A&P 2 Chapter 22 Concepts

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.

choanae

The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.

larynx

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the _____ capacity.

vital

Place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.

1. Primary Bronchus 2. Secondary Bronchus 3. Tertiary Bronchus 4. Terminal Bronchus 5. Respiratory Bronchiole 6. Alveolar Duct

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?

150mL

How many lobes make up the left lung?

2 lobes

How many lobes make up the right lung?

3 lobes

A normal inspiratory reserve volume would be ______ mL of air.

3000

An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air.

500

How long is the pharynx?

About 5 inches

Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food?

Nasopharynx

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

Pons Medulla oblongata

Where is the trachea located?

anterior to the esophagus

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar gas exchange

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?

Alveoli

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

At the capillary networks of the tissues

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?

Bicarbonate ion

According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following?

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

Brainstem

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?

Bronchioles

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?

Bronchopulmonary segment

______ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation.

COPDs

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ion Dissolved gas

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below.

Chronic bronchitis Emphysema

Which term refers to hemoglobin that is not transporting any oxygen?

Deoxyhemoglobin

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

Diaphragm

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.

Diaphragm Intercostals

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?

Emphysema

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.

False

The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg?

Hypocapnia

Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?

Hypoxemic

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below.

Lung compliance Diameter of the bronchioles

Which of these occurs during exhalation?

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?

Nitrogen

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below.

Nostrils Nares

Which term is used to describe hemoglobin with only one molecule of oxygen bound to it?

Oxyhemoglobin

Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that lines the mediastinum, the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and the superior surface of the diaphragm?

Parietal pleura

Which segment of the respiratory system extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink?

Pharynx

The respiratory system does which of the following?

Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Supplies the body with oxygen Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Functions in vocalization and speech

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?

Producing speech

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

Residual Volume (RV)

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?

Right

Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?

Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole

Name the lobes of the human right lung.

Superior Inferior Middle

Name the lobes of the human left lung.

Superior and inferior

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Systemic gas exchange

What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?

Tertiary bronchus

Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.

Which best describes what happens during exhalation?

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

Tidal Volume (TV)

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?

Tidal volume

What is the correct calculation for vital capacity?

Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Which are functions of the larynx?

To keep food and drink out of the airway To produce sound

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

True

Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung surface?

Visceral pleura

What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.

Water vapor Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nitrogen

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ______ of the lungs.

alveoli

Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ______.

deoxyhemoglobin

Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to _____, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

emphysema

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.

expiration

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume.

expiratory

The term ______ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg).

hypercapnia

Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called

hypoxia

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.

inspiration

The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

inspiratory

More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.

lungs

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

one

The layer of serous membrane called the parietal _____ lines the thoracic cavity. Listen to the complete question

pleura

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system.

respiratory

the ______ lung has three lobes and two fissures.

right

Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.

segmental

The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______.

superior, middle, and inferior

The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?

three

_____ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

tidal