A&P 2: Final Exam
** Organize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange a- O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system b- O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation c- cells use O2 and generate CO2 d- CO2 is exhaled e- the circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs
** - b, a , c, e, d
** In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located? A) LUQ B) LLQ C) RLQ D) RUQ
** A) LUQ
** Which are NOT tonsils? A) Palatoglossal tonsil B) Adenoids C) Pharyngeal tonsils D) Lingual tonsils E) Palatine tonsils
** A) Palatoglossal tonsils
** Passive immunity lasts.... A) from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells B) from years to a lifetime, and involves the development of memory cells C) from years to a lifetime, and does not involve development of memory cells D) from days to weeks, and involves development of memory cells
** A) from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells
** When someone exercises vigorously, their breathing is described as demonstrating.... A) hyperpnea, involving deeper but not faster breathing B) hypopnea, involving shallower but faster breathing C) hyperventilation, involving both deeper and faster breathing D) bradypnea, involving deeper and slower breathing
** A) hyperpnea, involving deeper but not faster breathing
** Which is NOT an action of interferon? A) it signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked B) it binds to receptors of neighboring cells preventing them from being infected C) it stimulates macrophages and NK cells to destroy virus-infected cells D) it triggers synthesis of enzymes that destroy viral nucleic acids
** A) it signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked
** In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are _____; their function is to serve as ________ ..... A) proteins, chemical messengers B) steroids; chemical messengers C) proteins; receptors D) steroids; receptors
** A) proteins; chemical messengers
** The lungs of an individual with emphysema provide poor gas exchange due to the loss of alveolar walls. This exemplifies the need for a large ______ for efficient gas exchange. A) respiratory membrane surface area B) respiratory membrane thickness
** A) respiratory membrane surface area
** Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, _____ lymphatic structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated. A) secondary B) primary C) red marrow D) hemopoietic
** A) secondary
** The terms "upper respiratory system" and lower respiratory system" are ______ categorizations of the respiratory system A) structural B) outdated C) functional
** A) structural
** What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi? A) trachea B) alveolar ducts C) pharynx D) esophagus E) bronchioles
** A) trachea
** Which class of major histocompatibility molecules is specific to antigen-presenting cells? A) MHC class 1 B)MHC class 2
** B) MHC class 2
** Chemotaxis is the process by which.... A) cells exit the blood by squeezing out between cells in the blood vessel wall B) cells migrate along chemical gradients C) chemical messengers are secreted that stimulate the sensation of pain that accompanies inflammation D) CAMs on leukocytes adhere to CAMs on endothelial cells of capillaries within injured tissues
** B) cells migrate along chemical gradients
** As demonstrated by the formula F=(P1-P2)/R, airflow is _____ related to the pressure gradient and _______ related to resistance A) inversely; directly B) directly; inversely C) inversely; inversely D) directly; directly
** B) directly; inversely
** Fungi are.... A) viruses that are fragments of infectious proteins B) eukaryotic cells with a cell wall C) protozoans lacking a cell wall D) multicellular parasites that reside within a host E) prokaryotic cells
** B) eukaryotic cells with a cell wall
** The pharyngeal tonsils are located... A) along the posterior margins of the tongue B) in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx C) lateral to the uvula in the oropharynx D) in the posterolateral region of the oral cavity E) at the base of the palatoglossal arches
** B) in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
** Defensisns and lysosomes are both part of ____ immunity and function as ________. A) innate; physical barriers to pathogen entry B) innate; attackers of pathogenic cells C) adaptive; physical barriers to pathogen entry D) adaptive; attackers of pathogenic cells
** B) innate; attackers of pathogenic cells
** Hyperventilation causes generalized ______, which ______ blood flow to the brain and can result in feeling dizzy or faint A) vasodilation; increases B) vasoconstriction; decreases C) vasoconstriction; increases D) vasodilation; decreases
** B) vasoconstriction; decreases
** Compared to its partial pressure at seal level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mmHg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg)? A) Po2 would be one-fourth as much as it would be at sea level B) Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level C) Po2 would be three-quarters as much as it would be at sea level D) Po2 would be twice as much as it would be at sea level
** B)Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level
** A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by.... A) inflammation B) innate immunity C) adaptive immunity
** C) adaptive immunity
** What are considered the effectors of humoral immunity? A) Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes B) natural killer cells C) antibodies D) Helper T-lymphocytes E) macrophages
** C) antibodies
** In the classical pathway of complement activation, A) complement inhibits inflammation and binds to opsonins B) complement binds with polysaccharides on a microbial cell wall C) complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance D) complement is activated within liver cells and released into the blood
** C) complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance
** IgA is primarily found.... A) in lymph B) in blood C) in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus D) on the surface of B-lymphocytes E) in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes
** C) in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus
** Which is NOT correct about the left lung? A) it has 2 lobes and 1 fissure B) it has a cardiac notch C) it has an esophageal depression D) it is slightly smaller than the right lung E) it has a cardiac impression
** C) it has an esophageal depression
** Which type of cell responds to multiple antigens? A) memory T-lymphocyte B) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte C) natural killer cell D) plasma cell E) memory B-lymphocyte
** C) natural killer cells
** On each side of the chest, the ____ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall, and the _____ pleura tightly covers the lung A) respiratory; pleural B) fibrous; serous C) parietal; visceral D) visceral; parietal E) thoracic; pulmonary
** C) parietal; visceral
** Which reaction involving CO2 predominates within erythrocytes in the pulmonary capillaries of the lung? A) HCO-3 dissociates into H+, CO, and O2 B) CO2 combines with H+ to form HCO2 C) CO2 combines with water to form bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid D) HCO-3 combines with H+ to form H2CO3, which dissociates into CO2 and H2O
** D) HCO-3 combines with H+ to form H2CO3, which dissociates into CO2 and H2O
** In positive selection of T-lymphocytes, those cells that... A) bind to self antigens survive B) bind to MHC class II are eliminated C) bind self antigens are eliminated D) can bind MHC survive
** D) can bind MHC survive
** Antigen-presenting cells are _____, and they display antigens to both ____ and _____. A) any nucleated cell; B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes B) any blood cell; helper B-lymphocytes, cytotoxic B-lymphocytes C) immune cells; B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes D) immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes E) any anucleated cell; helper T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
** D) immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
** When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.... A) medullary respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing B) pontine respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing C) the vagus and phrenic nerves stimulate decreased production fo the catalyst carbonic anhydrase D) medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing
** D) medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing
** Which statement accurately describes alveolar exchange of oxygen? A) oxygen diffuses from the blood to the alveolus because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen B) oxygen diffuses from the blood to the alveolus because the alveolus has a lower partial pressure of oxygen C) oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a lower partial pressure of oxygen D) oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen
** D) oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen
** Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into.... A) memory helper T-lymphocytes B) macrophages C) antigen-presenting cells D) plasma cells
** D) plasma cells
** Suppose that following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity, causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition is known as a.... A) tension hemothorax B) cystic fibrosis C) hemothorax D) pneumothorax
** D) pneumothorax
** Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp? A) lymph nodes B) thymus gland C) Spleen and lymph nodes D) spleen E) thymus gland and lymph nodes
** D) spleen
** When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why? A) with the removal of the breast, there is no further need for lymph drainage and filtering in that part of the body B) it is impossible to remove the breast without physically damaging the lymph nodes C) in removing the breast, the blood supply to the nodes is removed and they will inevitably cease to function D) the axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells E) the nerves that supply the axillary lymph nodes are often cut during the breast surgery
** D) the axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells
** Which is NOT correct regarding lymph nodes? A) they contain macrophages B) they are drained by efferent lymphatic vessels C) they filter lymph D) they contain strands of lymphatic cells supported by medullary cords E) no exceptions, all are true
** E) no exceptions, all are true
** The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the ... A) inferior vena cava B) azygos vein C) brachiocephalic veins D) superior vena cava E)subclavian veins
** E) subclavian veins
** Active immunity is a natural process, whereas passive immunity is generated artificially
** False
** B-lymphocytes cannot bind directly with an antigen, and so require presentation by another type of cell
** False
** Lymph contains red blood cells
** False
** The thymus gland begins to atrophy immediately after birth
** False
** The cell-mediated branch of the immune system is called such because it interacts with antigens associated with cells
** True
** Complement facilitates inflammation by activating basophils and mast cells and by attracting macrophages and neutrophils
** True
** During systemic gas exchange, oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood
** True
** Eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes
** True
** Histamine release results in increased airway resistance and decreased airflow
** True
** One function of helper T-lymphocytes is to enhance the activity of cells of the innate immune system
** True
** One of the functions of the spleen is phagocytosis of bacteria in the blood
** True
** The pulsing of arteries that are adjacent to lymphatic vessels provides a pressure on the vessels that helps them propel the lymph
** True
*** All of the following are associated with a deficiency in calcium, except..... A) anemia B) loss of bone mass C) depressed nerve activity D) muscle weakness
*** A) anemia
*** Inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium are.... A) minerals B) vitamins C) trace carbs D) essential amino acids
*** A) minerals
*** Cellulose is a type of _____ from plants that remains in the GI tract as fiber and aids in the movement of material through the tract A) lipid B) carb C) mineral D) protein E) vitamin
*** B) carb
*** Which organ is NOT considered an accessory digestive organ? A) salivary glands B) teeth C) pharynx D) tongue E) pancreas
*** C) pharynx
*** Vitamin C is a .... A) fat-soluble nonessential vitamin B) water soluble, nonessential vitamin C) water soluble essential vitamin D) fat soluble essential vitamin
*** C) water soluble essential vitamin
*** A nonessential amino acid is one that.... A) is not used in any physiological function B) needs to come from diet C) has the same structure as one of the other amino acids D) can be made within the body
*** D) can be made within the body
*** Metabolic rate can be measured with a respirometer that measures.... A) water content of the breath B) temperatures of carbon dioxide and oxygen C) temperature of the expired air D) oxygen consumption
*** D) oxygen consumption in order to indirectly measure heat production and energy expenditure
If someone's BP were listed as 110/80 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be.... A) 90 mmHg B) 120 mmHg C) 100 mmHg D) 70 mmHg E) 110 mmHg
A) 90 mmHg
Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which.... A) calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels B) calcium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels C) potassium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels D) sodium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels E) potassium moves out through fast voltage-gated channels
A) calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the ______ and the tissues of the body. A) capillaries B) veins C) capillaries and arteries D) arteries E) capillaries and veins
A) capillaries
Valves in veins.... A) cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction B) are the leading cause of HTN C) are found only in the largest veins D) are formed of the tunica media E) make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow
A) cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction
Peripheral resistance is.... A) directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius B) directly related to both vessel length and radius D) inversely related to vessel length and directly related to vessel radius E) inversely related to both vessel length and radius
A) directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius
Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to.... A) reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid B)connect arterioles to venules and provide a shunt from the true capillaries C) regulate colloid osmotic pressure so that filtration levels do not decline D) filter additional fluid to the interstitial fluid
A) reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid
In an ECG, what does the T wave represent? A) Repolarization of the ventricles B) Closure of the AV valves C) Depolarization of the right ventricle D) Depolarization of the left ventricle E) Depolarization of the atria
A) repolarization of the ventricles
Someone with tachyarrhythmia would be expected to show an abnormally .... A) small Q-T interval B) high amplitude P wave C) large P-R interval D) large R-R interval
A) small Q-T interval
Angiogenesis A) involves building new muscle tissue and decreasing the amount of blood vessels in a region B) allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue C) is a momentary chemical control of local blood flow D) involves muscular constriction of arterioles to alter local perfusion
B) allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue
If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would... A) be lower than normal B) be higher than normal
B) be higher than normal
Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably..... A) up regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate B) down regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate C) down regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand D) up regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand
B) down regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate
A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be.... A) negative chronotropic agent B) negative inotropic agent C) positive inotropic agent D) positive chronotropic agent
B) negative inotropic agent
When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ________ signaling. A) allomone B) paracrine C) pheromone D) autocrine
B) paracrine
Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are..... A) late erythroblasts B) proplatelets C) myeloid stem cells D) promegakaryocytes E) reticulocytes
B) proplatelets
Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? A) Pulmonary circuit B) Systemic circuit C) Visceral circuit D) Coronary circuit
B) systemic circuit
The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are..... A) located in the cytosol of the leukocytes B) located on the surface of the leukocytes C) found on the surface of erythrocytes D) part of the reticular CT of the spleen E) found in the cytosol of the erythrocytes
C) found on the surface of erythrocytes
Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by..... A) hormonal stimulation B) positive feedback stimulation C) humoral stimulation D) neural stimulation
C) humoral stimulation
The posterior interventricular sulcus.... A) is a valve in the interventricular septum that closes at birth B) is another name for the coronary sulcus C) is a groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart D) contains the great cardiac vein and coronary sinus
C) is a groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart
In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line. A) lymphoid B) killer cell C) myeloid D) monocyte
C) myeloid
Large doses of certain stimulants can lead to dangerous increases in heart rates. Such a stimulant is a ..... A) positive inotropic agent B) negative chronotropic agent C) positive chronotropic agent D) negative inotropic agent
C) positive chronotropic agent
Participates in the stress response
Cortisol
Metabolically, cardiac muscle relies on...... A) anaerobic metabolism using glycolytic enzymes to quickly generate ATP B) anaerobic metabolism using myoglobin, creatin kinase, and ketone bodies C) aerobic metabolism using glycolysis of glycogen to meet most ATP demands D) aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin
D) aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin
An individual's hematocrit would vary with.... A) sex B) age C) altitude D) All of the above
D) all of the above
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to ..... A) the pressure generated by the heart, and it favors osmosis in to the arteriole end of the capillary bed B) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes filtration C) the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles D) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption E) the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries
D) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption
the half-life of a hormone is..... A) half of the duration of the hormone's effects on its target cells throughout the body B) half the time until the hormone molecule dissolves C) one-half of the time it takes to synthesize the chemical messenger molecule D) the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of the what had been secreted
D) the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of the what had been secreted
Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to.... A) down regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity B) down regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity C) up regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity D) up regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity
D) up regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity
Endocrine glands.... A) are the organs of the endocrine system B) help maintain homeostasis C) are ductless glands D) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Precapillary sphincters will.... A) open when the tissue needs nutrients B) cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule C) close when the tissue's needs have been met D) control blood flow into the true capillaries E) all of the above
E) all of the above
In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by... A) positive feedback B) neural regulation C) endocrine dysplasia D) somatic regulation E) negative feedback
E) negative feedback
Prolong effects of the sympathetic nervous system
EPI/NorEPI
All hormone secretion is under the direct control of the hypothalamus
False
Although hormones influence activity in the neural and reproductive systems, they do not influence the digestive system
False
Blood flow to the heart wall courses through coronary vessels in a steady stream
False
a vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed
False
like proteins, eicosanoids are synthesized on ribosomes in a process that involves transcription and translation
False
Increases blood glucose levels
Glucagon
Decreases blood glucose levels
Insulin
Increases blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from the bones
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Increase metabolic rate of all cells; increase heat production
T3/T4
Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH)
Erythrocytes exhibit a limited lifespan due to their inability to synthesize the proteins necessary to repair themselves
True
Macrophages are the converted monocytes that phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris
True
Most venous blood from the cranium drains into dural venous sinuses, which drain into the internal jugular veins
True
The main functions of the cardiovascular system include the transport and exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body
True