LCD

contrast ratio

Difference in light intensity between the brightest white and the darkest black a monitor can produce

Active ones have a fan that pulls hot air away from CPU. Because they use a fan, they cool the componets faster than Passive eat sinks. Active sink sits atop CPU They are used commonly on CPUS and High-end Video Cards. Passive ones are just a block that wicks away the heat into the air. They sit close to the CPU and are found commonly on memory modules

Differentiate between active and passive heat sinks

Blu-ray

Digital optical disc data storage format. Synonymous with recording television and movie files. Current capacity 100 GB +, the successor to DVD and won against HD DVD

More than one beep when a computer is booted normally means there is a problem. If the video driver is loaded and the display is operational, you'll see a numeric code. Event viewer keeps this

Explain POST issues

KVM (Keyboard, Video, and Mouse) switch

Hardware device that enables multiple computers to be viewed and controlled by a single mouse, keyboard, and screen.

1) During installation of software say "yes" to the installation wizard that you want to calibrate 2) The printer prints multiple sets of numbered lines(the alignment) 3) Answer which number seems right and a test page may or may not get printed

How to Calibrate(what are the steps???)

dial-up connection

Internet connection in which the computer or other device connect to a internet service provider's computer via telephone lines before being connected to the Internet. Seen mostly in rural areas. With a good connection 56 Kbps in speed

LED(Light emitting diodes) monitor

Monitors that are LCD's with different backlighting

Northbridge chip

Part of the motherboards chipset that's responsible for communications between the CPU, AGP, and RAM

CPU Slot

Permits the attachment of the CPU to the motherboard, allowing the CPU to use other components of the system.

1.BIOS issues(flash the BIOS to the latest version and or replace the CMOS battery if the computer goes to the BIOS first instead of booting) 2. ESD/Surge problems(BSOD or reboots outta nowhere) 3.Other components like the SATA even though everything else on motherboard is fine 4.Manufacturing defects in the motherboards(Ex: swollen caps in old PCS)

Possible reasons why the motherboard is failing

Frame Rate (measured by FPS (frames per second))

Speed at which video frames(consecutive images) appears on a screen;

Inverter

A device that converts DC to AC. its implemented as a circuit board behind the LCD

Cable Stripper

A device that enables you to make UTP cables by stripping the cover off cable before using a crimper to attach crimps to the cable ends.

QoS (Quality of Service)

A group of technologies used to manage the flow of traffic on a network. Manages the amount of bandwidth provided to applications that dont function well with latency

MAC filtering

A method used to filter out which computers can access the wireless network; the WAP(wireless application protocol) does this by consulting a list of MAC addresses that have been previously entered. Used also in situations where a number of unidentified devices could be connected and one wishes to limit access to only authorized users.

UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)

A more modern BIOS that stores all the information about initialization and startup in an .efi file instead of the firmware. It can boot from disks over 2 TB in sizes, has a GUI with Network Capabilities, Better security in the pre-boot process, mouse cursor support. ( and is Backward compatible with legacy BIOS.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

A network service that provides automatic assignment of IP addresses and other TCP /IP configuration information. When on a server, one can see a list of all static IP addresses on a single network

MAC address (Media Access Control)

A unique six-two digit hexadecimal identifier similar to a serial number assigned to networking cards at the time of manufacture that identifies which device is which on a local network

PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect)

AKA Conventional bus has normally more than 2 slots for its interrupt requests, and as as fast 33 or 66 mhz and as wide as 32 or 64 bit 32 bit 33MHZ cards operate up to 133 MBps 32 bit 64mhz operate up up to 264 MBps 64 bit 33mhz 266 mbps 64 bit 66mhz 538 mbps

laser printer/electrophotographic

AKA page printers, nonimpact printers that are sheet fed and make images and text through a laser beam that projects it. Print mainly in black and white toner and color printers are expensive

SATA(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

ATA drives that use serial transmission and dont have a ribbon cable

IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics)

Also known as ATA/Parallel ATA s a standard electronic interface used between a computer motherboard's data paths or bus and the computer's disk storage devices. Its more than just a hard drive interface, its also a popular interface for CD-ROM, DVD, Zip drives, the controller is located on the drive itself. Any drive with this is referred to as this

CHS(Cylinders,Heads, and Sectors)

Also known as the Drive Geometry, these 3 numbers determine how much data a Hard Disk can hold

Expansion Slot/Port(s)

Alternatively referred to as a bus slot, its a connection or port located inside a computer on the motherboard or riser board hardware expansion card to They exist on a motherboard to allow for the addition of new interfaces without replacing the motherboard

piezoelectric inkjet

An inkjet printer that moves the ink with electricity

CMOS battery dying

BIOS time resetting all the time is a sign of

parity

Bits used to determine whether data moving from the memory is corrupted or not. It is represented by 9 chips cause its an extra one unlike 8

If monitor is not on after button press, and you hear just the fan try reseating the power cable on the motherboard unless its bad for which get a new one

Blank Screen on bootup troubleshooting

Classful subnetting is just using a default subnet mask of whatever class you have which doesnt subdivide your network. This is deemed wasteful because Class A and B who have hosts in the 65, to 16 million host ranges are too large to operate efficiently. CIDR helped extend IPV4s life span, reduces broadcat traffic, and uses suffixes shown as a "/" with the number of bits in the entire address.

Break down Classful and Classless subnetting as well as shed light on Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)

4:3 used to be ideal until the mid 2000s, 16:10 came out in 2006 because there was no need for square monitors, between 2008 to 2010 16:9 started to replace both of these and are now the current standard

Break down what aspect ratios used to be vs what they are now

twisted-pair cable

Cables made of copper wires that are twisted around each other and are surrounded by a plastic jacket. Commonly used in offce settings to connect to hubs/bridges

SIMMS(Single inline memory module)

Circuit boards for RAM chips that are 32 bit and utilize single connectors that are mirrored on both sides. Very popular on older motherboards

DIMMS(Double inline memory module)

Circuit boards for RAM chips that are 64 bit and utilize connectors on both sides of the board. Replaced SIMMS.

Ipv4 can support up to 2^32(32 bit)(4.29 billion) hosts/users while Ipv6 can support up to 2^128(128 bit making like 340 septillion) hosts/users.

Compare IPv4 to IPv6

LED's have thinner size, more expensive, consumes less power/heat, longer lifespan and higher brightness Fluorescent backlighting is thicker, cheaper, uses more power/heat, a shorter lifespan and a lower brightness

Compare LED and Fluorescent Backlighting

Passive Matrix-uses a row of transistors at the top and a column at the side, use less power but have poor refresh rates Active Matrix- Uses a separate transistor. The brightness of each pixel is controlled by modifying the electrical charge of the corresponding capacitors. Each pixel's color is controlled by altering the charge of individual capacitors TFT is a type of Active Matrix that that uses multiple transistors per pixel improving display quality

Compare Passive and Active Matrix as well as TFT(thin film transistor)

0: Disk Striping, faster data access but all content i lost when one drive fails(no fault tolerance) 1: Disk Mirroring, fault tolerance done by writing all data to two seperate drives, slower access speed than 0 5: Striping with parity, best of Raid 0 and Raid 1 at the same time, fault tolerance is achieved by calculating and storing parity information. Can tolerate the failure of 1 physical disk.(AKA no mirroring involved) 10: Stripe of mirrors Mirroring of data makes the RAID 10 system fault-tolerant. there is no parity calculation. Recovery of data during disk failure is fast

Compare and contrast all the RAID(redundant array of independent disks) types from 0, 1, 5, and 10

Digitizer

The touchscreen overlay technology that converts finger and stylus contact into input data for the device to use.

USB Type B

USB TYPE that is found on the end of the cable that connects to devices

Software: a driver loading, too many programs running, or BIOS related Hardware: Memory chip problems, Virus, or a bad video driver

What are the top 3 reasons for System Lockups aka Freezing??(From a software and hardware point of view)

Inkjet printers are color, inexpensive, but have slower speed than inkjet

Why are Inkjet printers popular(AKA pros and cons for each)

SSID (Service Set Identifier)

Wi-Fi network name is also known as the....

Mini-ATX Form Factor/Size

a motherboard that is 15 x 15 cm (5.9 x 5.9) lower power requirements and less heat generation, which may be beneficial for home theater PCs (HTPC), in-car PCs, or industrial use. They are smaller than Micro ATX and arent part of the ATX specification

hostname

alphanumeric name assigned to a host. an alternative to just naming your IP address

Thermal Inkjet

an inkjet printer that heats the ink 400 f creating vapor bubbles that force the ink out the cartridge

coaxial cable

cable with a center conductor free from outside interference with an insulator wrapped around it. One of the oldest network medias still used for cable television and legacy networks. Use only BNC and F-Connectors

diskpart

command line Windows Disk Management utility that enables you to manage objects such as partitions by using direct input

Molex connector

connector providing power to drives that has 4 pins and are standard for IDE and SCSI

DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)

internet connection that provides high speed internet connections using regular telephone lines. Speeds go up to 1MBps to 4 plus in upload speed and 8 mbps to 55 plus in download speed

plasma monitor

monitors that use small cells containing ionized gases. Delivers high quality picture, really high refesh rate of 600 Hz, wider viewing angles, and less motion blur. Key disadvantages include screen burn-in and high energy requirements. Used as Tv/Display monitors

Watts

multiply amps by voltage to determine the..... of a device"(specifically the power supply)

Dividing the network and its hosts into more than one smaller logical sub-networks

subnetting (subnet addressing) and the role of a subnet mask is...

Latency

the delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction for its transfer. this is measured in ms(milliseconds)

RAM(Random Access Memory)/RAM Slots

the hardware in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the device's processor.It is the main memory in a computer, that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. it is much faster to read from and write to than other kinds of storage, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD) or optical drive. It is mainly Volatile

Motherboard/System Board

the main circuit board at the bottom or back of the computer through which all the connected components communicate and provide communication channels through (processor, memory, disk, drives, and expansion devices). Commonly known as the Spine of the computer

Host

the name given to any machine or interface that participates in a TCP/IP network as a client or a server

Refresh Rate (Display)

the number of times your monitor updates with new images each second. This is measured in Hz(Hertz)

Calibration/Head Alignment

the process of ensuring there is proper alignment of the cartridges and the paper to maintain high quality. Best to do manually from time to time although the printer does it itself whena new cartridge is loaded

DVI-I(Integrated)

video port that supports both analog and digital monitors. can either be single or dual link

DVI-A(Analog)

video port that upports both analog and digital but only comes in single-link

DVI-D(Digital)

video port that works only with digital monitors. can be either single or dual link

read/write failure, slow performance due to a drive not being defragmented(not taking long for all the parts of a file to be located), Loud Clicking Noise(caused by the Read/Write heads hitting the platter thus making damage irreparable) Failure of the system to Boot , Drive not being recognized, and the OS not being found

Hard drive system issue symptoms include... (ALSO HOW TO FIX THESE PROBLEMS)

Thunderbolt Interface

High speed hardware interface developed by Intel used primarily by Apple computers. It combines the PCIe and DisplayPort technologies. But its newest version 3 uses USB Type C connector types. The controllers multiplex one or more individual data lanes from connected PCIe and DisplayPort devices for transmission via two duplex Thunderbolt lanes, then de-multiplex them for use by PCIe and DisplayPort devices on the other end

Molex: Case Fans,(5 Volts) IDE hard drives, optical drives(both 12 volts) SATA: SATA HARD DRIVES and Optical drives 3.3, 5v, and 12 volts PCIe: PCIE video cards, 12volts for 6 pin and 8 pins

Identify the usage and voltages of the power connectors Molex, SATA, and PCIe

Hot-Swappable Drives

If a drive can be attached to the PC without shutting down the PC.......ex USB, FireWire, SATA, eSATA

Replace Ribbon: Most common issue, if not replaced causes smudges or just a light printout Replace Print Head: Head should never be lubricated, clean with cotton swab and denatured alcohol, errors from the missing pins include incomplete images and or white lines running through the text Replace Paper: Whenever you replace the paper vacuum all leftover shreds

Impact printer maitenance: Why do??? Replace Ribbon Replace Print Head Replace Paper

a- WLAN bandwidth of 54 Mbps in 5GHZ, 115 feet indoors, uses OFDM b- WLAN bandwidth of 11Mbps in 2.4GHZ, DSSS, 115 feet g-WLAN b of 54 Mbps in 2.4 GHZ, compatible with b 125 feet n- WLANb of 600 Mbps in both 2.4 and 5 GHZ, 380 feet, compatible with a,b, and g ac- WLANb of 6.9 GBps in 5GHZ, 115 feet, a better version of n

In detail, talk about the other standards in the IEEE 802.11 family (AKA THE ONES WITH THE LETTERS)

OLED (Organic Light-emitting Diode) monitor

Monitor that uses a layer or organic compound that emits light from an electric current. It has by far the best range of colors, the thinnest of screens and, It doesnt use a back-light though because of this it has a higher contrast ration than LCD. These are very expensive and the materials have a short life span

USB(Most popular and highter transfer rates), Serial(Original RS-232 very slow), and Ethernet(large environment LED/laser printers with ROM based software that communicate with networks, work stations, and servers)

Name all the Wired Device Sharing ways to print

Bluetooth, 802.11(a,b,g,n,ac)

Name all the Wireless Device Sharing ways to print

WEP(Wired Equivalent Privacy)-oldest so the encryption algorithms arent up to snuff for todays standards WPA(Wi-Fi Protected Access) WPA2- Successor to WEP and version 2 is not compatible with older wireless cards like version 1 TKIP(Temporal Key Integrity Protocol- Works with WPA in the form of using encryption keys that scramble its own algorithm. Keys issue integrity check to verify if there has been internal tampering. WPA2 is still preferred because of Counter Mode which uses an arbitrary number (the counter) that changes with each block of text encrypted. It is deprecated(supported not reccomended) unlike... AES(ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD) used with WPA/WPA2, it is the strongest encryption

Name and describe all the different wireless encryption types

.Keep the case free of dust to maintain airflow .Employ proper cable management(bundling and securing) .Maintain temps between 60 and 80 degrees F . Leave space between the computer and the walls for proper ventilation . Keep expansion card covers and drive bays inside the case

Name as many ways methods to ensure optimal system cooling on a computer you can

Memory: Holds print jobs in the queue, more of it is good for large print jobs, After printing, the job is cleared from the memory to make room for more print jobs Drivers: Software components allowing the device to communicate with the OS Firmware: Rare to see but is installed and acts as a OS

Name some important componets of having Memory, Drivers, and Firmware on a printer

Class A: First Octet 1-127 Subnet Mask: 8(255.0.0.0) Class B: First Octet 128-191 Subnet Mask: 16(255.255.0.0) Class C: First Octet 192-223Subnet Mask: 24(255.255.255.0) Class D(multicast): 224-239 Subnet Mask: Class E(experimental): 240-255 Subnet Mask:

Name the 3 important TCP/IP address classes, the first octet range of each, as well as the Subnet Mask

Router(network device)

Network device that just connect LAN's together

Flashing/To Flash/Flash

Old instructions being erased from the EEPROM chip from updating the BIOS is called....

CD-ROM(compact disc read-only memory)

Optical disc data storage fomat Used for long term storage.This optical device can hold 650-700MB of data and be used in multiple platforms by ISO 9660 standard

DVD-ROM(digital versatile disc read-only memory)

Optical disc data storage fomat with a Single layer can hold up to 4.7 GB and a double layer version that can hold up to 17 GB. Choice for distributing software bundles

IR(infrared technology)

Potentially will get replaced by Bluetooth, this wireless recquires direct line of sight. It's sensor allows for control of TV's. its range is 15 feet(5 meters)

Magnetic Hard Disk Drives(HDD)

Primarily found in computers and laptops, uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially. They use non-volatile storage

Last long but the paper is both expensive and has pictures that have poor quality that fades even more over time

Pros and cons of Thermal Printers

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol) SMB(Server Message Blocks) CIFS(Common Internet File System)

Protocols -Provides a mechanism to access and query directory services systems -Facilitates network management functionality. It makes Network maganagement possible -mainly Microsoft + Linux based, share accesses to things on a network -Cross platform version of SMB

RAID Not Found: Its the RAID controller card but if its built in the computer's motherboard, make sure all the ports are connected in the same group RAID NO LONGER WORKS: Replace the bad drives, with RAID 1 access the other drive and use the software to rebuild the array but in RAID 5, more than 1 drive cant be rebuild

RAID related issues and how to troubleshoot

Buffered

RAM that places less power load on a system's memory controller. It has a register between it and that controller allowing the device to support alot of RAM installed.Regular workstations usually dont have this RAM installed.

RJ-45 is used for Ethernet 10 BaseT/100 BaseT networking. Can go up to 100 meters(Almost 330 feet) RJ-11 is used for Telephone lines as well as Modems. It's smaller and go up to 15-30 meters at most (ALSO FOR FUTURE REFERENCE: BOTH ARE A PART OF THE STP CABLE CONNECTOR FAMILY)

RJ-45 vs RJ 11 (Registered Jack)

Faster memory can be added to a PC with slower memory, but the system will operate at the slowest module present(basically..the modules are instead clocked at the fastest speed that they can support.) AND!!!! SDRAM TYPES CANT BE MIXED

RULE OF RAM COMPATIBILITIY aka page 36

15,000 rpm

Rotational disk measure of 2ms of delay

10,000 rpm

Rotational disk measure of 3ms of delay

7,200 rpm

Rotational disk measure of 4.16 ms of delay

5,400 rpm

Rotational disk measure of 5.5 ms of delay

Switch (Network Device)

Similar to Hubs in that they use twisted-pair cabling but is different in that data is forwarded to only the port that connects to the destination device, doing so by learning the device's MAC address

BIOS(BASIC INPUT/ OUTPUT SYSTEM)

Software stored on a memory chip with non-volatile(settings are saved and recoverable even after power has been removed from the device.) firmware and is the very first software to run when a computer is started.

Toner Probe

Sometimes called a fox and hound, uses a tone being sent and on the other end a receiver. This tool is used to find the beginning and the end of a cable

Micro-ATX Form Factor/Size

Sometimes referred to as the is a motherboard that is 9.6" wide x 9.6" deep and capable of being as small as 6.75" wide x 6.75" deep. a smaller motherboard that can be used in either an ATX case or smaller computer case. Most commonly has 4 expansion slots and 4 DIMM slots unlike Standard ATX. Used for many low cost PCS

1. Set the master(end connector)/slave(2nd connector) jumper on the drive 2. Install the drive in the drive bay 3. Connect the power supply cable(Molex 4 pin black red and yellow wires 4. Connect the ribbon cable to the drive and motherboard as well as the master being there too 5. Configure the drive in BIOS setup if it isnt automatically detected 6. Partition and format the drive using the operating system https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLOSTrT5-Xc) (

Step by step, how to install an IDE drive

1. Download update file to flash drive 2. Insert Flash Drive and reboot machine 3. Use the specified key sequence to enter the BIOS settings 4. Disable security boot if necessary 5. Save the changes and reboot 6. Reenter the BIOS settings 7. Choose boot options and boot from the flash drive 8. Follow directions with the update to locate the file on flash drive 9.Execute the file by typing flash 10. Ensure you maintain power while update is completing

Step by step... how to update UEFI???

Lenghth of 400: 4.5 Meters Length of 800: 10 Meters Speed of 400: 400 MBs Speed of 800: 800 MBs

Difference between Firewire 400(IEEE 1394a) and 800(IEEE 1394b) in terms of length and speed

Drivers control how the printer processes the job. It allows the computer to print to correctly. As for interfaces, interfaces are the collection of hardware and software that allows the device to communicate. Normally computers have 1 interface, mutlitasking printers have more than 1 interface and can switch on the fly to allow many computers to print at the same time.

Explain Drivers and Interfaces

NAT modifies and TCP/IP Address of a device to the public IP on the router(as made by the Internet Service Provider) Port Forwarding allows one to have servers(one port each) by forwarding an external network port to an internal one. For example: The server could be on your LAN, but users are connecting to your WAN Port Triggering enables you to specify outgoing ports as well as turn on ports when they are need a DMZ is a zone thats protected by a firewall allowing certain traffic to be let through. This protects users from having access to your personal LAN

Explain these 4 things related to port configuration: NAT(Network address Translation), Port Forwarding, Port Triggering and DMZ(demilitarized zone)

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)

Feature of Windows that automatically assigns an IP address to the system when both the DHCP server cant be found and the client cannot obtain an IP address automatically.

LC Connector - Fiber Optic

Fiber Optic Connector.....

SC Connector - Fiber Optic

Fiber Optic Connector.....

ST Connector - Fiber Optic

Fiber Optic Connector.....

Aspect Ratio

The relationship of width to height in a picture or shape.(Not measured in inches or centimeters)

Default Gateway/gateway

The server(commonly known as a router) that allows traffic beyond the internal network

LCD (liquid crystal display)

The technology used for displays in notebook and other smaller computers that replaced CRTs consume much less power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting it. They use CCFL(Cold Cathode Fluorescent) lamps

Passive heat sinks use them because on active heat sinks, there is a possibility that the fan itself will stop working

Thermal paste is best used on either Active heat sinks or passive ones????(Explain why)

Replace Paper for the feeder, make sure there is no left over debris Clean Element tip: Unplug the printer to make sure its not hot Remove Debris tip: use compressed air or computer vacuum

Thermal printer maitenance: Why do you?? Replace Paper Clean Heating Element Remove Debris

loopback plug/wrap plug

Tool for testing ports by taking signals going out and echoing them

Defragmentation/Drive Optimization(Windows 8)

Tool used on all operating systems to reorganize the physical location of data on a disk. Doing this increases the performance of the drive.

Cable Tester/Media Tester

Tool used to verify id the cable you are using is good. Its use is like that of a Multimeter

Crimpers and Crimping Pliers

Tools that look like pliers but are used to attach media connectors(those silver things) such as UTP RJ-45's or Coaxial BNCs

USB Type A

USB TYPE that connects to Printer, Scanner, Camera, Mouse, Keyboard, External CD-Rom, MP3 player(mini type). What you see on host controller cards

USB 1.0

USB that runs at 12.Mbs

USB 2.0

USB that runs at 480 Mbs

USB 3.0

USB that runs at 5 GBps

Network Hub

USE TWISTED PAIR CABLEs TO CONNECT DEVICES, USED TO JOIN SEGMENTS INTO LARGER NETWORKS. HAVE no routing tables or intelligence on where to send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection. Most of these can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks.

TCP is a connection-based protocol that provides a reliable flow of data between two computers. UDP is conectionless, has very high transmission speed compared to the former, but is unreliable in terms of recieving packets

What are some main differences between UDP(User Datagram Protocol) and TCP(Transmission control protocol)

bootrec /fixmbr: Fix the Master Boot Record on a physical drive bootrec/fixboot: Writes a new boot sector to the system partition bootrec/scanos: Scans the systems for supported installations and adds them in startup bootrec/rebuildcd: Completely rebuilds the BCD store

What are the functions of each bootrec command?? bootrec /fixmbr bootrec/fixboot bootrec/scanos bootrec/rebuildcd

Cable Testers, Loopback plugs, Punch-Down Tools, Tone and Probe generator, wire strippers, crimper, wireless locators.

What are the uses for Cable Testers, Loopback plugs, Punch-Down Tools, Tone and Probe generator, wire strippers, crimper, and wireless locators???

The system with multiple partitions/volumes is looking in the wrong location for boot files.

What could "operation system not found" mean on bootup

A point that identifies a process or service where communication ends. TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) is what is used to gurantee all the data is recieved and in order which is why its a connection oriented protocol. UDP(User Datagram Protocol) on the other hand is connectionless oriented it does not establish a session or gurantees data delivery. UDP is of course faster than TDP

What exactly is a port? What are the two most popular protocols that use ports?

VGA Mode is low resolution quality in Windows which is the result of either a driver not being good or a driver recently installed not being found. Just update the driver to fix this

What is VGA mode and how do you fix it

Connect digitally and carry

What is a HDMI(High Definition Multimedia Interface) connector

Older/Traditional display connector with a blue D Shape.

What is a VGA connector(HD-15/DB-15)

an extension to the Serial ATA standard eSATA can provide faster transfer rates than USB and all the SATAS (6 GBps to be exact) It also provides a 2m overall cable length compared to the 1m for SATA

What is eSATA(External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)???

The Open Mobile Alliance is a standards body which develops open standards for the mobile phone industry. It is not a formal government-sponsored standards organization like the ITU, but a forum for industry stakeholders to agree on common specifications for products and services. The DRM provides a way for content creators to set limits on the use and duplication of content by customers. Its been implemented by 500+ mobile phone models so far. Also has the support of UEFI in BIOS

What is the Open Mobile Alliance(OMA) and what does it have to do with Digital Rights Management(DRM)

Remove unused expansion card slot covers on the system case because their used for the airflow path

What is the number 1 thing you shouldnt do to keep your computer cool?

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

What is the protocol of the Internet and most networks in general??

DNS tranlates the hostname into an ip address

What is the role of the DNS(Domain Name System)

BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol)- used for allowing diskless workstations to connect to a server that provided a operating system with applications

What protocol is DHCP built under?

STP adds a foil shield around the twisted wires to protect against electromagnetic interference(EMI) and cross-talk( jumping signal transmission issue s in a circuit)

Whats UTP(Unshielded twisted pair)'s con thats STP(Sheiled twisted pair)' special feature in detail

Static = manual and no change Dynamic = automatic and change

Whats the difference between Static addressing and Dynamic addressing

Format it by going to Disk Management, or typing format in command prompt

When implementing a new hard drive as well as creating new partitions and volumes, what must you do before data can be written to it??

(NVRAM) Non-Volatile Random Access Memory

Where variable settings made through the CMOS setup program are stored

SATA sends one bit at a time which is faster and better than ATA which sent 16 bits at a time At its slowest SATAs transfer rate is 150MB/s while PATAs is 133MB/s. SATA now goes up to 300, 600, and up to 1000 plus MB/s. Also there are 4 to 6 drives for SATA vs 2 and its thin size is good for airflow vs PATA

Why was SATA better than IDE/ATA???? Also what are the different trasnfer rates of SATA and PATA??

NFC (Near Field Communication)

Wireless technology that allows smartphones and other devices to communicate when near or touching each other. It can operate up to 20 CM and its transfer rate is 0.424 Mbps

FireWire (IEEE 1394)

a bus standard developed by Apple as a high-speed method for connecting multimedia devices such as video cameras to a computer. transfer data at 400 Mbs, hotswappable and supports up to 63 chained devices

Ethernet(NAS-network attached storage)

a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). typically less vulnerable to disruptions -- whether from radio wave interference, physical barriers or bandwidth hogs. It can also offer a greater degree of network security and control than wireless technology.

SSD(Solid State Drive)

a flash memory storage device that contains data is stored on interconnected flash-memory chips They are silent, less susceptitble to shock, and have lower latency. EX: Flash Drive

SDRAM (synchronous DRAM)

a generic name for various kinds of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that are synchronized with the clock speed that the microprocessor is optimized for. This tends to increase the number of instructions that the processor can perform in a given time. The speed is rated in MHz

SMART(self-monitoring analysis and reporting technology)

a monitoring system included in both hard drives and solid state drives that reports on various attributes of the state of a given drive. It has the intent of anticipating imminent hardware failures, requiring software reading data on startup

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

a serial, stable, non-volatile memory storage system. is similar to flash memory with the exception that data is written or erased one byte at a time vs in blocks. Essentially, it is where the BIOS is written too

Firmware

a software program with low-level instructions for computer hardware.

Standadrd ATX Form Factor/Size

an older commnonly used form factor that succeeded the AT with I/O ports on the side of the motherboard, power supply fan being close to connector, and the pc to be turned off through software. Used to use PS/2 style connectors but now have USB for mouse. Short for Advanced Technology eXtended and is 12 inches wide and 9.6 inches deep (305 x 244 mm)

Bridge(s)

computer network device that divide larger networks into smaller sections by connecting two different networks together. They are similar to hubs except for the fact that they look at the MAC address to either forward or block data from crossing

Modem(modulator-demodulator)

computer network device that turns digital signals generated by the computer into analog signals that travel over phone lines. They can connect ISPs, LANS,

fiber-optic cable

glass core rubber outer coating cable that uses beams of light and not electricity to relay data. Really expensive, can run really long distances, and has speeds of up to 1gbps to 100 gbps+

PXE (preboot execution environment)

industry standard client/server interfac that allows one to boot a computer from a network remotely

ECC(error-correcting code)

is a data integrity method that is used in place of parity memory on many systems. As with parity additional information needs to be stored and more processing needs to be done, making this RAM more expensive and a little slower than both parity and non parity

SCSI(small computer system interface)

is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. They are parallel

ITX(Information Technology eXtended) form factors/sizes

is a small motherboard form factor from VIA Technologies. they are typically used in low-cost small setups found in cars, network devices, set-top boxes. Mini fits the same case as a micro ATX, uses low power(recquiring no use of a fan) and has one expansion slot Nano used for things listed above in the first paragraph and the pico is the smallest and uses mothernboard extensions called daughter cards

DDR(Double Data Rate)/1-3

newer SDRAM that the chip reads or writes two words of data per clock cycle. The interface accomplishes this by reading and writing data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal

thermal printer

non impact printer often found in older fax machines, prints waxy paper on a roll that turns the paper black when heat passes over it. Also used in many POS(point of sale devices). Other types of these printers use a heat sensitive ribbon in place of the paper that turns the other paper black

DVD-RW(digital versatile disc -ReWritable)

optical disc data storage format Metal alloy instead of burning into the disc is used for erasing and writing.

CD-RW(compact disc-ReWritable)

optical disc data storage format that writes data and can be erased and written to again through removing the reflectivity placed in the original layer

impact printer/dot matrix printer

printer that prints paper by physically striking an inked ribbon and is a continuous (using sprockets and tractors unlike Laser and ink printers that are single-fed)

CKDSK

MS-DOS utility still used today to correct logical errors in the drives File Allocation Table where each file is a linked list of blocks (command is /f) and other problems such as bad sectors lost clusters cross-linked files and directory errors

Explain the following issues related to Wired and Wireless Networks:

Explain the following issues related to Wired and Wireless Networks: No Connectivity DHCP APIPA related Limited Connectivity Local Connectivity Intermittent Connectivity aka Comes and Goes IP Conflicts Slow Transfer Speeds Low Radio Frequency signal SSID

RGB LED

'triads' of LEDs () to create broad-spectrum white light. an alternative to WLED

native resolution/NATIVE

The actual (and fixed) number of pixels built into an LCD monitor. For the clearest display, always set the resolution to this

Controller-Motherboard with RAM Toner Cartridge-contain toner powder, a fine, dry mixture of plastic particles, carbon, and black or other coloring agents that make the actual image on the paper Imaging Drum- coated with particles of photosensitive compounds. The drum itself is grounded to the power supply. When light hits, the compounds drain out whatever electrical charge is contained in the grounded cylinder. Primary Corona/Charge Corona- located close to the drum(although it doesnt touch the drum) its a roller that gets charged with an extremely high voltage, an electric field forms enabling voltage to pass to the drum and charge the photosensitive particles . Laser Scanning Assembly- a laser beam that neutralizes strong negative charges on parts of the drum making the toner stick.Also there are rotating and fixed mirrors that direct the laser Paper Transport Assembly(Transfer Belt and Transfer rollers)- What moves the paper through the printer Pickup Rollers-Rubber wheels that grab the paper and feed it in. Important for gripping the paper Seperate Pads- Seperate sheets in a stack of paper. When these go bad and lose their abillity to create the friction that seperated the paper, 2 and 3 sheets of paper get pulled through Transfer Corona- Applies a positive charge that attracts the toner particles off of the drum and onto the paper. High Voltage Power Supply(HVPS)This provides power only to the primary corona/charge roller. Converts 120V household AC current into High DC voltages to energize corona wires DC Power Supply- Delivers low voltages to the Controller and motors on the printer Fusing Assembly- Found at the bottom of the toner cartridge and contains 2 rollers(pressure and heated) the pressure roller presses against the bottom of the page, and the heated roller presses down on the top of the page, melting the toner into the paper

Explain all the parts of a Laser Printer: Controller Imaging Drum Primary Corona/Charge Corona Laser Scanning Assembly Paper Transport Assembly(Transfer Belt and Transfer rollers) Pickup Rollers Seperate Pads Transfer Corona High Voltage Power Supply(HVPS) DC Power Supply Fusing Assembly

DSSS(Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum)- Adds transmitted data to a higher speed and significantly improves protection against interfering (or jamming) signals, especially narrowband and makes the signal less noticeable.It was originally developed for military use FHSS(Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum)-rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)-Breaks data into subsignals as well as transmit them

Explain all the technologies that communicate with the IEEE 802.11 family(AKA those things that were acronyms that may or may not be compatible with al of the other standards._

ping: used to test the connectivity of two devices. Extremely useful for troubleshooting problems with remote hosts. (-a for resolving addresses to host names, -t for pinging hosts, etc) ipconfig/ifconfig: Views the current TCP/IP configuration of the device (subnet mask, IPV4, Hostname, (using ipconfig/all) tracert: Traces the path of a packet through the network, best used determining where packets drop. netstat: Command used to displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, and IPV4/IPV6 stats nbtstat: Views NetBIOS names currently known to the local machine net: Very powerful command that is used to connect to, remove, and configure connections to shared resources, like mapped drives and network printers. netdom: command-line tool that is built into Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Enables administrators to manage Active Directory domains and trust relationships from the command prompt. nslookup: Tool used for testing and troubleshooting DNS servers

Explain each helpful command-line tool for helping with wired and wireless network problems: ping: ipconfig/ifconfig: tracert: netstat: nbtstat: net: netdom: nslookup:

To allow for two drives on the same cable. This allows one drive's controller to tell the other drive when it can transfer data to or from the computer. What happens is the slave drive makes a request to the master drive, which checks to see if it is currently communicating with the computer. If the master drive is idle, it tells the slave drive to go ahead. If the master drive is communicating with the computer, it tells the slave drive to wait and then informs it when it can go ahead. The computer determines if there is a second (slave) drive attached through the use of Pin 39 on the connector. Pin 39 carries a special signal, called Drive Active/Slave Present (DASP), that checks to see if a slave drive is present. Although it will work in either position, it is recommended that the master drive is attached to the connector at the very end of the IDE ribbon cable.

Explain the Master and Slave connection on a IDE drive

No Image Onscreen- No signal should prompt you to check the cable behind the PC in case reseating is possible, either that r get a new video card Dead Pixels vs Stuck Pixels- Dead Pixels are colorless and Stuck Pixels have color in them, there is no fixing these Artifiacts-Either previous image leftovers or tears/divided images, they are the result of processors, memory chips, and or cable malfunctions having data corruption, always check for overheating Incorrect color patterns-Either an incorrect video card setting if it happens after POST or the problem is hardware related and card, monitor, and cables should be replaced Dim image- Either improper settings or a bad backlight Flickering image- bad cables or a case of the user should increase the refresh rate because its incompatible with the resolution settings Distorted Image-power cable issue as well as maybe a bad outlet being plugged in Degaussing -To remove magnetism from a computer(specifically CRT's) really helpful for flickering images Disorted Geometry- Caused by defects in the optical lens system of projectors. Go to Keystone settings and move a slider until the image is correct Burn-In- Images are left for extended periods of time on the screen(a prominent problem in OLED and CRT) Any soulutions can be used(From even breaking in a dvd) as long as the burn in isnt severe Oversized image-Just go to Change the Size of all settings and move the slider

Explain the following issues related to Display and video projectors: No Image Onscreen Dead Pixels vs Stuck Pixels Artifiacts Incorrect color patterns Dim image Flickering image Distorted Image Degaussing Disorted Geometry Burn-In Oversized image

1) The result of the backlight or the DC to AC inverter gone bad. The inverter is cheaper to replace than the backlight 2) Same as 1 3) Try updating the video driver and increasing the refresh rate 4) Normally caused by spilled liquids. 5) Try reseating the antenna cable on the laptop 6) The result of the NiCad battery buillding up memory. If draining the battery(aka letting the laptop run on a regular basis on battery) doesnt colve this, a replacement is recquired 7) Ghost Cursor occurs when the laptop has a track pad that is too sensitive . 1) Update touchpad driver or 2) Disable the touchpad and just use a mouse instead. Pointer Drift occurs when the mouse cursor slowly drifts accross the screen independently. Sometimes it happens when a 2nd or 3rd monitor . Go to the OS display settings to solve this 8) No AC power results in the computer running on battery. If theres no indicator light, try using a different outlet. No Ac power also affects actions of the NIC too and settings can be changed in control panel

Explain the following issues related to Mobile Devices: No Display Dim Display Flickering Display Sticking Keys Intermittent come and go wireless Battery not charging Ghost Cursor/Pointer Drift No Power

Paper Jams: Paper not feeding correctly or moisture on the paper. Make sure paper is aligned right plus straight and also make sure it is the right paper for printer Error Codes: This happens with LCD laser printers, read the manual and go to the website to translate codes Out-of memory error: If you routinley run out of memory, add more memory until it needs to be replaced (note: streaks are really caused by the drum) Lines and Smearig: Caused by either the Toner catridge or the fuser. To solve replace toner first and if nothing has changed replace the fuser Blank Pages Print: Verify if toner is in the cartridge. If its old, replace it but if its new make sure the sealing tape has been removed prior to putting it in the printer Dark Spots Print: Too much toner, just run blank pages through the printer to clean it Garbled Pages Print: Make sure you're using the right printer driver in your application Ghosted Images Print/Repeating images: A bad cartridge as well as damage to the drum and or charging roller. No connectivity: IP address may be missing. Manually give it one and also follow the manual Print-Quality Problems: see about the RET(Resolution Enhancement Technology) It allows the printer to use partial-sized dots for images that are rounded. If its off turn it on, if not replace the drum

Laser printer maitenance: What to do when: Paper Jams Error Codes Out-of memory error Lines and Smearign Blank Pages Print Dark Spots Print Garbled Pages Print Ghosted Images Print No connectivity Print-Quality Problems

Step 1: Conditioning = Primary Corona gets charged from the power supply which hits the Laser print drum(all negative charges) Step 2: Writing = The laser is turned on flashing the drum and the Controller sends information of bits to it. The drum has a slight negative -100 charge unlike in step one where its -600. The drum moves and a area is formed that represents the image to be printed Step 3: Developing = Toner is now applied to the drum and the developing roller in which the developing roller is assisted by a magnet. The drum rotates until the image is ready to be transferred into paper Step 4: Transferring = The controller notifies the registration rollers to feed the paper as well as the corona wire/roller to turn on its strong +6000 positive charge to the paper. The paper then pulls the toner from the exposed drum and a static eliminator strip removes all the charge from the paper. Without this a paper jam would occur Step 5: Fusing = Toner is now permanent, the registration rollers push the paper towards the fuser rollers. Once the fuser is now in control of the moving paper, the fuser melts the polyster from the toner and the pressure roller presses it to the paper Step 6: Cleaning = A rubber blade inside the laser printer cartridge scrapes any toner left on the drum into a used-toner receptacle and a fluorescent lamp discharges any remaining charge on the drum

List all 6 steps in order for the Imaging Process of the laser jet printer

Print to File: oldest way to avoid the long printing process from an application(.prn file) Print to PDF: 1st choice if you cant print to file. (ADOBE) Print to XPS: Microsoft's answer to PDF(.opxs open XPS) Print to Image: Similar to scanning cause it creates an image of a document. Often needs a third-party application(.jpg)

List all the different ways to print virtually

VGA (Video Graphics Array) 320 X 200 using analog technology XGA(Extended Graphics Array) 1,024 x 768 IBM display standard introduced in 1990 its "fixed-function" hardware acceleration is good for 2D tasks SXGA+(Super Extended Graphics Array) 1,400 x 1,050 commonly used on 14-15 inch laptops and the maximum resolution for video projectors UXGA (Ultra-extended Graphics Array) 1,600 x 1,200 20 inch desktops commonly WUXGA(Widescreen ultra-extended graphics array) 1,920 x 1,200 16:10 screen aspect ratio the standard for television sets

List some standard display resolutions(VGA, XGA, SXGA+, UXGA, WUXGA)

print head: wrapped with coils or wire which is held by a small magnet with springs. the head energizes and helps make the dots on the paper along with the ink ribbon it hits tractor feed: Like all other feeders but the paper has holes running down both edges

List the parts of an Impact printer(aside from the ribbon)

Print Head-Nozzles where the CMYK(cyan, magenta, yellow black) ink is sprayed onto the paper. Some inkjets have it where a new head is added every time you get a new cartridge Roller- Same as Laser Feeder- Replaces the "tray" in the Laser printer Duplexing Assembly- Same as laser Carriage- Holds the ink cartridges Belt- Moves the paper as its printing

List the parts of an inkjet printer(Aside from the Ink Cartridge)

BIOS passwords- With a supervisor password you can lock out users from making changes to the CMOS Setup programs. You can also use the passwod to restrict a computer from booting up Drive Encryption- Encrypt an entire volume/drive an example is BitLocker(Windows Vista and 7) TPM(Trusted Platform Module) Chips- Really useful when used with BitLocker , More detailed in that it uses hashes and takes snapshots of the drive when the device boots up. LoJack- Created by Absolute Software, allows you to remotely locate, lock, and delete data on a mobile device in the case when the device is stolen. Secure Boot- Requires the operating system to check the integrity of all system files before allowing the boot process to proceed, protecting against the alteration of system files

List/explain the different security features built into most BIOS

IEEE 802.11

The main wireless communication protocol is...

WLED(White)

The most common LED for computers, they use a special diffuser which makes light cover the entire screen(a border near edges)

Display Resolution

The number of horizontal and vertical pixels that are displayed. It is usually quoted as width × height, with the units in pixels. In CRT monitors this is referred to as Vertical Hold

1. Removing the CMOS battery 2. Using a jumper on the motherboard thats in close proximity with the battery and BIOS chip

The only 2 ways to reset a forgotten BIOS password ???