A&P 1 Final Jeopardy part2

Describe the steps of protein synthesis.

Transcription: mRNA forms along a segment of one strand of DNA in the nucleus. Translation: •After being edited and leaving the nucleus, mRNA associates with a ribosome in the cytoplasm •tRNA molecules bring specific amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome; •As amino acids are brought into place, peptide bonds join them, eventually producing an entire polypeptide chain

What does the lines in the image of a chromosome below indicate?

chromatid

In the cell membrane, the hydrophobic part of the phospholipid molecule:

is in the center of the phospholipid bilayer

The small water channels in the cell membrane are called:

Aquaporins

The normal human has ___ different chromosomes in each somatic (nonreproductive) cell. What is this called?

46 -diploid

What is the purpose of a catalyst?

A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

What is a gene?

About 1000 base pairs in DNA strand

The end product of translation is:

A protein

What phase of mitosis is pictured below, and what is happening?

Anaphase: The centromere of each chromosome splits to form two chromosomes, each consisting of a single DNA molecule Each chromosome is pulled toward the nearest pole to form two separate, but identical, pools of genetic information

What is the end result of catabolic pathways?

Breaking larger molecules into smaller molecules

Anabolic pathways do what?

Build smaller molecules into larger ones, and use energy to do it.

Enzymatic proteins act as ______________, to help control the cell's various physiologic activities

Catalysts

The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as:

Cell membrane

What does the number 1 in the image of a chromosome below indicate?

Centromere

An area of cytoplasm that coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules is called:

Centrosome

The ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center.

Centrosome

The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily?

Cholesterol

Granules or threads of DNA within the nucleus are called:

Chromatin

In nondividing cells, DNA appears as threads that are referred to as:

Chromatin

Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called:

Cilia

The most widespread and abundant tissue in the body is:

Connective

______ regulates all cellular activity to direct protein synthesis

DNA

Discuss the difference(s) between the structure of DNA and RNA.

DNA: Double strand, very long, deoxyribose sugar, base pairs (Adenine-thymine, Guanine-cytosine) RNA: single or double strand, short, ribose sugar, base pairs (Adenine-uracil, Guanine cytosine)

All of the following muscles are part of the rotator cuff muscles except the: A. deltoid. B. infraspinatus. C. supraspinatus. D. teres minor.

Deltoid

Which organelles are membranous?

ER, lysosomes, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, proteasomes, peroxisomes

The engulfing of microbes by white blood cells is an example of:

Endocytosis

Name the three types of vesicle-mediated transport and explain how they are different.

Endocytosis Exocytosis Pinocytosis

Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called:

Facilitated diffusion

The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of:

Filtration

A specialized cell structure that propels the sperm is the:

Flagellum

Transcription can be best described as the

Formation of mRNA

What are the three pathways for cellular respiration?

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport system

Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted?

Golgi apparatus

A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be:

Hypertonic

Main cell structures include all of the following except: a. organelles. b. plasma membrane. c. interstitial fluid. d. cytoplasm.

Interstitial fluid is outside the cell.

How does ATP provide the energy the cell needs for active transport through the membrane?

It breaks down into ADP and a phosphate

Name some structural and functional characteristics of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

It is made of broad flattened sacs. It has many ribosomes attached to it. It manufactures proteins

The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the:

Lysosome

Which organelle consists of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus?

Lysosomes

The membranous structure(s) containing substances that protect the cell from harm are:

Lysosomes, peroxisomes

What is the phase of mitosis pictured below, in which the nuclear envelope falls apart chromatids coil up to form chromosomes that are joined at the centromere.

Prophase

What is the phase of mitosis pictured below, in which chromosomes align along equatorial plate, each chromotid faces its appropriate pole, and chromotids attach to spindle fibers

Metaphase

Which cell fiber is called the cellular muscle?

Microfilament

The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption by greatly increasing the surface area available for absorption is called:

Microvilli

ATP production occurs within which organelle?

Mitochondria

Which cellular organelle contains its own DNA?

Mitochondria

Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function?

Mitosis

There are two types of cell division that occur in the body:

Mitosis Meiosis

Explain the meaning of moving solutes "down" the concentration gradient.

Moving particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle, making this organelle the "city hall" of the cell?

Nucleus

What is the correct order of phases for cell division in non-sex cells?

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

What is the primary functional characteristic of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

The major function of ribosomes is to synthesize

Proteins

A Gene is a segment of DNA that contains the code for one __________, which then may be translated into one polypeptide.

RNA molecule

Which structures in the cell membrane are a stiff grouping of membrane molecules that are rich in cholesterol?

Rafts

Which organelles are nonmembranous?

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella, nucleolus

Name the types of passive transport across the cell membrane.

Simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion, carrier-mediated diffusion

Transcription can be best described as the:

Synthesis of mRNA

The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligated sequence of its opposing base pairs?

TAGC

What phase of mitosis is pictured and what is happening?

Telophase: Nuclear envelope rebuilds Spindle fibers disappear 2 daughter cells

If a 20% glucose solution were separated from a 10% glucose solution by a permeable membrane:

Water would move from the 10% side to the 20% side Glucose would move from 20% side to 10% side

Name some functions of the plasma membrane.

a. Self-identification b. Receptor site for messages c. Selective barrier

The location at which the enzyme molecule binds to the substance it acts on is called the:

active site

Which factor can have an effect on the functioning of an enzyme? a. Temperature b. pH c.An increase in the amount of end product produced by a reaction d. All of the above

all of the above

In the cell membrane, the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule:

faces the exterior of the cell. faces the interior of the cell.

True/False: Active transport processes that use protein carrier molecules, or pumps, do not use cellular energy but rely instead on concentration gradients.

false

True/False: Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution may be destroyed because the blood cells will lyse (burst).

false

True/False: The "lock-and-key model" is used to describe how mRNA and tRNA base pairs align.

false

List the cell fibers from largest to smallest:

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called:

microvilli

Where does transcription occur?

nucleus

Its function is to assist in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

True/False: The sodium-potassium pump in the cell membrane moves potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell.

true

A(n) ______________ is a group of cells with a common function.

tissue

True/False: Allosteric effectors activate or inactivate enzymes by changing the shape of the enzyme's active site.

true

True/False: One of the advantages of active transport is that it can move materials up, or against, its concentration gradient.

true

True/False: Protein synthesis is an anabolic pathway for cells

true

Which type of cell connection joins heart muscle cells? Why is this an advantage for the heart muscles?

•Gap junction •Allows cytoplasm to be shared, and the cell membrane is shared. Electrical impulses can quickly travel over many cells at once.

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

•Meiosis: reproduction of sex cells •Meiosis: Reduction division •Diploid: 46 chromosomes •Haploid: 23 chromosomes •Meiosis consists of two phases: Meiosis I and Meiosis II -Meosis I: number of chromosomes is halved, but chromatid pairs remain together -Meosis II: chromatids split apart

Name the four subphases of mitosis

•Prophase •Metaphase •Anaphase •Telophase