a&p 2: chapter 22 review questions

the relationship between volume and pressure as described by the formula P1V1-P2V2 is known as (the) ______ a. Haldane effect b. Dalton's law c. Bohr effect d. Henry's law e. Boyle's law

Boyle's law

which of the following are structural features of the trachea? a. C-shaped cartilage b. smooth muscle fibers c. cilia d. all of the above

C-shaped cartilage

compare and contrast Dalton's law and Henry's law.

Dalton's law states that each specific gas in a mixture of gases exerts force (its partial pressure) independently of the other gases in the mixture. Henry's law states that the amount of a specific gas that dissolves in a liquid is a function of its partial pressure.

a low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. this is an example of the ____. a. Haldane effect b. Bohr effect c. Dalton's law d. Henry's law

Haldane effect

external intercostals

aid in inspiration of air during breathing because when they contract, they raise the rib cage, which expands it

alveolar dead space

air found within alveoli that are unable to function such as those affected by disease or abnormal blood flow

anatomical dead space

air that is present in the airway that never reaches the alveoli and therefore never participates in gas exchange

which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve? a. temperature b. pH c. BPG d. all of the above

all of the above

which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone? a. pharynx b. nasal cavity c. alveoli d. bronchi

alveoli

total dead space

anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space together, and represents all of the air in the respiratory system that is not being used in the gas exchange process

when do fetal breathing movements begin? a. around week 20 b. around week 37 c. around week 16 d. after birth

around week 20

oropharynx

bordered superiorly by the nasopharynx and anteriorly by the oral cavity a passageway for both air and food

a section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ____. a. bronchopulmonary segment b. pulmonary lobule c. interpulmonary segment d. respiratory segment

bronchopulmonary segment

which of the following has the greatest stimulatory effect on the respiratory centers in the brain stem? a. carbonic acid b. hemoglobin c. oxygen d. carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

which of the following occurs during the chloride shift? a. chloride is removed from the erythrocyte b. chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate c. bicarbonate is removed from the erythrocyte d. bicarbonate is removed from the blood

chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate

compare and contrast the conducting and respiratory zones.

conducting zones: consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lung respiratory zones: found deep inside the lungs and is made up of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. These thin-walled structures allow inhaled oxygen (O2) to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for carbon dioxide (CO2)

respiratory zone of the respiratory system

consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli where gas exchange occurs begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole, the smallest type of bronchiole, which then leads to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli.

conductive zone of the respiratory system

consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles includes the organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange. provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air.

if a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect? a. difficulty expressing fluid b. difficulty inflating the lungs c. difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow d. no difficulty as type I cells can provide enough surfactant for normal breathing

difficulty inflating the lungs

a full complement of mature alveoli are present by _____. a. early childhood, around 8 years of age b. birth c. 37 weeks d. 16 weeks

early childhood, around 8 years of age

the olfactory pits form from which of the following? a. mesoderm b. cartilage c. ectoderm d. endoderm

ectoderm

which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes? a. AMS b. high blood levels of carbon dioxide c. low atmospheric pressure d. erythropoietin

erythropoietin

which of the following separates the lung into lobes? a. mediastinum b. fissure c. root d. pleura

fissure

oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following? a. hemoglobin and carbon dioxide b. carbonic anhydrase and carbon dioxide c. hemoglobin and oxygen d. carbonic anhydrase and oxygen

hemoglobin and oxygen

gas moves from an area of _____ partial pressure to an area of _____ partial pressure. a. low; high b. low; low c. high; high d. high; low

high; low

where do the visceral and parietal pleurae connect to each other?

hilum

increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called _____. a. hyperventilation b. hyperpnea c. acclimatization d. apnea

hyperventilation

a decrease in volume leads to a(n) ____ pressure. a. decrease in b. equalization of c. increase in d. zero

increase in

a decrease in thoracic cavity volume leads to a(n) ______ in the lungs

increase in pressure

what is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity? a. increase surface area b. exchange gases c. maintain surface tension d. maintain air pressure

increase surface area

laryngopharynx

inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx anteriorly, it opens into the larynx; posteriorly, it enters the esophagus. continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge.

gas exchange the occurs at the level of the tissues is called _____. a. external respiration b. interpulmonary respiration c. internal respiration d. pulmonary ventilation

internal respiration

the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. what happens to the carbon dioxide? a. it diffuses into the blood b. it diffuses into the alveoli c. the gradient is too small for carbon dioxide to diffuse d. it decomposes into carbon and oxygen

it diffuses into the alveoli

what happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth? a. it reduces the surface tension of the alveoli b. it is expelled shortly after birth c. it is absorbed shortly after birth d. it lubricates the pleurae

it is absorbed shortly after birth

internal intecostals

just under external intercostals used for expiration because they draw the ribs together to constrict the rib cage

a higher transpulmonary pressure corresponds to a _________ ______

larger lung

visceral pleura

layer that is superficial to the lungs, and extends into and lines the lung fissures

what is meant by the term "lung compliance"?

lung compliance is the ability of lung tissue to stretch under pressure. it's determined by surface tension of alveoli/ability of connective tissue to stretch. determines how much lungs can change in volume, therefore determining air pressure/movement

what are the three regions of the pharynx?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

describe the 3 regions of the pharynx and their functions.

nasopharynx- connected to the posterior nasal cavity & functions as an airway oropharynx- continuous with the nasal pharynx & connected to the oral cavity at the fauces laryngopharynx- connected to oropharynx/esophagus/trachea both oropharynx/laryngopharynx are passageways for air/food/drink

fauces

opening at the connection between the oral cavity and the oropharynx

the fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx? a. nasopharynx b. laryngopharynx c. nasal cavity d. oral cavity

oral cavity

parietal pleura

outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm

the cutting of the _______ nerves will result in paralysis of the main muscle of ventilation, the diaphragm, which will then necessitate the need of mechanical vantilation.

phrenic

intrapulmonary pressure

pressure within the pleural cavity

which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? a. pulmonary ventilation b. production of pulmonary surfactant c. resistance d. surface tension

pulmonary ventilation

which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? a. residual volume b. tidal volume c. expiratory reserve volume d. inspiratory reserve volume

residual volume

gas flow decreases as _____ increases. a. resistance b. pressure c. airway diameter d. friction

resistance

the _____ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drop off carbon dioxide for removal from the body. a. pulmonary b. interlobular c. respiratory d. bronchial

respiratory

what is respiratory rate and how is it controlled?

respiratory rate is breaths per minute, controlled by the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata. One can purposefully control respiratory rate through contraction of skeletal muscles.

exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following? a. low partial pressure of oxygen b. low atmospheric pressure c. abnormal neural signals d. small venous reserve of oxygen

small venous reserve of oxygen

pleural cavity

space between the visceral and parietal layers

which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree? a. alveoli b. bronchi c. terminal bronchioles d. respiratory bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

a smoker develops damage to several alveoli that can no longer function. how does this affect gas exchange?

the alveoli have insufficient ventilation, so the partial pressure of the oxygen in the alveoli decreases. this causes pulmonary capillaries of alveoli to constrict, redirecting blood flow to other alveoli

nasopharynx

the area directly posterior to the nose flanked by the conchae of the nasal cavity, and it serves only as an airway

when ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs? a. the capillary constricts b. the capillary dilates c. the partial pressure of oxygen in the affected alveolus increases d. the bronchioles dilate

the capillary constricts

transpulomary pressure

the difference between the intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures, and it determines the size of the lungs.

if a person sustains an injury to the epiglottis, what would be the physiological result?

the epiglottis is part of the larynx that is important for swallowing food/drinks because it prevents food from entering the trachea; damage to the epiglottis may impair this function and cause food/drinks to go into the trachea or lungs. eventually could cause pneumonia

why are the pleurae not damaged during normal breathing?

the pleural cavity between parietal/visceral layers of the pleura has mesothelial cells secreting pleural fluid that acts as a lubricant. The fluid prevents the layers rubbing together/damage by friction

contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? a. the diaphragm moves downward b. the ribcage is compressed c. the thoracic cavity volume decreases d. the ribs and sternum move upward

the ribs and sternum move upward

compare and contrast the right and left lungs.

they differ in size and shape. right lung has 3 lobes and is shorter than the left lung b/c liver is underneath. left lung has 2 lobes and is longer/narrower

what is the role of alveolar macrophages? a. to secrete pulmonary surfactant b. to secrete antimicrobial proteins c. to remove pathogens and debris d. to facilitate gas exchange

to remove pathogens and debris

the pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called _____. a. atmospheric pressure b. pulmonary pressure c. negative pressure d. transpulmonary pressure

transpulmonary pressure

true or false: a bronchiole is a branch of bronchi that is 1 mm or less in diameter and terminates at the alveolar sacs.

true

true or false: the medulla respiratory center (located in the medulla oblongata part of the brain stem) sets the basic rhythm of breathing

true

true or false: the respiratory rate is the total number of breaths, or respiratory cycles, that occur each minute

true

the pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ____. a. visceral and parietal pleurae b. mediastinum and parietal pleurae c. visceral and mediastinum pleurae d. none of the above

visceral and parietal pleurae