AAMC FL#2 - CARS
The artificial language Esperanto was constructed from European languages and uses Western European alphabets. Based on the passage, this language would be most likely classified as: A.ideographic. B.phonetic. C.morphemic. D.a combination of ideographic and phonetic.
*** I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT C Answer: B Passage states "Supposedly, every writing system evolved from simplistic pictures (pictographs) to direct expressions of ideas (ideographs) to letters representing sounds (alphabets). "Savages" drew a horse to mean "horse," writing pictographically. "Barbarians" might draw a horse to mean "friendship," writing ideographically. "Civilized" people wrote "horse" to represent sounds, writing phonetically. In brief, THOSE WHO WERE CIVILIZED WROTE PHONETICALLY" C) Incorrect. Although the European languages use morphemes, the broad categorization for such languages is defined as "phonetic" (quoted paragraph above)
According to the passage, which of the following situations during the Renaissance supported the view that Egyptian script was ideographic? Kircher's claim that the Psamtjik inscription listed his titles Kircher's reputation as a scholar and scientist Missionaries' reports on Chinese and Mayan scripts A.I and II only B.I and III only C.II and III only D.I, II, and III
*** I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT D. Answer: C Foundations of Comprehension question Option I is incorrect because although Kircher supported the view that Egyptian script was ideographic, he states the opposite of what option I claims: passage says - "[Kircher] translated one inscription, which actually spelled out the titles of pharaoh Psamtjik, as instructions on securing divine protection from the god Osiris instead"
Skipped to #47...Based on the passage, which of the following best describes how research objectives changed beginning in the 1920s and 1930s? A.A shift toward providing an empirical basis for economic policies B.A shift toward documenting trends in industrial production C.A shift toward examining consumer behavior D.A shift toward defining an appropriate standard of living
***I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT A. Answer: C Foundations of Comprehension question The passage says explicitly that before the 1920s and 1930s, expenditure surveys generally focused on the "standards of living" of people with lower incomes (or "social groups near the bottom of an industrial economy") Passage then states: "A key push for research came from institutional economists who made investigations of consumption and consumer behavior a central component of their empirical assault on neoclassical economics"
The purpose of Experiment 2 was to: A.be certain that the supportive observer was truly supportive. B.isolate the reason for adopting a cautious performance style. C.test the effect of an incentive to improve one's performance. D.determine the relevance of friendship to the audience effect.
***I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT A. Answer: D Foundations of Comprehension question - tests ability to understand the connections between the author's points. Experiment 1 showed the negative impact on performance when a friend is observing. In experiment 2, the observer was now a STRANGER. The purpose of experiment 2 was to determine whether a supportive stranger would have the same negative impact on performance as the friend did. A) Incorrect. The "true" supportiveness of the observer is never at issue in the experiment; the participants believe that the supportiveness of the observers varies, based on whether the observers stand to benefit from the participants' performance. C) Both experiments test the effect of an incentive to improve one's performance, just using different incentives.
Suppose that the ruins of a sixteenth-century monastery are discovered on a remote island off the Swedish coast. Why, according to passage information, is this discovery surprising? A.Few European pilgrims would have been able to reach the site. B.An eremitical motive would have been unlikely at that period. C.The influence of Olav Trygvasson did not spread to Sweden. D.Monks would have been unlikely to learn of such an island.
***I GOT THIS WRONG, I PUT A. Answer: B Reasoning Beyond the Text question. Passage says that the eremitical (hermit) movement flourished "until the fourteenth century." After that, "all across Europe, the ... oratories of hermits were superseded by ... urban cathedrals." A & D) Incorrect. remote, inaccessible locations are described throughout the passage as attractive to religious pilgrims.
Why does the passage author assert that sixteenth- or seventeenth-century readers would have "laughed" at a Hemingway short story? I. Because they would have found the writing style quaint II. Because the plots of short stories have changed radically since then III. Because basic, essential details were missing A.II only B.III only C.I and II only D.I and III only
***I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT A. Answer: B Reasoning within the Text question. Passage states: "If a Hemingway story had turned up in Elizabethan England, it would probably have been laughed out of court by readers totally unable to adapt to its demands upon them." The passage goes on to discuss how Hemingway and other writers leave out descriptive details, assuming the reader already knows some of the facts. Thus, option III is supported by this info. Option I is incorrect because quaint means old-fashioned and why would 16th century people think modern writing is old-fashioned?? Illogical. Option II is incorrect because there is no mention of plots in the passage.
The information that the Skellig was once particularly favored as a place of pilgrimage is most plausibly connected to which of the following passage assertions? A.There is a stubborn sufficiency about the place that is irresistibly attractive. B.The monastery was similar to hermitages that originated in the deserts of Egypt. C.The first Christian king of Norway was supposedly baptized by a Skellig monk. D.The eremetical movement was like a frenzy.
***I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT B. Answer: A Answer suggests there was something specific about Skellig Michael that would draw those from outside, even after the height of the eremitical movement was over. B) This doesn't explain anything about the particular attraction of Skellig Michael; rather it links the place to other hermitages. It does not explain why penitents would have continued to be attracted to it as a site of pilgrimage into the 18th century. C) This historical fact hardly explains why pilgrims "from across Europe" would continue to seek out Skellig Michael. D) The "frenzy" subsided after the 14th century.
Which of the following, if true, would most challenge the passage author's views as presented in the passage? A.Most of the songs featured in the Great American Songbook are about democracy. B.Most of the songs featured in the Great American Songbook were popularized not by the songwriters, but by other singers. C.Most of the songwriters featured in the Great American Songbook had more than one song in the book. D.Most of the songwriters featured in the Great American Songbook were under the age of thirty when they wrote the songs included in the book.
***I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT B. Answer: D It should be implied that the Great American Songbook writers were traditional artists - which the author describes as "[their] work tends to improve with age, as they gain a greater understanding of their subject and of their art." Thus, if the Songbook writers were young (30 years old) this would challenge the author's assertion that these artists improve with age.
Which one of the following describes a modification in the role of an intended reader that might best serve the purposes of a mass media advertiser? A.The intended reader is addressed in very personal terms, as indicated by specific terms of endearment that are assumed to be pleasing to him or her. B.The intended reader is addressed as though he or she were an "insider" already in possession of enough information to construe an otherwise cryptic message. C.The intended reader is addressed as though he or she were a scholar seeking a detailed, objective account of product features. D.The intended reader is addressed as if he or she were experiencing a problem that purchasing the product would solve.
***I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT C. Answer: D Reasoning beyond the text question. Within the passage, the reader is meant to fit what the author (in this case, the advertiser) tries to set them in. C) Incorrect - a bit extreme. Seems like it wouldn't be the best way to sell to the masses for an advertiser.
The "game" that the passage author describes in the first sentence is a: A.necessary strategy for a writer composing in solitude. B.competitive contest of skill between writers and readers. C.deception perpetrated by writers on unsuspecting audiences. D.historical practice that dates from the time when literature was an oral art form.
***I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT C. Answer: A Foundation of Comprehension question. Passage states: "When we look the other way down the corridors of time to the period before the coffeehouses and the beginnings of intimate journalism, we find that readers have had to be trained gradually to play a game writers necessarily engage in." Passage suggests the author had to imagine, or fictionalize, an audience that he or she addressed. B) Incorrect. No suggestion of a competitive contest anywhere in passage. C) Incorrect. No suggestion of deception or dishonesty on the author's part.
Why was the identity of the audience unproblematic for the oral storyteller who rode from town to town reciting tales? A.The composition of the audience kept changing. B.The plot of the tale was already familiar to the listeners. C.The members of the audience were literally on the scene. D.The novelty of the performance superseded any need for information.
***I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT D. Answer: C Foundations of Comprehension question Author explains that the fictional or imagined audience has been important "from the time when writing broke away from oral performance" (final paragraph). In an oral performance, there were listeners present; the "fictional audience" comes into play when, as the author puts it, the "writer's audience is not actually present during the writing process" (paragraph 2). A) Incorrect. This would make the job of an oral storyteller MORE problematic, not unproblematic. B & D are not supported by info in the passage.
Which of the following assertions, if true, would most support the author's statement that "Egyptian culture dwindled under the Classical world's onslaught" (paragraph 4)? A.Greek scholars used discoveries by Egyptian astronomers to further their own studies. B.Egyptian scribes invented a flowing script for use in keeping economic records. C.Invaders from Alexander the Great to the Romans tried to integrate Egypt into their empires. D.Renaissance scholars incorrectly identified Greek script as ideographic.
***I GOT THIS QUESTION WRONG, I PUT D. Answer: C Reasoning Beyond the Text question Passage states, "as Egyptian culture dwindled under the Classical world's onslaught..." Answer C represents an attack (or "onslaught") on Egypt that would impact their culture due to pressure from the Romans.
What is the most likely explanation of the slower rate of performance observed in Experiment 1? A.A desire to maintain an appearance of relaxed competence before friends B. A feeling of being judged more harshly by friends than by strangers. C. An inability to concentrate on mental tasks when friends are present. D. A belief that accuracy is more important than speed on certain tasks.
**I GOT THIS WRONG (I said C) Answer: A Foundations of Comprehension question Author states: "participants in the supportive-audience condition were less likely than those in the neutral-audience condition to report being distracted by the observer or feeling stress while doing the task. Furthermore, the negative effect of a supportive audience is apparently not due to discomfort about being judged: The participants' ratings of their feeling of being evaluated were nearly identical in the two conditions." B & C can be identified as incorrect immediately because the opposite is stated in the passage. Those in the supportive-audience condition had a slower rate of performance, but were LESS LIKELY to be DISTRACTED BY OBSERVER (C) or felt judged (B). D) Incorrect. Not supported anywhere in the passage.
The author implies which of the following about clinical practice? A.Some physicians tend to give clinical experience undue preeminence over research experience. B.Even at its best, clinical experience is anarchic. C.The role of clinical experience in the practice of medicine is overly complex. D.Physicians embrace clinical experience primarily because it gives priority to their own intuitions.
**I GOT THIS WRONG, I PUT C. Answer: A Foundations of Comprehension Question - Identify the author's position about a passage topic (clinical medicine) Author states: "Unfortunately, some physicians consider information derived from clinical experience to be sacrosanct and above questioning" B) It is NOT the author but "economists and other health experts" who "view...clinical experience as... uncontrollable, chaotic, and obeying few rules." C) overstatement - "overly complex." Author does not necessarily imply that clinical experience is "overly" complex. D) Not mentioned.
Which of the following is most like the ability to appreciate art as it is described in the passage? A.The ability to enjoy dance improves the more one dances. B.The ability to enjoy music tends to be inherited from one's parents. C.The ability to run well is hampered by thinking about running well. D.The ability to do any one thing well decreases when one tries to do several things.
Answer: A Reasoning Beyond the Text question. Author writes "...which she had seen can could recognize, were the element of the familiar she required in order to find any significance in the picture." The author argues that in order to appreciate or enjoy art of any kind, one must understand it. If you continue to dance, you will improve and understand it. B) incorrect. nowhere in the passage does the author discuss heredity and its impact on appreciating art. C) Incorrect. Author states that thinking is required to appreciate art, not that it inhibits it. D) Incorrect. While the author does mention a "widening of the range of [one's] vision," he does not suggest it is counterproductive.
Suppose that given a choice of various paintings, sailors choose seascapes. How would this relate to the opinions expressed in the passage? A.It would support the author's claim about the tendency that is the basis of all art appreciation. B.It would challenge the author's claim about how to best develop our capacity to appreciate art. C.It would support the author's implication about the beauty inherent in all things in nature. D.It would challenge the author's implication about the kind of art that is likely to be popular.
Answer: A Reasoning Beyond the Text question. Author writes "On a studio wall was once hanging a "Study of Brush," showing the play of sunlight through quivering leaves. A visitor asked the painter why he did not put some chickens in the foreground. To her the canvas was meaningless, for she had never seen, had never really seen, the sunlight dancing on burnished leaves. The chickens, which she had seen and could recognize, were the element of the familiar she required in order to find any significance in the picture." Answer (A) best represents this, a person must be intimately familiar with the subject to appreciate it.
Based on the passage, of the following, which would be the best example of "mass movements initiated by one or a few magnets that would unexpectedly sweep across the entire world"? A.One country's revolution leads to unrest and revolution in other countries around the world. B.A disease in one country spreads to other countries, causing a pandemic. C.Technological advances in one country are marketed to other developed countries. D.A strengthening of democratic principles in one country is commended by the leadership of many countries around the world.
Answer: A Reasoning Beyond the text question.
In Experiment 1, which of the following hypotheses would most reasonably account for the post-experimental statements made by those in the neutral condition? A.A performer's anxiety need not adversely affect performance. B.A performer's anxiety can be reduced with no effect on performance. C.An audience can affect a performance by reducing performance anxiety. D.An audience can affect a performance by causing performance anxiety.
Answer: A Reasoning Within the Text question. Those in the supportive-audience condition were "less likely than those in the neutral-audience condition to report feeling distracted by the observer or feeling stress while doing the task" This must mean that those in the neutral condition were relatively more likely to report distraction or stress, but the passage also states that they performed better than the supportive audience. Thus, it can be inferred that a performer's anxiety need not adversely affect performance.
Why does the author most likely mention "the role of chance" (paragraph 4)? A.As part of an explanation of why clinical impressions may be flawed B.As a response to concerns about the small sample size clinicians may use C.As a feature that makes clinical experience superior to evidence-based medicine D. As part of an argument against the use of intuition in medical practice
Answer: A Reasoning within the Text question Author states "The small sample size of clinical experiences and the low regard of physicians for the role of chance can lead to errors in estimates of the probability of benefit." B) Incorrect - the sample size is given as another reason that the evidence gained from clinical medicine may be misleading but it doesn't explain the "role of chance"
According to the passage author, the typical explanations for the drop in creativity of aging rock songwriters are characterized by: A.a failure to generalize. B.a failure to investigate individual life histories. C.an overemphasis on the stereotyped lifestyle of rock artists. D.the intrinsic limitations of rock music as a genre.
Answer: A Reasoning within the Text question Passage states, "The loss of creativity with age suffered by Dylan, Lennon, McCartney, and many of the Beatles' successors is not a phenomenon caused by factors unique to individuals, or even to rock music. Instead, these artists appear to be prime examples of the loss of conceptual creativity with age, one of the most pervasive patterns in human creativity." So, according to the author, other music historians have erred by looking at the specific experiences of individuals, instead of looking for a general pattern or trend.
Does the author explain the statement "the future is perpetually giving birth to true novelty?" A.Yes, by comparing it with biological evolution B.Yes, by referring to mass extinctions C.Yes, by using the example of a magnetic world with a temperature below the critical point D.No, because the idea is presented without further explanation
Answer: A Reasoning within the text question. Straightforward Q.
With which of the following statements would the author most likely agree? A.That which delights is always that which is right. B.The more things we can appreciate, the richer our being. C.To be human is to be an artist. D.A tree is just a tree.
Answer: B Author states "the more beauty a person apprehends in the world, so much the more of universal forces such a person brings into unity with the personality that is the hallmark of self" i.e. the more experience and understanding one has of their surroundings, the more unified/strong our self is. A) Author does not address morality. C) This would be a stretch, as the author makes no claim about the origin of the artistic impulse. D) Opposite - "to him who has never opened his eyes to behold the beauty of field and hill and trees and sky, to him whose spirit has not dimly apprehended something of that eternal significance ..."
A visitor to Skellig Michael who kissed its stone cross probably did so for which of the following reasons? A.To fulfill a qualification for sainthood B.To atone for wrongs committed C.To be spared by Viking marauders D.To be accepted into the monastery
Answer: B Foundations of Comprehension question Passage states "penitents from across Europe ... made the grueling climb to the Needle's Eye...and kiss a stone cross affixed to the end of the slab" Penitent = person who repents sins/wrongdoings seeks forgiveness D) Incorrect. The passage states the monastery was no longer active in the 18th century.
Which of the following best describes the kind of artist the Golden Era songwriters were? A.Inexperienced artists B.Artists-for-hire C.Would-be artists D.Former artists
Answer: B Foundations of Comprehension question. According to the passage, the Golden Era songwriters were hired to write specific songs for specific purposes; they "wrote songs to fit the needs of musical comedies" They did not write primarily from personal inspiration. A, C, D) The passage indicates that these songwriters were professionals
According to passage information, which of the following reasons was probably determinative in the selection of Skellig Michael as the site for a monastery? A.Its proximity to the shrine at Needle's Eye B.Its isolation from worldly distractions C.The protection it promised from raiders D.The opportunities it provided for suffering
Answer: B Foundations of Comprehension question. Passage describes Skellig Michael as remote and very difficult to reach and then discusses a movement for peace and "solitude" A) Incorrect. this is described as an attraction of Skellig Michael AFTER the height of the eremitical movement. C) Opposite. passage states the island was subject to many Viking raids. D) Passage does not indicate that the devout were attracted to suffering.
What evidence does the author use to support the contention that Renaissance scholars misunderstood Egyptian writing? A.Egyptian writing was ideographic. B.Kircher incorrectly translated an inscription about Psamtjik. C.Missionaries and explorers discovered Chinese and Mayan scripts that were ideographic. D.Kircher was the first scholar to correctly understand Egyptian writing.
Answer: B Foundations of comprehension question The author makes it clear that Egyptian writing was misunderstood, first by the Greeks and then by Kircher and the Renaissance, as ideographic, but was eventually recognized as "both phonetic and morphemic" After calling Egyptian writing "allegedly ideographic" (paragraph 4), the author goes to say that Kircher was a "leading scholar and scientist of the Renaissance," who "popularized" this misunderstanding of Egyptian writing.
Which of the following situations would be the best example of the "[u]nprecedented objects, processes, and possibilities" alluded to in the passage? A.The transformation of wild geese into tame domestic stock B.The flurry of technological innovations in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries C.The brutal civil wars that have historically wracked certain countries D.The wide variety of shows offered on cable television
Answer: B Passage states: "There are undeniable trends in history, one of the most obvious being the increase in our scientific understanding and the technological complexity of our world. Unprecedented objects, processes, and possibilities continually come into existence."
The author's reasoning implies that it would be folly to do which of the following with a budding conceptual artist? A.Connect her with an agent who can take care of the business end of her career B.Subject him to a thorough academic education in his art C.Discourage those who advise her to "pace herself" D.Discourage him from keeping a diary
Answer: B Reasoning Beyond the Text question As described in the passage, conceptual artists find success by "creating new art forms with little regard for, or knowledge of, traditional rules and constraints," so exposing these artists to an art education would indeed be folly (foolishness)
What finding from other research would be most apt to raise questions about the conclusion reported in the passage? A.Actors report feeling more confident before an enthusiastic audience than before a passive one. B.Musicians usually perform more skillfully when a friend is present than when they are alone. C.People do not normally invite nonsupportive persons to witness their public performances. D.The presence of family members seldom affects the performance of household tasks.
Answer: B Reasoning Beyond the Text question. Experiments in the passage discuss the negative impact a supportive audience (friends OR strangers) have on the performance of an individual. Thus, B would oppose these findings.
Suppose that a psychologist is interested in the performance of trial lawyers. On the basis of Experiment 1, the psychologist should predict that a legal argument will be more effectively presented if: A. the lawyer is serving without compensation than if the case involves a large financial settlement. B. the judge is unknown to the lawyer than if the two have a cordial relationship. C. the courtroom is empty than if it is filled with spectators whose sympathies are unknown. D. jurors watch the trial through a one-way mirror than if they are present in the courtroom.
Answer: B Reasoning beyond the text question Experiments in the passage discuss that a skilled performance would suffer with a supportive audience, such as friends. B) is the only option that discusses a supportive audience that the lawyer has a relationship with. Making a legal argument is a stressful task, so results from the experiments in the passage would predict that a lawyer would present his or her argument more effectively in front of judge he doesn't know.
Based on the third paragraph of the passage, with which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree? A.Change is good, but only when it is accompanied by knowledge. B.Change and variety are required for history to exist. C.Those who do not learn from history are condemned to repeat it. D.Randomness in the cultural fabric gives life deeper meaning.
Answer: B Reasoning within the text question paragraph in passage describes an environment in which nothing changes: "all the magnets would be pointing in the same direction and would rarely if ever depart from it . . . your world would have fixed laws and unending peace and uniformity." As a result, concludes the author, "there would be no history at all, since a record of unbroken sameness is not history but the lack of it." if sameness = no history differences = history
The passage would be most appropriate in a collection of articles for: A.historians of sixteenth- or seventeenth-century literature. B.students of contemporary communication theory. C.scholars of the history of the English language. D.fans of the fiction of Ernest Hemingway.
Answer: B Reasoning within the text question. Passage is about the interaction between the author and an implied reader, and the "game" in which authors engage readers; i.e. how to communicate effectively with the audience/readers.
The number of monks who resided on Skellig Michael was probably due to: A.insufficient food and water in the monastery. B.extreme difficulty in reaching the monastery. C.limited available living space on the site. D.buildings that were precariously situated.
Answer: C Foundations of Comprehension Question. the passage makes clear that the monastery had little available living space. After describing the elevated "monastic enclosure," the author writes: "Most of the rock is too steep for human habitation. At no time could the little cluster of cells have sheltered more than a dozen monks"
Which of the following relationships is most like the suggested relationship of the birds on Skellig Michael to the monks there? A.Butterflies to entomologists in Newfoundland B.Helicopters to mountain climbers in Nepal C.Penguins to explorers in Antarctica D.Cattle to wheat farmers in Montana
Answer: C Reasoning Beyond the Text Question Skellig Michael is described to be an uninhabitable place, similar to Antarctica. But, birds can fly to the small island, and similarly, Penguins are native to Antarctica.
What conclusion about the nature of audience support is justified by the results of Experiment 2 alone? A.Supportive friends can disrupt a performance if they would benefit from its success. B.Supportive strangers can enhance a performance if they would not benefit from its success. C.Strangers can disrupt a performance if they would benefit from its success. D.Strangers can disrupt a performance if its success would benefit the performer.
Answer: C Reasoning Beyond the Text question Author states, "Experiment 2 confirmed the prediction that a skilled performance would suffer with a supportive audience." A) Incorrect - can be eliminated because Experiment 2 is regarding the effect of strangers, not friends. B) Incorrect - results reported involved negative impact of an involved audience, not a potential positive impact of strangers.
Suppose that Experiment 1 is repeated with the addition of a "hostile-audience" condition and that this condition produces data equivalent to those of the "supportive-audience" condition. Which of the following hypotheses would best accommodate this outcome? A.A hostile audience does not affect performance. B.A supportive audience impairs performance. C.An involved audience impairs performance. D.A nonhostile audience enhances performance.
Answer: C Reasoning Beyond the Text question If both a supportive and hostile audience negatively impact the performance of an individual, it can be inferred that an involved audience (either good or bad) impairs performance.
Which one of the following groups would constitute part of a fictional audience, as the term is used by the passage author? A.People gathered in a concert hall to listen to a violinist B.Passersby who listen to someone on a park bench who is strumming a banjo C.People who belong to the target group of 18- to 49-year-old viewers of a sitcom D.People who vote by telephone for a contestant in a television talent show
Answer: C Reasoning Beyond the Text question. The author describes the fictional audience as "some individual or group [Hemingway, like any other writer] conjures up himself like one of the characters in his novels or short stories" This is similar to the target audience in option C. The audience is not physically present and is the imaginative creation of the writers of the television show.
Suppose that mainstream musicians who write songs for musical comedies get better at their art as they age. How does this affect the opinions expressed in the passage? A.It extends James Miller's observations. B.It challenges the passage author's claims about conceptual artists. C.It supports the passage author's claims about traditional artists. D.It does not affect the opinions expressed in the passage.
Answer: C Reasoning Beyond the Text question. The passage clearly states, "Traditional artists' work tends to improve with age, as they gain a greater understanding both of their subject and of their art." B) These mainstream artists mentioned in the question are not the conceptual artists discussed by the author within the passage.
Suppose that rigorous scientific research demonstrated that physicians who use a clinically-based model provide better care and have better patient outcomes than those who use an evidence-based model. How would this finding affect passage claims? A.It would undermine the views of those clinicians who see clinically-based experience as sacrosanct. B. It would support the suggestion that the approach taken in Norway is very unlikely to be effective. C.It would challenge the views of the economists and health experts, as represented in the passage. D. It would support the idea that music is an apt metaphor for medical practice.
Answer: C Reasoning beyond the Text question A) sacrosanct = valuable, important. Thus, this would SUPPORT (not undermine) these clinicians. B) Incorrect...and irrelevant. Author uses Norway to discuss the lack of certain aspects of patient care. D) Incorrect. This finding weighs in favor of clinically-based medicine; it doesn't support the collaborative, harmonious paradigm that the musical metaphor describes.
Why does the author most likely mention Norway? A.To provide an exemplar of clinical practice B. To provide an exemplar of evidence-based medicine C.To provide an example of accounting for economics D.To provide an example of one drug being less effective than it seems
Answer: C Reasoning within the Text question A & B: Author doesn't use Norway to provide an excellent model for clinical practice or medicine. He is discussing Norway to exemplify the disregard for patient care and ethical issues. D: the author is not talking about drugs at all, so why would he use Norway as example for an effective medication?? Author states "This approach does not, however, account for other aspects of patient care, such as patient preferences, economics, and ethical issues. Norway, for instance, is discouraging the use of the osteoporotic agent alendronate; although the drug decreases hip fractures, ninety high-risk women would have to be treated with the drug for three years to prevent one hip fracture at a cost that could bankrupt the country's medical plan."
Which of the following is most illustrative of "the illusory correlation bias" (paragraph 3), as it is described in the passage? A.A flutist sometimes performs a difficult trill correctly, and sometimes does not, and is unable to determine the cause of her inconsistency. B.An athlete looks like she has mastered the pole vaulting technique, but since she never actually clears the bar, her coach calls her mastery an illusion. C.A teacher measures his students' performance, praises them in hopes their performance will improve, and then measures their performance again, to assess the effect of the praise. D.A dog trainer attributes a dog's correct response to "Lie down" to the dog's training, but the trainer gives the command only at the end of a tiring walk.
Answer: D Reasoning Beyond the Text question - apply concept from passage to a scenario not discussed in passage Author states "...we are unable to tell whether a treatment is responsible for a cure or if the natural history of the disorder explains the results. This false attribution of the results of therapy - called the illusory correlation bias - may make someone very resistant to considering contradictory data from better info sources...." Illusory correlation bias refers to falsely attributing results to therapy when it could have been "the natural history of the disorder [that] explains the results" Similarly, the trainer is falsely attributing the dog's lying down to training/obedience, but it is likely just because the dog is tired (a natural result of a walk)
The passage would suggest which of the following explanations for musicians who receive no applause for their performance? A. They are not very skilled performers. B. They perform music that has no beauty. C. There is no truth in the music they perform D. There is no one who understands the music they perform.
Answer: D Reasoning Beyond the Text question. Author writes "a jest's prosperity lies in the ear of the person who hears it" i.e. the value of a joke depends on the way the person who hears it interprets it. A) Author does not mention skill at all in passage. B) Although the author mentions beauty several times in the passage, the important factor in the author's argument is whether people are capable of interpreting/understanding the beauty.
Given Plato's claim that the spoken word is superior to the written word in the pursuit of truth, which of the following activities would he have been most likely to encourage today's truth seekers to adopt? A.Listening to candidates for political office debate each other on the radio B.Participating in a group that discusses Phaedrus and other written works at a local university C.Posing comments on Internet sites and using online chat rooms to discuss the issues of the day D.Getting involved in an ethics discussion group hosted by a public library
Answer: D Reasoning beyond the text question. Passage states that Plato argues "debating sharpened memories, corrected misconceptions, and produced truth" A is wrong because listening to candidates debate is not the same as an individual being active in a debate
Which pair of contradictory statements is implicit in the passage? A.Poetry and visual art are similar; poetry and visual art are different. B.Only artists can truly appreciate art; art appreciation is what makes us human. C.There is but a single standard by which to judge art; there are many ways to appreciate art. D.We can appreciate only that which we recognize; appreciating art is all about being open to the new.
Answer: D Reasoning within the Text question. B) Incorrect. the author does not imply that only artists can truly appreciate art. Much of passage is devoted to the belief that the "appreciator" (not necessarily an artist at all) can "develop the personal capacity to receive and enjoy" art. C) Incorrect. The author never states there is a single standard by which to judge art.
