A&P 11-13
Which of the following is not a stage of sleep?
REM2
Endorphins ________.
are peptides with inhibitory, opiate-like actions
Organelles for degradation or recycling are moved through the axon by __________.
retrograde movement
Which of these is not a function of the pons?
Is the site where 10 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves exit the brain
Which of the following is not a feature of the cerebral cortex?
It is composed of white matter.
Which statement best describes the role of leakage (nongated) channels?
Leakage channels help maintain the resting membrane potential.
Match the term with its definition: White matter.
Mostly myelinated axons
Which of the following is correct regarding the REM stage of sleep?
Oxygen use by the brain is greater than during the awake state.
Which cortical region is involved with intellect, complex learning abilities (called cognition), recall, and personality?
Anterior association area
Which of the following is the middle layer of the meninges?
Arachnoid mater
Match the area with the appropriate function: Epithalamus.
Associated with the pineal gland; secretes melatonin to induce sleep
Which of the following neuroglia is most responsible for helping determine capillary permeability in nervous tissue?
Astrocytes
Which of the following types of glial cells are the most abundant and versatile and aid in making exchanges between capillaries and neurons?
Astrocytes
From where can collaterals emerge on a myelinated nerve?
At the myelin sheath gaps (nodes of Ranvier)
Somatic motor fibers carry information from the _______.
CNS to skeletal muscles
In a chemical synapse, which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions?
Calcium ions trigger exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
The arbor vitae, or "tree of life" is a part of which structure?
Cerebellum
Which of the following structures does not belong to the brain stem?
Cerebellum
Which type of ion channel opens when a neurotransmitter binds to it?
Chemically gated (ligand-gated) channels
Match the EEG brain wave pattern with its correct description: Theta waves.
Common in children; uncommon in awake adults, but may appear when concentrating
Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Commissural fibers.
Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, enabling them to function as a coordinated whole (includes the corpus callosum)
Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Association fibers.
Connect different parts of the same hemisphere
Match the area with the appropriate function: Pons.
Contains nuclei that are part of the reticular formation and some that help the medulla oblongata maintain the normal rhythm of breathing
Match the area with the appropriate function: Midbrain.
Controls visual reflexes that coordinate head and eye movements when we follow a moving object
Which of the following types of glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, where they help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
Which of the following describes acetylcholine?
Excites skeletal muscle
Match the dural septum with its description: A large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres. Anteriorly, it attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone.
Falx cerebri
Select the substance that can cross the blood brain barrier by simple diffusion.
Fats
Damage to the posterior association area could result in which of the following?
Feeling that a part of the body "doesn't belong to me"
Which fiber type consists of small diameter, unmyelinated axons, that propagate nerve impulses slowly?
Group C fibers
Match the term with its definition: Ventricle.
Hollow fluid-filled space
Which of the following describes a change of membrane potential from -70mV to -75mV?
Hyperpolarization
Select the structure that connects to the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
Which area of the brain is the main visceral control center of the body?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following areas regulates body temperature, food intake, and endocrine functions?
Hypothalamus
Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Basal nuclei.
Important in starting, stopping, and monitoring the intensity of movements executed by the cortex
A leading hypothesis for the cause of psychosomatic illness is which of the following options?
Increased activity in the hypothalamus from stress may increase the activity of the hypothalamus in governing other functions like blood pressure.
Match the EEG brain wave pattern with its correct description: Alpha waves.
Indicate a brain that is "idling"; a calm, relaxed state of wakefulness
Which of the following is incorrect with regards to inputs to the thalamus?
Inputs from the anterior association areas that regulate working memory for object-recall tasks
Match the area of the brain with the appropriate function: Limbic system.
Integrates sensory information and memories with emotional response
Match the sensory area with the appropriate description/function: Gustatory cortex.
Involved in the perception of taste stimuli
Which of the following events is not involved in the transfer of information across a chemical synapse?
Ions flow directly from one neuron to the next
Which of the following statements concerning epilepsy is incorrect?
It is associated with intellectual impairment.
Match the area of the brain with the appropriate function: Reticular formation.
Keeps the cerebral cortex alert and conscious and enhances its excitability
In the lateralization of cortical function, the left hemisphere of most people dominates during which of the following tasks?
Language
Blockage of the interventricular foramen might lead to increased cerebrospinal fluid in which ventricle(s)?
Lateral ventricles
__________ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities not completely shared by its partner.
Lateralization
The aroma of freshly baked bread triggers pleasant memories of your grandmother, an accomplished baker. Which region or system of the brain is responsible for the triggering of emotional responses and memories by odors?
Limbic system
Which of the following is not a chief homeostatic role of the hypothalamus?
Maintain balance and posture
Which of the following is false with regard to the limbic system?
Reason often cannot stop us from expressing our emotions inappropriately
Which of the following is not considered to play a role in the transfer of memories from STM (short-term memories) to LTM (long-term memories)?
Reflexive memory
Which of the following is an example of serial processing?
Reflexively withdrawing your hand after touching a hot object
Clinically, consciousness is defined on a continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli. Which of the following does not belong to this continuum of consciousness?
Relaxed
During which phase of an action potential are voltage-gated K+ channels open, while voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed?
Repolarizing phase
Which type of axonal transport allows certain viruses to circumvent the barrier created by astrocytes to enter into the CNS?
Retrograde transport
The chromatophilic substance, or Nissl bodies, seen in the neuron cell body represents which cellular organelle(s)?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Match the EEG brain wave pattern with its correct description: Delta waves.
Seen during deep sleep, during anesthesia; indicate brain damage in awake adults
Match the following area of the cerebrum with its function: Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
Sensory functions
Match the term with its definition: Sulcus.
Shallow groove
Substantia nigra
Sleep induction via melatonin
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with a myelinated nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system?
Slow conduction of nerve impulses
Match the area with the appropriate function: Thalamus.
Sorts and "edits" information from sensory areas ascending to the cerebral cortex
Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
Sorts incoming information
Match the following area of the cerebrum with its function: Broca's area.
Speech
Which of the following is not commonly associated with coma?
Stroke
Which part of the brain produces dopamine?
Substantia nigra
Which area coordinates head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object, even if we are not consciously looking at it?
Superior colliculi
Which of the following best describes a rapidly firing presynaptic neuron that causes EPSPs that are close in time?
Temporal summation
Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Cerebral cortex.
The "executive suite" of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found
Which of the following begins with the opening of the Na+ channels and ends when the Na+ channels begin to reset to their original resting state?
The absolute refractory period
An interesting lesion in the brain results in a loss of the connection between the image one sees and the emotion that normally arises with that image. This syndrome, called Capgrass Syndrome, results in feelings that those close to the subject are imposters.What area of the brain might be affected in Capgrass Syndrome?
The amygdaloid body and other components of the limbic system
Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is also known as the involuntary nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system
Which of the following is false with regard to the blood brain barrier?
The blood brain barrier is strengthened in newborn infants to add extra protection to the developing brain.
Which of the following is false with regard to the brain stem?
The brain stem is another name for the medulla oblongata.
Which of the following is untrue of the cerebellum?
The cerebellum only receives motor information.
Excessive potassium efflux as a result of relatively slower closure of the potassium gates corresponds to what part of an action potential curve?
The hyperpolarization phase of an action potential
A mysterious lesion occurred in a boy from Cedar Falls, Iowa where he lost his sense of thirst. From what we know about the functional areas of the brain, what area must be affected?
The hypothalamus
Which pairing is incorrect between cerebellar peduncles and their connections?
The inferior cerebellar peduncles carry information from the cerebellum to the spinal cord.
The startle reflex involves which part of the midbrain?
The inferior colliculi
Select the true description of the limbic system.
The limbic system is our emotional-visceral brain.
Which landmark separates the cerebral hemispheres?
The longitudinal fissure
Which parts of the cerebellar cortex influence the motor activities of the trunk and girdle muscles?
The medial parts of each hemisphere
Which of the following is not an aspect of cerebellar processing?
The motor areas of the cerebellum, via relay nuclei in the brain stem, notify the cerebral cortex of their intent to initiate voluntary muscle contractions.
In which part of the cerebral cortex do sensations, emotions, and thoughts come together and make us who we are?
The multimodal association cortex
Which of the following represents a hyperpolarizing change in membrane potential called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?
The postsynaptic membrane becomes more permeable to potassium and chloride.
Which of the following events begins with opening of potassium gates and the rushing out of K+?
The repolarization phase of an action potential
All voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed during which of the following stages?
The resting state of a neuron
Certain disorders seem to have in common the inability to filter out sensory information, resulting in sensory overload (autism, schizophrenia, and attention deficit disorder). While there is much still to know about these disorders, the inability to filter out information may implicate what brain structure?
The reticular activating system
Drugs that inhibit this particular region (alcohol, sleep-inducing drugs, and tranquilizers) are known to promote unconsciousness.
The reticular activating system
What is the primary difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
The somatic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system controls activities that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract.
The visual reflex centers are located in which part of the midbrain?
The superior colliculi
Which of the following is not true of chemical synapses?
They transmit nerve impulses directly from one neuron to another
The gray matter areas of the diencephalon enclose which of the following structures?
Third ventricle
Which of the following best describes the event that triggers an action potential in a neuron?
Threshold stimulus
Which of the following is not true regarding the cerebellum?
Virtually all fibers entering and leaving the cerebellum are contralateral; from and to the opposite side of the body.
Match the following area of the cerebrum with its function: Occipital lobe.
Visual sensation
Which of the following membrane ion channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential?
Voltage-gated channels
In axonal transport, retrograde movement is transport toward the cell body. Which of the following move in this direction?
Worn out organelles
Saltatory conduction refers to _______.
a conduction process in myelinated axons where the electrical signal appears to jump from gap to gap along the axon
A neuron with a distal peripheral process and a central process that extends to the CNS is most likely _________________.
a sensory neuron
In considering the types of neurons and their predominant functions, efferent is to multipolar as __________.
afferent is to unipolar
Multiple sclerosis is __________.
an autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of the myelin sheaths in the CNS
If you are having a conversation with a person, excuse yourself for five minutes, and come back and the person no longer knows you, the person could be suffering from __________.
anterograde amnesia
Sensory axons carrying information about touch, pain, and temperature synapse on reticular activating system neurons in the ________.
brain stem
Match the system with its correct description: The somatic nervous system __________.
conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
Match the system with its correct description: The peripheral nervous system __________.
consists of cranial and spinal nerves carrying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord
Match the system with its correct description: The central nervous system __________.
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Visceral sensory (afferent) fibers carry information from the _______.
organs in the ventral body cavity to the CNS
The sodium-potassium ion pump will __________.
pump three sodium ions out of the cell for every two ions of potassium it brings into the cell
Reflexes are __________.
rapid automatic responses to a stimulus in which the particular stimulus always produces the same motor response
All the following are attributed to the function of the amygdaloid body except __________.
resolving mental conflict
The somatic sensory (afferent) fibers of the peripheral nervous system transmit information from the __________ to the CNS.
skin
Somatic sensory (afferent) fibers carry information from the _______.
skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS
The major role of the thalamus is to __________.
sort out and edit incoming information
Calcium provides structure to bones, stimulates muscle contraction, alters heart rate, and stimulates hormone release. In a neuron, calcium's main role is ________.
stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
A stimulus that fails to generate an action potential is called a ________.
subthreshold stimulus
The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex is involved in the conscious perception of all the following except __________.
taste
Bodily functions that follow "a law unto itself" are controlled by the involuntary nervous system. This system is also termed __________ and functions to __________.
the autonomic nervous system (ANS); conduct impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
The resting membrane potential of neurons is determined by __________.
the distribution, across the cell membrane, of large anionic cytoplasmic proteins, Na+, K+, and Cl-
A neuron will not respond to a second stimulus of equal strength to the first stimulus to which it has already responded because __________.
the neuron is in the refractory period
The voluntary nervous system is to the involuntary nervous system as ________.
the somatic nervous system is to the autonomic nervous system
Aqueductal stenosis is a condition where the cerebral aquaduct is blocked. Aqueductal stenosis would prevent the flow of cerebrospinal fluid between __________.
the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle
What is the difference between nerves and tracts?
Bundles of axons are called tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS.
How would an increased extracellular K+ concentration affect K+ diffusion at leakage (nongated) channels and the membrane potential?
A decrease in the electrochemical gradient would reduce K+ leak so cells would be less negative (more depolarized).
Caffeine's stimulatory effects result from blocking receptors for which neurotransmitter?
Adenosine
Which statement about language is incorrect?
All of the association areas on the right side of the cerebral cortex are involved in language.
While several animals have a language of sorts that allows signaling, the human language is quite unique, involving multiple interconnected areas of the brain. Which of the following areas is not involved in language?
All of these areas are involved in language and indicate why the development of language is so unique amongst animals.
Which of the following best describes the all-or-none phenomenon?
An action potential occurs completely when threshold is met and does not happen at all if threshold is not met.
Match the area with the appropriate function: Medulla oblongata.
An autonomic reflex center involved in maintaining body homeostasis (cardiovascular center; respiratory centers; centers for sneezing, vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, and coughing)
Na+ channels open during which of the following events?
Depolarization phase of an action potential
Which of the following circuit types is exemplified by impulses that travel from a single neuron of the brain, activate one hundred or more motor neurons in the spinal cord, and excite thousands of skeletal muscle fibers?
Diverging circuit
Which of the following statements is false?
Electrical synapses provide a complex means to allow areas of the brain to work independently.
Match the term with its definition: Gyrus.
Elevated ridge of tissue
Which of the following neurotransmitters acts as a natural opiate as it inhibits pain?
Endorphins
Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Projection fibers.
Enter the cerebral hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers and leave the cortex to travel to lower areas
Which of the following neuroglia line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and provide a fairly permeable barrier between the CSF and nervous tissue?
Ependymal cells
In axonal transport, anterograde movement is transport away from the cell body. Which of the following move in this direction?
Mitochondria and enzymes needed to synthesize certain neurotransmitters
Mitochondria and enzymes needed to synthesize certain neurotransmitters
Mitochondria and enzymes needed to synthesize certain neurotransmitters
Which of the following is not true of motor (efferent) neurons?
Motor (efferent) neurons are bipolar.
Match the following area of the cerebrum with its function: Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
Motor functions
Neurons can be classified structurally by the number of processes extending from their cell bodies. Which of the following is the most common neuron type in humans?
Multipolar
Interneurons and motor neurons are which of the following?
Multipolar neurons
An action potential occurs completely when threshold is met and does not happen at all if threshold is not met.
Na+ entering the cell through chemically gated channels
Match the term with its definition: Gray matter.
Neuron cell bodies
Which of the following is not a characteristic of neurons?
Neurons are relatively small, simple-structured cells.
Which of the following terms is correctly matched with its definition?
Nucleus: a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
Because of the buoyancy provided by the ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid, a traumatic blow to one side of the head may cause the brain to "float" back and cause injury when the opposite side of the brain impacts the inside of the skull (a contrecoup injury). Thus, a blow to the frontal lobe may also cause damage to what other lobe?
Occipital lobe
Match the EEG brain wave pattern with its correct description: Beta waves.
Occur when we are mentally alert, as when concentrating on some problem or visual stimulus
Which of the following circuit types is likely to be involved with making precise mathematical calculations?
Parallel after-discharge circuit
Severe damage to the reticular activating system would result in which of the following?
Permanent unconsciousness
The movement of which ion through leakage (nongated) channels plays the most important role in generating the resting membrane potential?
Potassium
Which of the following best defines neural integration?
Processing and interpretation of sensory input and determining what should be done at each moment in the body
Match the area of the brain with the appropriate function: Cerebellum.
Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction, allowing smooth, coordinated movements and agility
Dopamine __________.
is a "feel good" transmitter; deficient in Parkinson's disease
Serotonin ________.
is a "mood" transmitter and drugs that block its uptake relieve anxiety and depression
Norepinephrine ________.
is a neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system
GABA ________.
is generally inhibitory; found throughout the CNS
Spatial summation occurs when __________.
multiple local potentials occur at different places on the same cell at the same time
All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________.
neural tube
