A&P 1- Chapter 4 - Tissue Level of Organization

What implications does this have for the repair of cartilage once it is damaged?

It does not repair well

Why is it important that some connective tissues have a watery matrix, while some have a hard matrix?

It is important so they are diverse whether blood or bone

Why is inflammation actually helpful for tissue repair?

It triggers mast cells to release histamine. It brings more blood cells to the are to help tissue repair

What would be the characteristic of bone that lacked collagen?

It would not be flexible, it would be brittle

What would be the characteristics of bone that lacked calcium salts?

It would shatter easily and not be very strong

Name two reasons why the matrix of blood must be liquid?

It would stop up circulation it it was a solid and it needs to be a liquid to be able to form clots

Blood

Liquid connective tissue a. In blood vessels b. Carry nutrients and waste products, immunity, clotting c. White blood cells, red blood cells, (platelets) d. The matrix of blood contains primarily water. Blood tissue does not have fibers unless it clots

Lymph

Liquid connective tissue a. In lymph nodes b. Immunity, carry away excess interstitial fluid c. White blood cells d. The matrix of lymph contains primarily water without fibers

Adipocytes

Major energy storage sites for storing energy as fat

Membanes

Membranes consist of two superficial layers of tissue (epithelium and connective tissue below it). The connective tissue in a membrane is generally areolar connective tissue. Membrane = epithelium + connective tissue a. Mucus membrane b. Serous membrane c. Synovial membrane d. Cutaneous membrane

Embryonic connective tissue

Mesenchyme Mesenchymal cells can differentiate into most other connective tissue cells or remain as star-shaped cells in tissue

An osteon typically contains how many osteocytes?

More than 5

Hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage a. Nose, costal cartilage, trachea, embryonic skeleton, articular cartilage (ends of long bones) b. Cushioning (strong yet flexible) c. Chondrocytes in lacunae d. The ground substance of cartilage includes chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine (among many other substances). Cartilage also has a thin collagen fibers that are not seen in the lab using common staining techniques

Which tissue type can conduct action potentials?

Nervous tissue

If there is a brain tumor, it must arise from a ________. Why?

Neuroglia, It is the only nervous tissue that can undergo mitosis . Neurons cannot undergo mitosis so brain cancer must come from neuroglial cells.

Do neurons or neuroglial cells go through mitosis?

Neurons- NO Neuroglial cells- YES

Do adipocytes undergo mitosis in adults?

No The number of adipocytes that an adult will have are determined in the first few weeks of birth. They do not divide but more can be created from stem cells

Are all cells in stratified tissues the same?

No, the type can change according to where it is, and what the body needs at that location

Name two reasons why it would be difficult for a skeletal muscle to undergo mitosis

Skeletal muscle cells have no centrioles for spindle fibers to attach to aid in division. They are also to large and have to many nucleui

Why is the chondrocyte in a lacunae?

So the cell has space to grow or as developing in order to divide or else they would be cemented by the matrix in these tissues

What is found in the haversian canal?

The blood supply

Why would simple columnar epithelial tissues be necessary to the digestive tract?

The digestive tract has mucus throughout the intestines and colon

Why are goblet cells important in the respiratory tract to have goblet cells?

The entire respiratory tract needs mucus to stay moist from air in it drying it out

Functions of Epithelial tissues

The function of epithelial tissues may include: - Protection (covers surfaces and lines cavities) - Absorption and secretion (ex. kidney tubules, digestive tract) -Glands- the secretory part of a gland (for example, a sweat gland) - This tissue is found in the skin, lining the mouth, and glands -Permeability (determine what can pass through the tissue) such as nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

How does cartilage get nutrients if it has no blood vessels?

The perichondrium

A matrix

There are many types of cells in connective tissue. The "stuff" in between cells is called the matrix. The matrix often determines the function of the tissue. The matrix can be watery (water in plasma) or hard (calcium salts in bone).

Why would each of these areas require mucus membranes and goblet cells?

They all have an outside opening - Digestive tract- -Respiratory tract- -Urinary tract- -Reproductive tract-

Why are desmosomes and gap junctions important in the cardiac muscle tissue?

They keep the heart cells together while pumping blood and each cell can communicate so they beat together without tearing apart.

What advantage does "irregular tissue" have at these locations?

They make it very hard to pull tendon and ligaments off of the bone

Cartilage

Tissue that is resistant to stress

Function of fibroblasts

To make fibers that connect and support tissues and organs

Why would a columnar epithelium in the digestive tract need microvilli?

To move the digested substances throughout the tract and mucus helps keep things moving

Why would a cutaneous membrane have keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

To protect against abrasion and helps water proof

Mast cells

To release histamine to cause inflammation called degranulation in a damaged cell - part of the healing process

A sweat gland is made of epithelial tissue.

True

About 75% of human body hair is NOT found on the head.

True

An intercalated disc allows cardiac muscle cells to communicate with each other.

True

Blood and lymph are the only types of fluid connective tissue.

True

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium can be found in the bronchi of the lungs.

True

Endothelium is a layer of simple squamous cells that can be found lining capillaries.

True

Fibroblasts can manufacture collagen fibers.

True

Hair, nails, and the stratum corneum of the skin are made up of keratin.

True

If the nail matrix is completely destroyed, the nail will not regrow.

True

Lamina propria is areolar connective tissue of a mucus membrane.

True

Macrophages can be found in areolar connective tissue.

True

Mast cells can be found in the dermis of the skin.

True

Nourishment to epithelial tissue comes frequently from the areolar tissue located right below it.

True

One of the effects of aging is a loss of Langerhans cells and activity of the melanocytes in the skin

True

Osteoblasts can synthesize the matrix of bone tissue.

True

Reticular tissue forms the framework of the spleen

True

Sebum promotes the growth of bacteria.

True

The cellular layer of the perichondrium helps with growth of cartilage.

True

The cutaneous membrane is made of only keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

True

The embryonic skeleton is made up primarily of hyaline cartilage.

True

The epidermis contains immune system cells called Langerhans cells.

True

The integumentary system is the largest system of the body.

True

The papilla of a hair follicle is where blood vessels enter to nourish the hair matrix.

True

The secretion of mucin by a cell is typically merocrine secretion.

True

The thyroid gland would be made of epithelial tissue.

True

There are nerve cells in the epidermis of the skin.

True

Thick skin has more layers of keratinocytes than thin skin.

True

We would expect the pancreas to be made of epithelial tissue.

True

When a wound repairs by fibrosis, a scar results.

True

When the body temperature rises, blood vessels in the dermis will dilate.

True

Elastic cartilage

a. Auricle (ear), epiglottis b. Flexibility c. Chondrocytes in lacunae d. The matrix contains elastic fibers to give it elasticity

Three functions of the basement membrane

a. Connects the epithelium to the connective tissues below to be nourished b. Provides a foundation for epithelia c. Gives it strength and flexibility to stretch

Elastic connective tissue

a. Elastic arteries, true vocal cords b. Stretching and recoiling c. Fibroblasts d. The matrix contains predominantly elastic fibers

Spongy bone

a. Ends of long bones (epiphyses), in the middle of flat bones b. support (not as strong as compact bones) -The spaces in spongey bone contain red bone marrow where blood cells are made c. Osteoblasts and osteocytes in lacunae d. The ground substance is the same as compact bone

Many types of cells are scattered in the matrix such as :

a. Fibroblast b. Microphages c. Adipocytes

Nervous tissue

a. Function: Ability to conduct nerve impulses b. Structure: Two major types of cells - Neuron- conducts electrical impulses -Neuroglial cell (neuroglia) - supportive cells to the neurons to have a healthy environment

Cardiac muscle tissue

a. Location: Heart b. Function: Involuntary heart contraction, pumping of blood c. Cell characteristics - Branched cells connected by intercalated discs (gap junctions and desmosomes) -Typically only one nucleus per cell (sometimes two) -Striations d. Cardiac muscle tissue capacity for regeneration: basically none

Smooth muscle tissue

a. Location: Internal organs b. Function: Involuntary contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in internal organs, regulates blood pressure, and moves food through the gastrointestinal tract and urine through the urinary tract c.Cells characteristics - Spindle or "Banana" shaped -One nucleus per cell -No striations d. Capacity for regeneration: Good

What is keratinized stratified squamous tissue?

dead cells at the surface of the epithelium are filled with keratin, which aids us in preventing scrapes and wearing down our "alive" cells - In images, It has a black band at the top of the epithelium

Exocrine and endocrine are comprised of

epithelial tissue

Areolar connective tissue

(common tissue below epithelium) a. Found throughout the body under the basement membrane of epithelial tissues- Areolar tissue is often referred to as the packing material of the body b. Loose padding and support c. Fibroblast, mast cells, macrophages, adipocytes d. The ground substance contains hyaluronic acid. The fibers include collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

Gap Junction

(communication): Allows chemicals to move between cells

Tight Junction

(fluid sealed): Keeps fluid from entering between cells

Desmosome

(spot welding): Holds cells together to stretch without tearing apart

Reticular connective tissue

(stroma)- fibrous network a. Spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and live b. Network of reticular fibers gives these organs support c. Reticular cells d. The matrix of this tissue is a network of reticular fibers with ground substance

Transitional epithelial tissues

- A combination of differently shaped cells that can change their shape (for stretch and recoil) 1. Transitional epithelium can appear stratified squamous to cuboidal (when it is stretched), or stratified cuboidal to columnar (when it is relaxed). 2. Lines the ureters and bladder 3. When the cells change their shape from cuboidal to squamous, the organ can expand

Transitional

- Cuboidal to Columnar when not stretched - Cuboidal to Squamous when stretched - Found in the bladder - It expands with urine and shrinks after urination

Similarities and differences between exocrine and endocrine gland

- Exocrine- secretes hormones into a duct, on the skin, onto the free surface found in the digestive tract, causing perspiration on skin, tears, and mammary glands. - Endocrine- secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, no ducts, found in the thyroid, thymus, and pituitary gland - Both play a role in hormones within the body

Pseudostratified

- Multiple cells all touching the basement membrane, contains goblet cells, not all cells will reach the apical surface -Found in the respiratory tract -Several types of cells with varying shaped by need

Pseudostratified epithelial tissue

- This tissue appears to have more than one layer, but actually, every cell touches the basement membrane but not all cells are tall enough to reach the free surface 1. This tissue appears stratified. 2. Found lining the respiratory tract and part of the male reproductive tract 3. Often ciliated, this tissue typically has goblet cells to produce mucus

Simple cuboidal

-A single layer of cube-shaped cells -Found in the ducts/glands -Provides protection where secretion and absorption take place

Simple squamous

-A single layer of flat cells -Found in the body cavities -Where absorption or diffusion take place

Simple columnar

-A single layer of tall cells -Found in the digestive tract -Protects from chemical stress

Stratified squamous

-Multiple layers of flat cells - Found in the lining of the mouth -Protects areas of severe mechanical stress

Loose Connective Tissues

1. Areolar connective tissue 2. Adipose Tissue 3. Dense connective tissue - Dense regular connective tissue - Dense irregular connective tissue - Elastic connective tissue 4. Cartilage -Hyaline cartilage -Fibrous cartilage -Elastic cartilage 5. Osseous tissue -Compact bone -Spongy bone 6. Fluid connective tissues -Blood -Lymph

Classification of Epithelial tissues

1. By shape and layers a. squamous, cuboidal, columnar b. simple or stratified

There are only four main types of tissue in the body that make up body organs

1. Epithelial- covers the surfaces/lines cavities 2. Connective- under epithelial tissue to hold together 3. Muscle- to contract and shorten 4. Nervous- send nerve impulses

Cutaneous membrane

1. Epithelium: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 2. Areolar tissue 3. Location: Skin

Synovial membrane

1. Epithelium: No real epithelium (only scattered surface cells) 2. Areolar and adipose cells 3. Location: Line bursa, joints/makes fluid for lubrication Note that synovial membranes are somewhat of an exception, because they do not have a real (true) epithelium

Serous membrane

1. Epithelium: mesothelium or simple squamous cells 2. Areolar and adipose tissues 3. Location: pericardium, peritoneum, pleura Serous membranes line the abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity, thoracic cavity, and surround the heart. They secrete a watery fluid to reduce friction

Mucus membrane

1. Epithelium: varies depending on location, but all have goblet cells 2. Areolar tissue: called lamina propria in mucus membranes 3. Location: lines body systems with openings to the outside, such as the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract

Epithelial tissue also includes Glandular tissue

1. Exocrine and endocrine gland 2. Contains Goblet Cells - a unicellular gland that makes mucin 3. Types of multicellular glands and how it secretes? a, Holocrine- oil glands in hair- whole cell fills with mucus, breaks off and dumps into the duct, the cell then bursts and dies b. Merocrine- Sweat glands- secretion is enclosed in a vesicule and uses exocytosis to exit the cells c. Apocrine- Milk from mammary glands- Part of the cell fills with secretion and that part breaks off to empty the duct

Simple cubodial epithelial tissue

1. This tissue would have one layer of cuboidal cells 2. Ducts, glands, kidney tubules, thyroid gland 3. Cuboidal cells are often involved in secretion and absorption

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

1. This tissue would have one layer of flat cells 2. Lines blood vessels , body cavities, air sacs; found in kidney tubules 3. A simples sqaumous layer of cells provides a very thin layer of cells for diffusion across those cells

Simple columnar epithelial tissue

1. This tissue would have one layer of tall cells 2. Lines most of the gastrointestinal tract, fallopian tubes, and larger ducts 3. Columnar cells are often involved in secretion and absorption

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

1. This tissue would have several layers of cells. The word 'squamous' means that the cells at the free surface are flat. 2. Found in the skin, lining the mouth and esophagus, as well as vagina and rectum 3. Stratified squamous tissues are found where protection is needed. The layers of cells provide a barrier to the blood vessels of the connective tissue

The general characteristics of Epithelial tissues

1. Tightly packed cells: very little intercellular space 2. No blood vessels: avascular - They get their nutrients from blood vessels in the connective tissue below the basement membrane 3. Free surface: epithelial tissues often cover or line organs 4. Basement membrane: made of collagen and glycoproteins and attaches epithelium to connective tissue underneath 5. Regeneration: Epithelial tissues generally have cells that rapidly undergo mitosis. For example, the intestinal lining replaces itself every 2-3 days 6. Nerve supply 7. Additional characteristics- a. Keratinized or Nonkeratinized b. The presence of cilia c. Goblet cells

Stratified cuboidial and stratified columnar tissue

1. stratified cuboidal tissues are found in sweat glands, and stratified columnar tissue is found in salivary gland ducts (among other places) 2. This tissue functions primarily as protection

What is a lacunae?

A "little space" because the matrix is to solid, so cells need a little space to grow and divide.

What is the perichondrium?

A layer outside the cartilage that the blood must diffuse through the matrix of the cartilage to get to the cartilage cells

What type of tissue is found in the hypodermis? A. adipose and areolar B. dense regular connective tissue C. stratified squamous epithelium D. dense irregular and areolar tissue E. all of the above

A. Adipose and Areolar tissue

Which of the following parts of the hair can extend above the level of the epidermis? A. shaft B. follicle C. hair papilla D. hair matrix E. all of the above

A. Shaft

Cartilage is unique because it has no blood vessels or nerve supply

Avascular

Which part of the hair is directly responsible for hair regrowth? A. papilla B. matrix C. shaft D. follicle

B. Matrix

What type of muscle tissue controls the movement of the eyeball? A. smooth muscle B. skeletal muscle C. cardiac muscle

B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue. Skeletal muscle is muscle tissue attached to bones by tendons, which are bundles of collagen fibers. Whether you are moving your eyes or running a marathon, you are using skeletal muscles.

Which of the following tissues or cells can go through mitosis? A. neuron B. skeletal muscle C. bone D. all of the above

B. Skeletal muscle

Ground substance

Binds cells together and usually determines characteristics of tissue

Fluid connective tissue

Blood and lymph

What is found in the Haversian canal?

Blood vessels and nerve fibers

How are stratified tissues named?

By their shape at the top layer of the cells

Where do sebaceous glands usually empty their oil? A. onto the skin B. into a sweat gland duct C. into a hair follicle D. into the arrector pili E. into the hypodermis

C. Into a hair follicle

Which is true regarding merocrine sweat glands? A. part of the secreting cell is released with the sweat B. all of the secreting cell is released with the sweat C. only the sweat is secreted into the duct

C. Only the sweat is secreted into the duct

Which of the following tissues is NOT vascular? A. adipose tissue B. areolar tissue C. fibrocartilage D. dense regular

C. fibrocartilage

How is the Haversian canal connected to lacunae?

Canaliculi

Which of the following tissue cells does NOT undergo mitosis?

Cardiac muscle cells

Dense irregular connective tissue

Collagen fibers run in many directions a. valves of heart, skin dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules b. Strength in many directions c. Fibroblasts d. The matrix is almost entirely collagen fibers running in many directions

Dense regular connective tissue:

Collagen fibers run parallel a. Tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone), and aponeuroses (flat tendons) b. Strength c. Fibroblasts d. The matrix contains almost entirely collagen fibers

Osseous tissue

Compact bone and spongy bone

How does the structure of spongy bone differ from compact bone?

Compact bone forms the shafts of long bones and outside portions of flat bones, whereas spongy bone is a soft and smooth bony structure that forms the ends of long bones and the middle of flat bones.

Fibroblast

Creates fivers and secrete ground substance (most common type of cell within the matrix)

Which of the following is NOT made up of epithelial tissue? A. sudoriferous gland B. sebaceous gland C. epidermis D. arrector pilus

D. Arrector Pilus

Which type of tissue is found in the dermis? A. stratified squamous epithelium B. dense regular connective tissue C. adipose and areolar tissue D. dense irregular and areolar tissue E. all of the above

D. Dense irregular and areolar tissue

What type of epithelial tissue are glands made of? A. stratified squamous B. simple squamous C. simple cuboidal D. stratified cuboidal E. simple columnar

D. Stratified cuboidal

Why would a carpenter's hands have thicker skin? A. a much thicker dermis B. a much thicker hypodermis C. a much thicker stratum basale D. a much thicker stratum corneum D. all of the above

D. a much thicker stratum corneum

What tissue is especially suited for ligaments and tendons? Why?

Dense regular connective tissue It is strong and flexible. It is able to keep the bones/muscles connected while being under pressure

What is the purpose of the collagen within the ground substance?

Durability and support

Which of the following is a characteristic of keratin? A. found in the stratum corneum B. protein C. made at ribosomes D. protects against wear and tear E. all of the above

E. All of the above

The ground substance of blood is better known as __________. A. hyaluronic acid B. glucosamine C. cytoplasm D. calcium phosphate salts E. plasma

E. Plasma

Two specific types of simple squamous epithelial tissue

Endothelium- lines the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels Mesothelium- lines the body cavities, pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

The menisci of your knee are made up of dense irregular connective tissue.

Falsa

According to our textbook, apocrine sweat glands have apocrine secretion.

False

Fibroblasts are the major type of cell found in hyaline cartilage.

False

Freckles are a concentration of keratin in the skin.

False

Inflammation is the 2nd stage of wound healing.

False

Lamina propria is made up of primarily adipose tissue.

False

Skeletal and smooth muscle tissues are considered voluntary.

False

Sweat glands are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.

False

The discs found between your vertebrae are made up of elastic cartilage.

False

The epidermis contains capillaries.

False

Dense connective tissue

Fibers densely populate this tissue making it extremely strong

What type of tissue makes up perichondrium?

Fibrous connective tissue

Why is it essential that bones have collagen in their matrix?

For support and flexibility to resist compressive forces

Muscle Tissue

Function: contain proteins that can shorten and stretch 3 basic types of muscle tissue: 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac muscle tissue 3. Smooth muscle tissue

Connective Tissue

Functions: bind together and support, protect, store energy, and transport Characteristics: 1. Good blood supply All connective tissues are vascular with the exception of cartilage 2. Widely scattered cells in a Matrix There are many types of cells in connective tissue. The "stuff" in between cells is called the matrix. The matrix often determines the function of the tissue. The matrix can be watery (water in plasma) or hard (calcium salts in bone) 3. Many types of cells are scattered in the matrix 4. Nerve supply 5. No free surface

What term is used to mean the "study of tissues"?

Histology

Often the ground substance includes __________, a substance that gives the tissue almost an egg white consistency. There are many different polysaccharides and proteins found in the matrix of connective tissues.

Hyaluronic acid

Where is the nucleus of a cardiac muscle cell typically found?

In the middle

Multiple tissues with the same function come together to form

Organs

What is the relationship between the osteoblast and the osteocyte?

Osteoblast have a role in bone development and Osteocytes play a role in bone maintenance.

Macrophages

Phagocytize bacteria and foreign substances

What is the term used for the watery matrix of blood?

Plasma

The components of a matrix

Protein fibers and ground substance

What cells are attracted to areas of inflammation?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other cells that help repair

Skeletal muscle tissue

a. Location: Skeletal muscle (attached to bones via tendons) b. Function: Voluntary movement of the skeleton, production of heat, posture c. Cell Characteristics - Long cylindrical cells (generally run length of muscle) -Multinucleated cells -Striations d. Capacity for regeneration: limited through satellite stem cells

Fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage)

a. Menisci of knee, intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis b. Strength of durability c. Chondrocytes in lacunae d. The matrix of fibrocartilage has dense collagen fibers to give it durability and support

Factors that affect tissue repair

a. Nutrition: Vitamins are important for proper repair of tissue Vitamin A for epithelium, Vitamin B for enzyme system, Vitamin C for collagen, Vitamin D for calcium, Vitamin E to prevent scarring b. Blood circulation: the better for the circulation, the better the repair c. Age, also metabolic rate

Compact bone

a. Shaft of long bones. outside portions of flat bones b. Strength and flexibility c. Osteoblasts and osteocytes in lacunae d. The osteoblasts create the matrix (Osteoid), that calcifies to give bone its hardness. Bone also contains collagen fibers that give bone some flexibility

Adipose tissue

a. Subcutaneous tissue, surrounding organs, found in the same locations as areolar tissue white and brown fat - White: One triglyceride droplet (fat vacuole) per cell -Brown: Several fat droplets per cell (in newborns) b. Energy storage, prevents loss of heat c. The major cells are adipocytes d. The matrix of this tissue is the same as areolar tissue

Tissue repair

a. They key to understanding tissue repair is understanding the cells that are involved - Parenchymal cells: functional cells that help regeneration of tissue -Stromal cells: connective tissue cells that lead to a collagen scar (fibrosis) b. Steps in repair: What happens when tissue is damaged? 1. Inflammation: redness, swelling, heat, and pain 2. Granulation tissue: connective tissue that is actively growing (proliferating) and contains numerous blood vessels 3. Maturation phase: repair If parenchymal cells are the major cells in repair, the function is restores. If stromal cells are the major cells in repair, a scar of collagen is formed (fibrosis) A scar is basically dense collagen fibers with fewer blood vessels

Tissue

cells (and intercellular material) that work together to perform a function