A&P
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilaginous
Transverse foramina distinguish ___ vertebrae from all other types.
Cervical
Which sequence proceeds down with vertebral column from the skull?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
One of the main difference between the two growth patterns of cartilage is the source of new
Chondroblasts
The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification
Chondrocytes
The only direct connection between the pelvic girdle and the axial skeleton is where the
Clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
Communication
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
Compact Bone
Which of the following does not accurately describe spongy bone?
Contains slightly larger osteons
Parietal bones and frontal bone
Coronal suture
The four largest sutures that form the boundaries between the cranial bones are the
Coronal, lambdoid, sagittal, and squamosal
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
Decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
Foramen
Depression/ opening/ passage
Fossa
Depression/ opening/ passage
Meatus
Depression/opening/ passage
Fissure
Depression/opening/passage
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the
Diaphysis
The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone is called the
Diaphysis
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of
Fat
Yellow bone marrow contains a large proportion of
Fatty tissue
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the
Feet
Sutures
Fibrous Joint
Non-weight bearing bone of the leg
Fibula
Which of the following bones is not weight bearing?
Fibula
Decreasing the angle of a joint
Flexion
Fibrous connective tissue called ___ allow for brain growth in infants
Fontanels
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels
False
The pituitary gland is housed in a saddle like depression in the temporal bone called the sella turcica
False
What is the last event (of those listed) in endochondral ossification?
Formation of primary ossification center
Superior portion of eye orbit
Frontal bone
Which set includes only bones that compose the nasal complex?
Frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
The paranasal sinuses are located in which bones?
Frontal, sphenoid, maxilla, and ethmoid bones
A bone fracture that generally occurs in children where the bone does not completely break is
Greenstick fracture
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood?
Growth hormone
Femur
Lower Extremity
Fibula
Lower extremity
Metatarsals
Lower extremity
Patella
Lower extremity
Tibia
Lower extremity
The temporomandibular joint is the articulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the ___ of the mandible
Mandibular condyle
Which of the following is not a cranial bone?
Maxilla
Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?
Maxillae
The bony roof of the mouth is formed by
Maxillae and palatine
Bones of the hand (palm)
Metacarpals
The last of the sternal components to ossify, and the one most likely to damage the heart if broken is the
Xiphoid
Which set includes only bones of the face?
Zygomatic bone, vomer, and palatine bone
A blow to the cheek is most likely to break what superficial bone or bone part?
Zygomatic process
Movement away from the midline or median axis along the frontal plane
abduction
Movement toward the median axis or midline along the frontal plane
adduction
The endosteum
all of the above
Coxal Joint
Ball and socket
Glenohumeral
Ball and socket
The canal found in the core of each osteon is the site of
Blood vessels and nerve fibers
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of
Blood vessels and nerve fibers
The two main components of a typical vertebra are the
Body and vertebral arch
Lateral bon of the leg
fibula
The two hormones that have opposite effects on the rate of osteolysis (breakdown) are
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
The type of joint found at the base of the thumb is
saddle
Mastoid process
temporal bone
Temporal process
zygomatic bone
Carpals
Upper extremity
Clavicle
Upper extremity
Humerus
Upper extremity
Scapula
Upper extremity
Ulna
Upper extremity
Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth
False
Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone
False
In the anatomical position, the medial leg bone is the fibula
False
Ribs numbered 11 and 12 are true ribs that have no anterior attachment
False
The largest and strongest bone of the face is the maxilla
False
parietal bone and temporal bone
Squamosal suture
Turning palm upward (anteriorly)
Supination
The inferior part of the nasal septum is formed by the
Vomer
Cranial bones develop
Within fibrous membranes
Upper margin of the iliac bones
iliac crest
All bones formed by inramembranous ossification are irregular bones
False
The ankle contains ___ bones
7
How many bones make up the cranium?
8
There are ___ cranial bones and ___ facial bones
8,14
Aging affects bone tissue in which of the following ways?
A and B
What is the earliest event (of those listed) in endochondral ossification?
A bone collar forms around the cartilage model
While playing softball, cathy is struck in the frontal squama by a wild pitch. Which of the following complaints would you expect her to have?
A headache
What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?
Abduction
Deep socket in coxal bone tat receives head of the femur
Acetabulum
Bone remodeling normally involves which of the following?
All of the above
In interstitial bone growth, what happens when the zone of ossification overtakes the zone of resting cartilage?
All of the above
An osteon has
All of these
Factors that influence the stability of a synovial joint include
All of these
All vertebrae possess a body, a spine, and transverse foramina
False
In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?
All synovial joints are freely movable
For intramembranous ossificaion to take place, which of the following is necessary?
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.
Appositional Growth
The process of bones increasing in width is known as
Appositional growth
All of the following are characteristics of the maxillae except
Articulate with all other facial bones
The vertebra that articulates with the skull is the
Atlas
Which vertebra does not have a body?
Atlas
Shaking one's head from side to side (as in "no") is the primary action facilitated by the articulation of which bones?
Atlas and axis
Three tiny bones called ___ are housed within each temporal bone
Auditory bones
Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function
False
Ben, age 16, was skating on rollerblades when he was accidentally hit by an automobile. His injury was splinted, and he was transported immediately by the emergency medical services to the nearest hospital emergency department. After x-ray examination, emergency department personnel determine that Ben has a compelte compound fracture of his femur. Which one of the following best describes this fracture?
Bone fracture projecting outside the skin and across the entire bone
_____ is a continual, hormonally controlled process that is essentially a race between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone remodeling
Osteoblasts are ______, whereas osteoclasts are _______.
Bone-forming cells, bone-destroying cells
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called
Bursae
Sac-like membranes containing synovial fluid and prevents friction around joints are called
Bursae
The vitamins essential for normal adult bone maintenance and repair are
C and D
Heel bone
Calcaneus
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
Calcitonin
Which of the following is a thyroid gland hormone that encourages calcium deposition from blood into bone and inhibits osteoclast activity
Calcitonin
The hormones that coordinate the storage, absorption and excretion of calcium ions are
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of
Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
By interconnecting the lacunae and the blood supply, ____ allow osteocytes to transfer nutrients and wastes through an otherwise impenetrable solid matrix
Canaliculi
The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are termed
Canaliculi
Bones of the wrist
Carpals
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ___
Diarthroses
In flat bones of the skull, a region of ___ is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
Diploe
Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include
Drinking fluoridated water
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?
Elevated levels of sex hormones
Chondrocytes die and stem cells in the perichondrium form osteoblasts during which of these processes?
Endochondral ossification
Lengthwise bone growth involves the final steps of
Endochondral ossification
Most bones of the skeletal system are formed through
Endochondral ossification
The lining of the marrow cavity in a long bone is the
Endosteum
The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.
Epiphyseal Line
Which types of fractures are inherently more likely in children than in adults?
Epiphyseal and greenstick
The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates
Epiphyseal growth is just beginning
Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place
Epiphyseal plate
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces?
Epiphyseal plate
In a typical long bone, spongy bone is found in the
Epiphysis
The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?
Ethmoid
Which set includes only bones of the cranium?
Ethmoid, temporal, and occipital bones
Increasing the angle of a joint
Extension
Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have
Facets for attachment of ribs
Damage to the temporal bone would most likely impair the sense of
Hearing
Jane has an upper respiratory infection and begins to feel pain above her eye. This is a good indication that the infection is located in
Her maxillary sinuses
Elbow
Hinge
Articulates with the scapulae, the radius and ulna
Humerus
Which bone contains diaphusis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near it's middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone?
Humerus
The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is
Hyaline
Through the process of endochondral ossification, a fetal ___ model transforms into bone
Hyaline cartilage
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
Hyaline cartilage
Which bone has no direct attachment with any other bone?
Hyoid
Which forms the largest portion of the coxal bone?
Ilium
What change in physical structure would result from an excess of organic components relative to the amount of hydroxyapatite in the matrix of a bone?
Increase flexibility
In the posterior midline of the vertebral arch, the ___ projects posteriorly from the right and left laminae.
Inferior articular process
The term diploe refers to the
Internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through
Interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Making up approximately one-quarter of the entire vertebral column, ___ act as shock absorbers between adjacent vertebral bodies.
Intervertebral discs
Vertebrae are classified as
Irregular bones
Which of the following statements regarding bone tissue is false?
It is one of the four main tissue types
The duct that drains tears into the nasal cavity is most closely associated with which bone?
Lacrimal
What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?
Lacunae
In addition to humidifying and waring inhaled air, the ___ lining the paranasal sinuses provides protective functions typical of all such tissues.
Mucous epithelium
The hip joint is a good example of a ___ synovial joint
Multiaxial
Of the three pairs of scroll-like ___ located in the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, only the inferior pair are separate bones
Nasal Conchae
A typical example of a long bone is the
None of these
The cartilage found at the end of long bones to reduce friction at joint surfaces is
None of these
The mandible articulates with the ___ bone
None of these
Which vertebrae articulate with the ribs
None of these
Large opening formed by rami of pubis and ischium
Obturator foramen
The foramen magnum is located on the
Occipital bone
The atlas articulates with which structures?
Occipital condyles
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the
Osteoblast
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of
Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
Intramembranous ossification begins when
Osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
Osteoclast
Which of the following bone diseases is characterized by loss of bone mass, especially spongy bone and results in brittleness and susceptibility to fractures?
Osteoporosis
Which bones form the hard palate?
Palatine bones and maxillae
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
Parathyroid hormone
The axial skeleton includes all but which of the following components?
Pelvic girdle
THe periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called
Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
The bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer
Atlas and Axis
Pivot
The atlantoaxial joint is a ____ joint
Pivot
Factors that influence the stability of a synovial joint include
Presence of muscle tendons
Crest
Projection/ process
Condyle
Projection/Process
Spine
Projection/process
Trochanter
Projection/process
Tubercle
Projection/process
Tuberosity
Projection/process
Turning palm downward (posteriorly)
Pronation
Which of the following is not a function of periosteum?
Provides a smooth surface for articulation between bones
Point where the coxal bones join anteriorly
Pubic symphysis
The antebrachium is composed of which of the following bone(s)?
Radius and ulna
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints?
Ramus
Costal grooves are located on
Ribs
The inadequate mineral deposition in bone caused by vitamin D deficiency during childhood is called
Rickets
Which of the following bone diseases is caused defective mineralization of bone in children as a result of insufficient vitamin D?
Rickets
THe pelvic girdle does not include the
Sacrum
Base of metacarpal #1
Saddle
Parietal bones
Sagittal suture
From lateral to medial, the proximal carpal bones include the
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Articulates with the humerus and clavicle
Scapula
The glenoid cavity (fossa) is found on the ___ and articulates with the ___.
Scapula, humerus
The bony enclosures that houses the pituitary gland is the
Sella turcica
Maxialla
Skill
Mandible
Skull
Occipital bone
Skull
Zygomatic BOne
Skull
Jack gets into a fight and is punched in the nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured?
Sphenoid
Which cranial bone articulates with every other cranial bone?
Sphenoid
Sella turcica
Sphenoid bone
A joint united by dense fibrocartilagious tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a
Symphysis
Which of the following joints allow the least movement?
Synarthroses
____ are cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
Knee
Synovial Joint
Tibia-Fibula
Synovial Joint
The zygomatic arch is formed by the union of which 2 bones?
Temporal and zygomatic
External auditory meatus
Temporal bone
Styloid process
Temporal bone
The three components of the sternum, listed from superior to inferior position are
The manumbrium, sternal body and xiphoid process
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
The osteon
The costal groove alone the inferior border of the internal surface of a rib makrs
The path of nerves and blood vessels
The vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
True
There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic and five lumbar vertebrae.
True
Rib
Trunk
Sternum
Trunk
Medial bone of the forearm
Ulna
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?
The secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
What makes up the axial skeleton?
The skull, vertebral column and rib cage
Wolff's law is concerned with
The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
A major difference between compact and spongy bone is that
There are no osteons in spongy bone
The primary curves of the vertebral column are the ___ curves
Thoracic and sacral
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
Thyroid
Location of medial malleolus
Tibia
Medial bone of the leg
Tibia
Osteons are to dense bone as ___ are to cancellous bone.
Trabeculae
Spongy bones are made up of a framework called
Trabeculae
Structural characteristics of most cervical vertebrae are
Transverse foramina
From lateral to medial, the distal carpal bones include the
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
A long bone forms by a process known as endochondral ossification
True
All the bones of the skull except the mandible are united by sutures and are therefore immovable
True
An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
True
Appositional growth is growth in the diameter of long bones
True
Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chodroctyes
True
Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum
True
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrape in alternating directions
True
Hematopoieses refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones
True
In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius
True
Infants have more bones than adults
True
Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite
True
The comer forms part of the nasal septum
True
The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the hinge for the elbow joint
True
The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones
True
The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress
True
The type of joint found between the humerus and scapula is
ball and socket
Greatest range of motion is allowed by
ball and socket joints
Hematopoiesis is the process of
blood cell production
Osteogenesis is the process of
bone formation
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows
by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
During bone remodeling, if the rate of osteolysis (breakdown) exceeds the rate of osteogenesis, the bone becomes
demineralized
Cribriform plate
ethmoid bone
Largest, strongest bone in the body
femur
Ribs 11 and 12 are called floating ribs because they
have no connection to the sternum
The type of joint found at the knee is
hinge
The flat bones of the skull develop from
hyaline cartilage
Some muscles that control the tongue and larynx are attached to the
hyoid bone
The hormone calcitonin functions to
increase the rate of calcium excretion
The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except
inferior nasal concha
___ ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle
intramembranous
Ossification of the ends of long bones
is produced by secondary ossification centers
parietal bones and occipital bone
lambdoidal suture
A compression fracture resulting from a hard fall would most likely involve the
last thoracic and first two lumbar vertebrae
Mental foramen
mandible
The mental foramen is located on the
mandible
The only unpaired bones of the face are the
mandible and vomer
The unpaired facial bones are the
mandible and vomer
Sites of hematopoiesis include all but
medullary cavities in bones of healthy adults
Odontoid process
none of these
Foramen magnum
occipital bone
Stimulated by sex hormones, bone growth accelerates dramatically at the time of
puberty
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40
reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
Ironically, high levels of ___ at puberty not only accelerate lengthwise bone growth but also trigger it's ultimate end
sex hormones
Ligaments that support the hyoid bone are attached to the
styloid process of the temporal bone
Most ____ vertebrae have a long spinous process that is angled inferiorly
thoracic
