A&P (BIO2514) LECTURE FINAL

Which of the following are cellular fragments? Lymphocytes. Blood plasma Red blood cells Blood platelets. White blood cells

Blood platelets.

Which of the following is not a function of bones? Store inorganic salts Contraction Provide points of attachment for muscles Protect internal organs Produce blood cells

Contraction

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? Regulation of body temperature Control of hunger Production of hormones Control of postural reflexes Control of thirst

Control of postural reflexes

The basis of using proteomics to describe tissues is that All cells produce the same amounts of the same proteins. Different cell types produce different sets of tRNAs. Different cell types appear different when viewed under a microscope. Different cell types produce different sets of mRNAs. The genetic code is universal.

Different cell types produce different sets of mRNAs.

Which organ system produces blood cells? Circulatory Muscular Endocrine Skeletal Reproductive

Skeletal

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of RNA but not DNA? Guanine Uracil Cytosine Thymine Adenine

Uracil

Vesicles are formed from none of the above. endoplasmic reticulum. nuclear membrane. cell membrane. lysosomal membrane.

cell membrane.

Intercellular junctions connect cell membranes. blood cells. microtubules. cell nuclei. gap and tight junctions.

cell membranes.

Cerebrospinal fluid is clear and watery. white and thick. red. yellow in the CNS and clear in the PNS. clear in the CNS and yellow in the PNS.

clear and watery.

Blood vessels in the ___________ supply epidermal cells with nutrients. hair root dermis epidermis all of the above subcutaneous layer

dermis

The type of intercellular junction that functions as a rivet or "spot weld" is a(n) gap junction. nuclear junction. ion channel. tight junction. desmosome.

desmosome.

Reflexes help to control heart rate. blood pressure. digestive activities. respiratory rate. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is characteristic of carbohydrates? They often are stored as reserve energy supplies. They provide much of the energy that the cell requires. They contain C, H, O, with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms. They include sugars and starches. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following movements could occur at the hip joint? Abduction Adduction Extension Flexion all of the above

all of the above

A biomarker test for cancer should ideally be sensitive. specific. all of the above. easy to perform. inexpensive

all of the above.

The part of the brain that assigns value to a memory is the cerebral cortex amygdala medulla substantia nigra pons

amygdala

Acne is a disorder of the sebaceous glands. sweat glands. dermis. hair follicles. apocrine glands.

sebaceous glands.

Cutaneous carcinomas are usually caused by exposure to microwaves. gamma radiation. X-rays. ultraviolet light. mutagenic chemicals.

ultraviolet light.

If the reticular formation is injured, the person might exhibit signs of hyperactivity. increased metabolism. increased sympathetic system responses. unconsciousness, or coma. changed sexual orientation.

unconsciousness, or coma.

Lucky people who cannot be infected with HIV are protected because their cells lack receptors that admit the virus they were vaccinated. their cells have extra receptors for HIV. they are already infected. they do not engage in risky behavior.

their cells lack receptors that admit the virus

Smooth muscle lacks actin and myosin. myofibrils. nuclei and mitochondria. gap junctions. transverse tubules and striations.

transverse tubules and striations.

Compact bone has ________, whereas spongy bone has __________. epiphyses; a diaphysis osteocytes; no osteocytes tightly packed tissue that reduces the weight of bone; cancellous bone that provides solid, strong tissue resistant to bending tightly packed tissue that is solid, strong, and resistant to bending; cancellous bone that reduces the weight of bone none of the above

tightly packed tissue that is solid, strong, and resistant to bending; cancellous bone that reduces the weight of bone

How many codons specify the twenty types of amino acids? 3 46 23 61 4

61

The name of an enzyme ends in -gen. -ase. -ose. -ise. -ese.

-ase.

The epidermis is about ___ mm thick and the dermis is about ___ mm thick. .01 to .1; .1 to 1.0 .07 to 12; 1 to 2 1 to 2; .07 to .12 3 to 4; 5 to 6 .001 to .01; .01 to .1

.07 to 12; 1 to 2

Which of the following is isotonic to red blood cells? 0.9% glucose solution None of the above Alcohol 0.9% NaCl solution Distilled water

0.9% NaCl solution

Over a lifetime, the brain shrinks by about ___ percent. 1 5 10 20 40

10

An excitatory postsynaptic potential lasts for about 15 milliseconds. 15 microseconds. 15 nanoseconds. 15 seconds. 15 minutes.

15 milliseconds.

The atomic weight of an element whose atoms contain 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons is 16. 24. 64. 32. 8.

16.

What is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential? 1. The membrane depolarizes. 2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward. 3. The membrane repolarizes. 4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward. 4, 1, 3, 2 1, 2, 4, 3 2, 1, 4, 3 3, 2, 4, 1 1, 2, 3, 4

2, 1, 4, 3

At what age are all bones normally ossified? 5 years Never 25 years 15 years Birth

25 years

There are __ types of muscle cells. 3 2 6 5 4

3

A triglyceride consists of 3 amino acids. 3 glucose molecules. 3 glycerols and 1 fatty acid. 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.

Height begins to decrease on average after age 25. 50. 30. 65. 80.

30.

Arrange the following steps for contraction in the correct sequence. 1. The muscle impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium is released. 2. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments. 3. Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules leaving active sites. 4. The impulse arrives at the synapse and travels through the transverse tubules. 5. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts. 6. Tropomyosin molecules bind to exposed active sites, linking actin and myosin 3, 5, 2, 1, 6, 4 6, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 4, 2, 6, 5, 3, 1 2, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6 4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5

4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5

The average number of divisions that a human cell cultured in a dish can undergo is 40-60. 10-20. 30-40. 60-100 0.

40-60.

About how many cells comprise the body of an adult? 50 to 100 million 50 to 100 billion is isn't known 50 to 100 trillion 50 to 100 quadrillion

50 to 100 trillion

Which of the following describes a female's pelvis compared to a male's pelvis? A cavity that is narrower in all dimensions, with lighter bones. A cavity that is narrower in all dimensions, with heavier bones. A cavity that is wider in all dimensions, with lighter bones. A cavity that is wider in all dimensions, with heavier bones. A cavity that is wider in all dimensions, with fewer bones.

A cavity that is wider in all dimensions, with lighter bones.

Which of the following correctly lists the steps of fracture repair in sequence? White blood cells arrive during the inflammatory response and differentiate into osteoblasts, which produce new bone. Phagocytes clear away debris, osteoblasts remove damaged bone tissue, and a hematoma forms. A hematoma forms, granulation tissue and fibrocartilage develop, osteoclasts and phagocytes clear away debris, bony callus forms. A hematoma forms, then osteoblasts arrive to produce new bone tissue. A hematoma forms, followed by a bony callus that is replaced by fibrocartilage.

A hematoma forms, granulation tissue and fibrocartilage develop, osteoclasts and phagocytes clear away debris, bony callus forms.

Which of the following describes a lysosome? A tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris. A complex network of interconnected membranes that is a communication system in the cell. A nonmembranous structure that is essential for mitosis. A double-membraned organelle that is the "powerhouse" of the cell. A bilayer of lipid in which proteins are embedded.

A tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris.

Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration? DNA Oxygen ATP Glycogen Glucose

ATP

Tawanda finishes a sprint and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of endorphins. ADP. myosin. actin. ATP.

ATP.

DNA transcribed to mRNA always begins with the sequence AUG UUU TTA TAC AGG

AUG

Which of the following statements is correct? Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on myosin filaments. Myosin and actin alternate to form filaments. Filaments of troponin and tropomyosin slide past one another. Cross-bridges form between actin and sarcolemma filaments. Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments.

Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments.

Which of the following is not a part of the diencephalon? Thalamus Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary gland Pineal gland.

Anterior pituitary gland

In which of the following is rotational movement possible? Condylar joint Pelvic joint Ball-and-socket joint Hinge joint All of the above

Ball-and-socket joint

The antihistamine Benadryl has a sedative effect, but the antihistamine Zyrtec does not, because Zyrtec crosses the blood-brain barrier but Benadryl does not. None of the above. Benadryl crosses the blood-brain barrier but Zyrtec does not. Benadryl is taken as a liquid and Zyrtec as a pill. Benadryl is attached to a nanoparticle that transports it across the blood-brain barrier.

Benadryl crosses the blood-brain barrier but Zyrtec does not.

Which of the following molecules is responsible for "runner's high," a good feeling that accompanies long-distance running? Acetylcholine Alcohol Beta endorphin Epinephrine Dopamine

Beta endorphin

Which of the following are vital signs? Visual acuity and auditory sharpness Ability to take a multiple choice exam and short-term memory Body temperature, blood pressure, and pulse rate Quality of the skin, red blood cell count, oxygen level None of the above

Body temperature, blood pressure, and pulse rate

What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share? Both require a special carrier molecule to move substances across the membrane. Both require cellular energy for the transport of substances. Both move water across a semipermeable membrane. Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without cellular energy. Both require ATP.

Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without cellular energy.

Which of the following is(are) an example of an intramembranous bone? Broad, flat skull bones Humerus Phalanges of the fingers Femur Teeth

Broad, flat skull bones

Which of the following substances account for more than 95% of the human body? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Carbon, phosphorus, oxygen, hydrogen Calcium, phosphorus, hydrogen, nitrogen Carbon, calcium, nitrogen, hydrogen

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Which of the following is unique to neurons? Mitochondria Lysosomes Chromatophilic substance Golgi apparatus Ribosomes

Chromatophilic substance

DNA and RNA differ in that RNA holds genetic information and DNA uses that information to synthesize protein DNA is found in males and RNA is found in females. RNA is double-stranded and DNA is single-stranded. DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein RNA has deoxyribose and DNA has ribose.

DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein

The polymerase chain reaction is a lab version of DNA replication. protein translation. cellular respiration. excretion. RNA transcription.

DNA replication.

Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment? Dermal blood vessels constrict. Hairs are retracted into their follicles. Dermal blood vessels dilate. Sweat glands become active. Smooth muscles relax.

Dermal blood vessels constrict.

An action potential is triggered if EPSPs overpower IPSPs. all of the above. chloride channels open. IPSPs overpower EPSPs. the membrane hyperpolarizes.

EPSPs overpower IPSPs.

For which of the following organelles is the structure and function correctly described? Nucleus-a bubble that holds secretions. Mitochondrion-nonmembranous structure that synthesizes proteins Endoplasmic reticulum-network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals; packages protein molecules for secretion Ribosomes-membranous vesicles; contain digestive enzymes Golgi apparatus-particles composed of protein and RNA; synthesizes proteins

Endoplasmic reticulum-network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals; packages protein molecules for secretion

Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues? Muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Eye tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue

Eye tissue

Which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy? Active transport Phagocytosis Facilitated diffusion Gross movement Pinocytosis

Facilitated diffusion

_______ produce connective tissue fibers. Fibroblasts Mast cells Macrophages Osteoblasts Cartilage cells

Fibroblasts

Which of the following sutures might close as late as age six? Lambdoid Frontal Coronal Sagittal Squamous

Frontal

Which of these is not a monosaccharide? Ribose Glycogen Fructose 6-carbon sugar 5-carbon sugar

Glycogen

Which of the following is not a step in endochondral bone formation? Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue. Osteoblasts deposit a thin layer of compact bone beneath the periosteum. Osteoblasts deposit osseous tissue in place of disintegrating cartilage. Periosteum forms from connective tissue outside the developing bone. Hyaline cartilage develops into the shape of the future bone.

Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue.

Which of the following is the form in which calcium is found in the inorganic matrix of the bone? Hydroxycalcite Calcium oxalate Hypochlorite Haversian crystals Hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite

Which of the following substances is an element? Iron Fat Glucose Salt Water

Iron

Which of the following is not true concerning the female reproductive system? It supports development of fetuses. It maintains female sex cells. It transports the female sex cells. It supports development of embryos. It functions in breastfeeding.

It functions in breastfeeding.

Which of the following is not true regarding RNA? It is double-stranded. It has uracil as one of its found nitrogenous bases. It has cytosine as one of its four nitrogenous bases. It is transcribed in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. It includes ribose, a 5-carbon sugar.

It is double-stranded.

Which of the following is not true about the extracellular matrix? In epithelium it consists of a basement membrane and interstitial matrix. It may include integrins. In many body parts it includes various glycoproteins. It is disrupted in various diseases. It is the same in all tissues.

It is the same in all tissues.

Most of the terminology to name and describe body parts and their functions comes from the language of hunter-gatherers. the language of people who lived after agriculture was developed. Latin and Greek. picture drawings on the cave walls of our ancestors. English and Italian.

Latin and Greek.

Which of the following is an infection? Lyme disease. Polydactyly Osteoarthritis Bursitis. A sprain

Lyme disease.

Which of the following does not illustrate positive feedback control? Blood clotting Maintaining blood pressure Uterine contractions at childbirth Epinephrine secretion during immediate danger

Maintaining blood pressure

Which of the following is not a muscle of mastication? Masseter Temporalis Mandibular Medial and lateral pterygoid All of the above

Mandibular

Which of the following is true? An amino acid encodes a gene. DNA has five types of nucleotide bases. The human genome was sequenced in the 1970s. The genome consists of entirely protein-encoding genes. Much of the genome does not encode protein.

Much of the genome does not encode protein.

When a nerve fiber is polarized, the concentration of Na+ is higher on the outside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the inside. Na+ and K+ is higher on the outside of the membrane. Na+ is higher on the inside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the outside. Ca2+ is equal on both sides of the membrane. Na+ and K+ is higher on the inside of the membrane.

Na+ is higher on the outside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the inside.

The four most abundant elements in the human body are Na, Mg, P, and K. Ca, C, O, and Na. N, H, Mg, and K. O, C, H, and N. H2O and CH4.

O, C, H, and N.

Which cells produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord? Motor neurons Astrocytes Schwann cells Microglia Oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity? Cells, organelles, organs, tissues Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems Organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Which of the following characteristics is used to distinguish tissue types? How long the cells live Location of cells in the body Number of mitochondria Organization of cells Number of inclusions

Organization of cells

Which is true? Osteocytes secrete bone matrix and become osteoblasts Osteoclasts secrete bone matrix and become osteoblasts. Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae. Embryos and fetuses have only osteoblasts, children have only osteocytes, and adults have only osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are large, multinucleated cells that break down calcified bone matrix.

Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae.

Which of the following is not found in spongy bone? Osteoblasts Periosteum Canaliculi Osteons Trabeculae

Osteons

Which of the following is not organic? Nucleic acids Enzymes Oxygen Lipids Cholesterol

Oxygen

Which of the following best describes the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate? When enzyme meets substrate, an explosion may occur. Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule. The enzyme surrounds and completely contains the substrate. The substrate surrounds and completely contains the enzyme. The enzyme temporarily deactivates the substrate.

Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule.

Which of the following ions cross cell membranes most readily? Calcium Magnesium Carbonate Potassium Sodium

Potassium

Which action requires the muscular system? Extracting energy from nutrients Formation of cells Circulating nutrients to tissues Coordination of body parts Production of body heat

Production of body heat

Nucleic acids include steroids and triglycerides. vitamins and minerals. proteins and DNA. RNA and DNA. enzymes and RNA.

RNA and DNA.

The nucleolus contains protein and ribosomes. gelatin. RNA and protein. DNA and protein. DNA only.

RNA and protein.

Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life? Phosphorus-32. Iron-59. Fahrenheit-451. Iodine-131. Radium-226.

Radium-226.

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence? Receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector Effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron Effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector None of the above.

Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

Which of the following is not true? Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white. Red fibers fatigue more slowly than white. Red fibers contain more myoglobin than white. Red roosters have red fibers and white chickens have white fibers. Red fibers contract more slowly than white.

Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white.

Which of the following processes does not help to maintain the life of an individual organism? Reproduction Respiration. Responsiveness Metabolism Movement

Reproduction

Which of the following processes is necessary to ensure the continuation of the human species? Respiration. Metabolism Responsiveness Reproduction Movement

Reproduction

Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions are correct? Reproduction-replicating the genetic material. Assimilation-obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food Responsiveness-sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them Respiration-changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids Circulation-the movement of the body as a whole

Responsiveness-sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them

Which of the following best describes the causes of common forms of arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging. Rheumatoid arthritis is a form of cancer and osteoarthritis is not. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are caused by effects of aging. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by effects of aging and osteoarthritis is an autoimmune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are autoimmune diseases

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging.

Which of the following are descending tracts in the spinal cord? Spinothalamic Spinocerebellar Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus Rubrospinal

Rubrospinal

Which of the following neuroglia is not part of the CNS? Satellite cells Interneurons Ependymal cells Microglia Astrocytes

Satellite cells

Which of the following cells is only found in the PNS? Microglial cell Neuron Astrocyte Schwann cell Oligodendrocyte

Schwann cell

Which type of tissue lines the follicles of the thyroid glands? Simple cuboidal epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Connective tissue. Glandular epithelium Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Which of the following is not a synovial joint? Symphysis Hinge Condylar Ball-and-socket Saddle

Symphysis

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint? Symphysis Syndesmosis Gomphosis Coronal suture Sagittal suture

Symphysis

Which of the following is a major portion of the diencephalon? Thalamus Cerebral aqueduct Cerebral peduncles Red nucleus Pia mater

Thalamus

Which of the following parts of the mature brain develops from the forebrain? Midbrain Pons Cerebellum Thalamus Brainstem

Thalamus

Which of the following does not influence the rate of diffusion? Distance The amount of energy available for transport molecules Hunger The molecular weight of the diffusing molecules The concentration of the substance

The amount of energy available for transport molecules

Which of the following describes the female pelvis compared to that of the male? The distance between the female ischial spines is greater. The obturator foramen is more oval in a female. The distance between the female ischial tuberosities is less. The female iliac bones are less flared. The angle of the female pubic arch is smaller.

The distance between the female ischial spines is greater.

Which of the following organs is in the abdominopelvic cavity? The trachea The kidneys The heart The thymus gland The eyes

The kidneys

When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? The palms are facing backward. The face is forward. The head is bowed. The arms are at the sides. The body is erect.

The palms are facing backward.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes? They have active sites and interact with specific substrates. They are most active at temperatures about 53 degrees C. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions but are not used up in the process. Most are proteins. None of the above.

They are most active at temperatures about 53 degrees C.

Which of the following is not true of organelles? They are found in many types of cells. They are only in cells of humans. They are composed of aggregates of large molecules. They subdivide the cell. They carry on specific activities.

They are only in cells of humans.

What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells? They hold energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes. They carry the information in DNA so that proteins can be synthesized. They are an integral part of the cell membrane, important in transporting water molecules. They form a genetic material. They act as coenzymes so that fats can be synthesized.

They hold energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes.

What is the function of neuroglia? They revive dead neurons. They sense changes in the environment and respond by sending nerve impulses. They serve as glue and scaffolding for neurons but have no physiological role. They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels. They guide neurons to muscles, then pass neurotransmitters to the muscle cells.

They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA but not RNA? Cytosine Adenine Guanine Uracil Thymine

Thymine

Which of the following is not a function of bone? To provide a framework for the body. To store inorganic salts. To house the tissue that manufactures blood cells. To protect soft tissues. To provide nervous communication from bone to muscle.

To provide nervous communication from bone to muscle.

How do living organisms use oxygen? To produce water that is necessary to hydrate the body. To provide energy. To release energy stored in the molecules of food. To control heat production. To keep the reproductive system functioning.

To release energy stored in the molecules of food.

Which of the following bones is not part of the orbit of the skull? Vomer Zygomatic Sphenoid Frontal Ethmoid

Vomer

Which is an environmental factor that a human body requires? Wastes Water Heat Light. Carbon dioxide

Water

Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic substance in cells? Water Lipid Protein Bone Carbohydrate

Water

The linea alba is a muscle beneath the skull. a curved, broad muscle on the side of the chest. a muscle extending from the ischial spine to the coccyx and sacrum. a band of tough connective tissue to which abdominal wall muscles attach. a muscle attached to the symphysis pubis.

a band of tough connective tissue to which abdominal wall muscles attach.

A biomarker is always a protein. a body chemical associated with a particular disease or exposure to a toxin. a gene that encodes a particular protein. a book mark that one uses when studying from a biology textbook. a protein that encodes a particular gene.

a body chemical associated with a particular disease or exposure to a toxin.

Every neuron has myelin. many axons. a cell wall. a cell body. a neurilemma.

a cell body.

In phagocytosis a particle enters a cell by moving down its concentration gradient. a cell membrane engulfs droplets. a cell membrane temporarily comes apart. a carrier molecule moves a substance across a cell membrane using ATP. a cell membrane engulfs solid particles.

a cell membrane engulfs solid particles.

After a severe burn, new skin may grow outwards from the hair follicles. New growth begins here because a person has many hair follicles. a hair follicle contains stem cells in the bulge region. the skin's stem cells migrate to the hair follicles. hair is essential for functioning of the immune system and survival. the hair follicles are very resistant to fire and heat.

a hair follicle contains stem cells in the bulge region.

Bones of a synovial joint are held together by articular cartilage. a joint capsule. a bursa. a meniscus. a synovial membrane.

a joint capsule.

Hypothermia is associated with exercising vigorously in the heat. a form of skin cancer. accompanied by fever. a form of hair loss. a lowered body temperature.

a lowered body temperature.

Gray hair is caused by a pigment, pseudomelanin. a mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs. a mixture of red and brown hairs. a form of albinism. full of abnormal keratin.

a mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs.

The formula H2O means a molecule contains one hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms. a molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. an atom contains one hydrogen molecule and two oxygen molecules. a molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. an atom contains two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule.

a molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

An enzyme is a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy. a type of protein used to smoothen aged and wrinkled skin. usually a vitamin. the genetic material. a protein that promotes metabolic reactions by slowing reactions that are too fast.

a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

A motor unit is a motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected to it. a type of recreational vehicle. many motor end plates at a neuromuscular junction. many myofibrils in a sarcolemma. the functional unit of a muscle fiber.

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected to it.

In reuptake an enzyme breaks down a neurotransmitter and then another enzyme builds it back up. a neuropeptide breaks down into amino acids, which act as neurotransmitters. a neurotransmitter that has already been released into the synaptic cleft is taken back into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron or into nearby neuroglia or neurons. an action potential reverses direction. parts of neurotransmitters floating in the synapse come together to restore levels.

a neurotransmitter that has already been released into the synaptic cleft is taken back into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron or into nearby neuroglia or neurons.

Inflammation is a result of exposure to very low temperatures. a type of infection. a normal response to stress or injury. none of the above. an abnormal response to injury or stress.

a normal response to stress or injury.

A myogram is a depiction of the results of a stress test. a recording of the events of a twitch. a measurement of muscle tone. a chart that shows how many muscle cells a neuron synapses with. an instrument that detects the pattern in which neurons contact muscles.

a recording of the events of a twitch.

All reflexes have association neurons. a reflex arc. interneurons. multiple synapses. a reflex cycle.

a reflex arc.

A lumbar puncture is an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid. a blockage in peripheral nerve transmission. a test of the pressure that the cerebrospinal fluid is under. a procedure to correct a spinal cord injury. none of the above.

a test of the pressure that the cerebrospinal fluid is under.

Which of the following terms and descriptions is correctly paired? flexion-straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them is increased abduction-lifting the arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body or moving a part away from the midline adduction-moving a part in a circle or returning the arm from the horizontal position to the front of the body supination-turning the hand so the palm is downward extension-bending the leg at the knee or decreasing the angle between the upper and lower leg

abduction-lifting the arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body or moving a part away from the midline

A dislocation of the shoulder is most likely to occur during forceful adduction. circumduction. flexion. abduction. extension.

abduction.

The cellular abnormality that causes cystic fibrosis is blood that clots too readily. abnormal chloride channels that trap salt inside cells lining the lung passageways. extra receptors for a growth factor. abnormal potassium channels in heart muscle. absence of the ability to feel pain.

abnormal chloride channels that trap salt inside cells lining the lung passageways.

The genome sequences of different individuals are always different. always identical. about 50% alike. about 99.9% alike about 90% alike

about 99.9% alike

People with myasthenia gravis lack dystrophin. about two-thirds of the normal number of acetylcholine receptors titin. sarcomeres. troponin.

about two-thirds of the normal number of acetylcholine receptors

A molecule that is common to carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically is acetyl coenzyme A. glucose. glycogen. pyruvic acid. fructose.

acetyl coenzyme A.

The first event in muscle fiber contraction is that the muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber through transverse tubules. calcium ions diffuse from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm and bind to troponin molecules. acetylcholine diffuses across a gap at a neuromuscular junction. morphine is released from the end of the motor neuron. acetylcholine is released from the end of the motor neuron.

acetylcholine is released from the end of the motor neuron

The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is acetylcholine. GABA beta endorphin. nitrous oxide. nitric oxide.

acetylcholine.

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water are toxins. bases. catalysts electrons. acids

acids

Humans require vitamins in their diets because these nutrients are broken down by catabolic reactions. act as cofactors. bond with minerals. are essential to the proper taste of food. provide energy.

act as cofactors.

Myofibrils are composed primarily of actin and myosin. troponin and tropomyosin. fascia and tendons. perimysium and endomysium ATP and ADP.

actin and myosin.

A drug that functions as an agonist causes great pain if taken in too high a dose. activates a receptor, helping a neurotransmitter bind or triggering an action potential in some other way. adds receptors to cells. blocks a receptor so that the neurotransmitter cannot bind. relieves pain.

activates a receptor, helping a neurotransmitter bind or triggering an action potential in some other way.

A peptide bond forms between a gene and a protein. adjacent amino acids held on a ribosome and bound to tRNAs. an mRNA and an rRNA. a tRNA and an mRNA. two pepto bismol tablets.

adjacent amino acids held on a ribosome and bound to tRNAs.

Cosmetic products that promise to reverse aging, or claim to be "anti-aging," are not being truthful, in a scientific sense, because men do not generally use cosmetics. aging is inherited. not everyone ages at the same rate. aging is the passage of time and the accompanying bodily changes. the products do not work.

aging is the passage of time and the accompanying bodily changes.

The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of various substances. contains cholesterol. all answer choices are correct maintains the integrity of the cell. provides a barrier to water-soluble substances.

all answer choices are correct

A person exercising vigorously on a hot, humid day may develop headache, muscle cramps, and nausea. all of the above heat exhaustion. fatigue and dizziness. dizziness.

all of the above

In rheumatoid arthritis the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens, forming a mass. articular cartilage is damaged and fibrous tissue invades. fibrous tissues ossify and bones fuse. all of the above the hands can look very deformed.

all of the above

Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include homeless people exposed to the outdoors. the very young. the very old. very thin people. all of the above

all of the above

Joints allow bones to grow. all of the above often contain cartilage. enable body parts to move. bind bones.

all of the above

Lipids are insoluble in water. are organic. include phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats. contain C, H, and O, but with proportionately less oxygen than in carbohydrates. all of the above

all of the above

Magnetic resonance imaging might be used to all of the above distinguish between normal and cancerous tissue. obtain a sectional view of the brain. examine an injured knee. assess damage sustained by the heart.

all of the above

An engineered tissue might include progenitor cells. a scaffold built of synthetic materials. extracellular matrix components stem cells. all of the above.

all of the above.

Cardiac muscle all of the above. responds in an all-or-none manner. excites itself. contracts as a syncytium. is only in the heart.

all of the above.

Cerebrospinal fluid informs the autonomic centers in the brainstem and hypothalamus about the internal environment. provides a pathway for waste to enter the blood. protects the brain protects the spinal cord. all of the above.

all of the above.

Chemistry is important to the study of physiology because all of the above. chemical reactions enable our bodies to extract energy from nutrients. body functions reflect cellular functions that reflect chemical changes. drugs are chemicals. we eat chemicals.

all of the above.

Collagen is a major component of all of the above. bone. connective tissue. ligament. tendon.

all of the above.

Functions of muscles are for moving bones. all of the above. distribution of heat. muscle tone. the heartbeat.

all of the above.

Muscle atrophy that progresses with aging is caused by reduction in creatine phosphate. ATP. the sizes of muscle fibers. myoglobin. all of the above.

all of the above.

On the pH scale a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration separates each whole number all of the above. pH values below 7 are acidic. the lower the whole number on the scale, the greater the H+ concentration. pH values above 7 are basic.

all of the above.

Sensory receptors detect changes in and outside the body. are part of the PNS. monitor sound. monitor light all of the above.

all of the above.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome causes all of the above. ringing in the ears. insomnia. backache. clicking sound from the jaw.

all of the above.

The components of the pelvic girdle are called coxal bones. all of the above. pelvic bones. innominate bones. hip bones.

all of the above.

The epidermis all of the above. protects the skin against mechanical injury. loses some cells every day. retains water in deeper skin layers. keeps out harmful chemicals and pathogens.

all of the above.

The femur extends from the hip to the knee. is the longest bone in the body. has a large, rounded head. all of the above. articulates with the patella.

all of the above.

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen. breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules. all of the answer choices are correct releases energy transfers energy to ATP molecules

all of the answer choices are correct

Which DNA sequence can encode the amino acid sequence ile-asp-ser-cys-his-tyr? TAACTAAGTACGGTGATG all of the answer choices are correct TAGCTGTCAACAGTGATA TAACTGTCGACGGTGATG GTAGTGGCATGAATCAAT

all of the answer choices are correct

"Metabolism" refers to digestion of nutrients. all of the chemical reactions in a cell. the reactions in the body that synthesize proteins and nucleic acids. breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy. the reactions in the body that break down proteins and nucleic acids.

all of the chemical reactions in a cell.

The metabolome includes all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism. all of the genes that make a person gain weight. the DNA that does not encode protein in the genome. all of the enzymes that take part in aerobic respiration. all of the genes that encode protein in the genome.

all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism.

A man donates part of his liver to his daughter, who suffers from cystic fibrosis. This procedure is a(n) autograft fibrograft. allograft dermograft xenograft

allograft

Drugs that inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase allow increased activity of norepinephrine. are associated with heart disease. decompose serotonin. decompose norepinephrine. decrease the activity of serotonin.

allow increased activity of norepinephrine.

A synchondrosis allows free movement. allows bone growth. is formed by the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae. includes a joint capsule. equalizes pressure between vertebrae.

allows bone growth.

A selectively permeable membrane forms a bubble that engulfs incoming molecules. allows some substances to pass through and excludes others. falls apart locally so that any nearby molecules can get through. allows all organic substances to pass through but excludes all inorganic substances. allows all substances to pass through.

allows some substances to pass through and excludes others.

The part of the brain that is overactive in post traumatic stress disorder is the amygdala. brainstem. infundibulum. thalamus. hippocampus.

amygdala.

The Babinski reflex is dorsiflexion of the foot when the knee is tapped, indicating damage to a reflex arc. an abnormal dorsiflexion of the great toe up, with fanning of the smaller toes, that indicates damage to a reflex arc. the speed with which a deer turns and runs at the sight of a hunter. a normal response to stroking the sole of the foot. plantar flextion of the foot.

an abnormal dorsiflexion of the great toe up, with fanning of the smaller toes, that indicates damage to a reflex arc.

Myasthenia gravis is a muscle in the lower limb. a form of cancer. the result of injury. an autoimmune disorder. a bacterial infection.

an autoimmune disorder.

A shift in metabolism that breaks down pyruvic acid to lactic acid is called aerobic threshold. glycolysis pyruvic acidosis. glycogenic threshold. anaerobic threshold.

anaerobic threshold.

Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic prophase. prometaphase metaphase. telophase. anaphase.

anaphase

Anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because anatomical structures determine which functions are possible. physiological functions determine which structures are possible. gene expression identifies proteins in body parts. they overlap to a great degree. new aspects of anatomy and physiology are always being discovered.

anatomical structures determine which functions are possible.

Synthesis of a protein stops when there is no more DNA. the ribosome becomes fatigued. any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA. the cell runs out of ATP. any of three specific anticodons are encountered in the mRNA.

any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA.

An inflammation of the meninges called meningitis usually affects the dura mater only. dura mater and arachnoid mater. arachnoid mater and pia mater. pia mater only. arachnoid mater only.

arachnoid mater and pia mater.

Bones perform only one function. are not living tissue. are multifunctional. are built primarily of elastin and collagen. contain organic salts.

are multifunctional.

Milk and ear wax are secreted from modified sweat glands. are in the blood. are not secretions. are secreted from modified sebaceous glands. are synthetic substances.

are secreted from modified sweat glands.

The subcutaneous layer of skin consists of blood and nerves. epithelial tissue. adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue. areolar and adipose tissue. epithelium and areolar tissue.

areolar and adipose tissue.

When a joint is immobilized for a prolonged time, there is danger that articular cartilage will thicken. articular cartilage will degenerate. articular cartilage will ossify. synovial fluid will decrease. synovial fluid will increase.

articular cartilage will degenerate.

The white material that reduces friction at the ends of bones is called the endosteum. white matter. the periosteum. articular cartilage. the epiphysis.

articular cartilage.

Joints are also called annotations. articulations. ligaments. medullary cavities. periosteum.

articulations.

Neurotransmitters that are modified amino acids are methyl, ethyl, and ketone bodies aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and GABA. potassium, sodium, and calcium ions dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. enkephalins, endorphins, and substance P.

aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and GABA.

A spinal nerve passing through the intervertebral foramen is associated with the vertebra above. composed of afferent fibers only. composed of efferent fibers only. associated with cranial nerve C1. none of the above.

associated with the vertebra above.

In a covalent bond all of the above. one atom shares and another atom gains electrons. oppositely charged atoms attract. atoms share pairs of electrons. oppositely charged atoms repel.

atoms share pairs of electrons.

A woman undergoes coronary bypass surgery, in which a blood vessel from her leg is moved to her heart, where it supplements the blood supply following a heart attack. This procedure is a(n) allograft. dermograft. xenograft. autograft. fibrograft.

autograft.

The sternum is part of the pelvic girdle. axial skeleton. head. appendicular skeleton. pectoral girdle.

axial skeleton.

Convergence refers to dendrites contacting the axon of their own cell. a neuroglial cell that contacts many neurons. dendrites from the same neuron touching each other. dendrites from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron. axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron.

axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron.

A reason that the CNS and PNS differ in their ability to regenerate after injury is that peripheral nerves lack endoneurium. peripheral nerves lack Schwann cells. axons of the CNS lack neurilemmae. axons of the CNS lack myelin. CNS axons have direct access to the brain.

axons of the CNS lack neurilemmae.

Synaptic knobs are at the ends of cell bodies. mitochondria. neuroglia. axons. dendrites.

axons.

Magnetic resonance imaging uses radio antennae. high-frequency sound waves. radioisotopes. X rays. barium.

barium.

Melinda has Parkinson disease. Her movements are slowing and she has difficulty initiating voluntary muscular actions. The region that is affected in her brain is the frontal lobe. parietal lobe. basal ganglia. ventricles. amygdala.

basal ganglia.

In order for a severed peripheral nerve to regenerate and recover its original function, nerve fibers must sprout and enter tubes formed by microtubules. nodes of Ranvier. myelin. former axons. basement membranes and connective tissues.

basement membranes and connective tissues.

A hair is distinguished from a hair follicle by always dividing. never dividing. being dead. actively secreting. being alive.

being dead.

We enjoy sunbathing because it stimulates keratinocytes to release carotenes. collagens. beta endorphin. keratins. elastin.

beta endorphin.

The brain waves most closely associated with mental activity are alpha waves. beta waves. theta waves. delta waves. gamma waves.

beta waves.

Paired organs, such as the kidneys or lungs, are said to be bilateral. bicyclic bivalent bisexual. bilingual.

bilateral.

Anabolic metabolism refers to any chemical reaction. biochemical reactions that break down compounds. biochemical reactions that synthesize compounds. all processes required to maintain life. biochemical reactions that replace damaged muscles.

biochemical reactions that synthesize compounds.

Osteoclasts are mature bone cells that maintain the matrix. bone cells that secrete bone matrix. not bone cells. immature bone cells that give rise to osteocytes. bone cells that resorb bone tissue.

bone cells that resorb bone tissue.

Osteoblasts are ______, whereas osteocytes are ______. embryo cells, fetal cells bone-forming cells; mature bone cells bone-forming cells; bone-destroying cells bone-destroying cells; bone forming cells mature bone cells; bone-forming cells

bone-forming cells; mature bone cells

Elastic connective tissue forms branching networks or parallel strands. complex three dimensional networks. elbows and knees. cartilage. ligaments and tendons.

branching networks or parallel strands.

Eumelanin and pheomelanin are present in excess in a person with albinism. brownish-black and reddish-yellow pigments, respectively. synthetic dyes. types of keratin. reddish-yellow and brownish-black pigments, respectively.

brownish-black and reddish-yellow pigments, respectively.

Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called bursae. menisci. peduncles. ligaments. tendons.

bursae.

Filtration is the movement of molecules through a membrane from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure. with the aid of a carrier protein. from low concentration to high concentration. by hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side of the membrane than on the other. from low to high hydrostatic pressure.

by hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side of the membrane than on the other.

When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles are released in response to the presence of neurotransmitters. morphine. sodium ions. neuropeptides. calcium ions.

calcium ions.

The soleus is a muscle that forms part of the shoulder. thigh. abdomen. calf. buttocks.

calf.

Smooth muscle has ___________ and not troponin. calmodulin norepinephrine acetylcholine titin fibronectin

calmodulin

The blood-brain barrier consists of nanoparticles. a sheet of muscle tissue that separates the brain from the skull. aligned blood cells. capillaries joined by desmosomes that are closer together than they are elsewhere. capillaries whose cells are firmly attached by overlapping tight junctions surrounded by astrocytes.

capillaries whose cells are firmly attached by overlapping tight junctions surrounded by astrocytes.

In the citric acid cycle all of the answer choices are correct 2 ATP molecules are formed. hydrocholoric acid is given off. hydrogen atoms are released. carbon dioxide is released.

carbon dioxide is released.

Embryonic stem cells growing in a lab dish are bathed in a "cocktail" of chemicals that cause them to specialize into branching networks of single-nucleated cells that pulsate in unison. This tissue is most likely epithelial muscle. cardiac muscle. a nerve network. skeletal muscle. smooth muscle.

cardiac muscle.

Sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of dogions. salts. cations. molecules. anions.

cations.

Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called lacunae. canaliculi. osteons. osteomorphs. central canals.

central canals.

The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements is the cerebrum. brainstem. cerebellum. corpus callosum. hippocampus.

cerebellum.

Which of the following terms and definitions is correct? cerebral cortex-a thin layer of gray matter forming the outermost part of the cerebrum hemisphere dominance-the largest cerebral hemisphere with the thickest cerebral cortex limbic system-interconnected brain structures that activate skeletal muscle cauda equina-a network of anterior branches of spinal nerves cerebral cortex-a thick layer of white matter forming the outer layer of the cerebrum

cerebral cortex-a thin layer of gray matter forming the outermost part of the cerebrum

Brain waves are recordings of activity in the medulla. cerebellum. basal ganglia. brainstem. cerebral cortex.

cerebral cortex.

The phrenic nerves arise from the solar plexuses. brachial plexuses. lumbar plexuses. sacral plexuses. cervical plexuses.

cervical plexuses.

Connie recently celebrated her 45th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, but in the morning, for about a half hour after she gets out of bed, all of her joints feel stiff. This is due to sprains. poor circulation. changes in collagen structure. torn ligaments. nerve damage.

changes in collagen structure.

Assimilation is an increase in body size without a change in overall shape. breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. changing absorbed substances into different chemical forms. breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can absorb. a person joining a social group.

changing absorbed substances into different chemical forms.

The buccinator muscle is in the cheek. chest. ankle. buttocks. bladder.

cheek.

Biochemistry is the study of the origin of life. how drugs affect the body. how organisms relate to their environment. chemical reactions in organisms. energy transfer in non-living matter.

chemical reactions in organisms.

An example of a biomarker is all of the above. any DNA sequence. sodium chloride. hydrogen. cholesterol.

cholesterol.

Cartilage heals slowly because chondrocytes cannot divide. the intercellular material is sesamoid. chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies. cartilage cells are immersed in fluids. it isn't used often.

chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies.

Exposure to ionizing radiation may cause diabetes. cause a woman to conceive twins. cause a urinary tract infection. cloud the lens of the eye. none of the above.

cloud the lens of the eye.

Which is the most likely explanation for the defect in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in which the skin blisters with any touch? the skin has too many melanocytes that produce too much melanin. collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down. the skin layers are reversed. melanocytes cannot produce melanin. the person has sustained a severe burn.

collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down.

Mutations usually disrupt collagen's function because collagen is used as a cosmetic. collagen has a very variable structure. there are many types of collagen and this protein is widespread in the body. collagen is very rare in the body. collagen has a very precise structure.

collagen has a very precise structure.

Bone tissue contains abundant fibrocartilage. cholesterol. laminin. collagen. fibronectin.

collagen.

Areolar tissue contains many adipocytes filled with fat. nipples and other breast tissues. collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance. osteocytes, osteoblasts, and canaliculi chondrocytes and lacunae.

collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance.

DNA profiling counts the numbers of adenines, guanines, cytosines, and thymines in DNA. compares the most variable parts of the genome for a variety of applications. sequences the entire genomes of criminals. analyzes 64 highly variable regions of the human genome. sequences genes that cause disease.

compares the most variable parts of the genome for a variety of applications.

DNA molecules are in the nucleus complexed with protein, forming nucleoli. complexed with protein on the nuclear envelope. complexed with protein, forming chromatin fibers. broken into thousands of pieces. as free molecules.

complexed with protein, forming chromatin fibers.

Epidermis is ________________, whereas dermis is ________________. the innermost layer of the skin; under the epidermis composed of largely dense connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes none of the above. the outermost layer of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes

A _______ gland branches repeatedly before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part. alveolar simple tubular compound ovoid

compound

Myelin is a form of chromatophilic substance that fills Schwann cells. is released from a neuron and travels to another neuron. is produced in response to bacterial infection. is a type of neuron. comprises much of the cell membrane of Schwann cells.

comprises much of the cell membrane of Schwann cells

In some medical schools, cadaver dissection is supplemented with watching television crime dramas that depict autopsies. reading Wikipedia. computerized scans of cadavers organized into databases. dissections that students perform on volunteers. dissections that students perform on themselves.

computerized scans of cadavers organized into databases.

The pH scale measures the number of hydroxyl ions in water. strength of an electrical current that a solution carries. concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. number of water molecules in solution. number of molecules of salts dissolved in water.

concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

Adipose tissue is a form of nervous tissue. connective tissue. muscle. bone. epithelium.

connective tissue.

A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it has no blood supply. connects muscles to bones. consists of cells with much intercellular material. has many adipocytes. covers the outside of organs.

consists of cells with much intercellular material.

Diverging axons amplify an impulse by returning the impulse to the neuron of origin. stimulating themselves. contacting many neurons. splitting into multiple axons. none of the above.

contacting many neurons.

Organic molecules ____, whereas inorganic molecules ____. are sprinkled on organically-grown foods; are removed from foods do not contain carbon; do contain carbon contain carbon; do not contain carbon are small; are very large contain carbon; do not dissolve in water

contain carbon; do not contain carbon

The melanocytes in very dark skin contain clusters of 2 to 4 pigment granules. contain many small pigment granules. are more abundant than they are in light skin. contain single, large, pigment granules. lack pigment but shrivel up and turn black.

contain single, large, pigment granules.

Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle contracts more rapidly and relaxes more slowly. contracts and relaxes at about the same rate. contracts more rapidly and relaxes more rapidly. contracts more slowly and relaxes more rapidly. contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly.

contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly.

A warm surface loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by radiation. convection. hydration. conduction. evaporation.

convection.

A tendon is ______, whereas an aponeurosis is ______. none of the above cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles; cordlike and connects bones to bones found in humans; found in apes. cordlike and connects bones to bones; a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles

cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles

If the general interpretative area of the dominant hemisphere is damaged in a child, the corresponding region on the opposite side of the brain may take over the interpretative functions. child will fail to learn language. child will do very poorly in math. child will have difficulty concentrating. none of the above.

corresponding region on the opposite side of the brain may take over the interpretative functions.

The relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate is that creatine phosphate supplies energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate. both are required to stimulate a muscle to contract. both having three phosphate groups. they are the same. ATP supplies energy to synthesize creatine phosphate from creatine and phosphate.

creatine phosphate supplies energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate.

When the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscles of the other arm contract. This phenomenon is called flexor extensor reflex. ipsilateral reflex. crossed extensor reflex. crossed flexor reflex. mixed extensor reflex.

crossed extensor reflex.

Anaerobic respiration occurs in _____, whereas aerobic respiration occurs in ______. cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required mitochondria without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required mitochondria with O2 required; chloroplasts without O2 required mitochondria; cytoplasm with O2 required cytoplasm without O2 required; cytoplasm with CO2 required

cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required

The reactions of anaerobic respiration take place in the cytoplasm. all of the above chloroplast. nucleus. mitochondria.

cytoplasm.

Shafts of hair are composed of dead dermal cells. living fibroblasts. living dermal cells. living epidermal cells. dead epidermal cells.

dead epidermal cells.

The enzyme acetylecholinesterase causes acetylcholine to form cross-bridges. bond to actin. be secreted from the motor end plate. decompose. none of the above.

decompose.

Table sugar breaking down into glucose and fructose is a(n) _______ reaction. hydrolysis decomposition metabolic exchange reaction synthesis

decomposition

A sign of aging of the muscular system is all of the above. decreased supplies of myoglobin to muscles. excess ATP. expansion of muscle fiber diameters. fewer red fibers.

decreased supplies of myoglobin to muscles.

Basal ganglia are located in the ______ and ______. brainstem; relay motor impulses from the cerebral cortex frontal lobe; aid in control of motor activities deep regions of the cerebral hemispheres; aid in control of motor activities cerebral hemispheres; aid in coordination of equilibrium motor activities superficial layers of the cerebrum; control the senses

deep regions of the cerebral hemispheres; aid in control of motor activities

The cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body, provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies). neurofibrils. dendrites. axons. synapses.

dendrites.

The dermis is composed largely of fibrous connective tissue. stratified squamous epithelium. dense irregular connective tissue. dense regular connective tissue. adipose tissue.

dense irregular connective tissue.

Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of epithelial tissue. dense regular connective tissue. muscle tissue. dense irregular tissue. reticular connective tissue.

dense regular connective tissue.

Glucosamine and chondroitin are dietary supplements from human cadavers. dietary supplements from fish skeletons. dietary supplements from shells and cow carilage. types of synovial joints. proteins found in joints that are taken as dietary supplements.

dietary supplements from shells and cow carilage.

The function of the nucleus is to form mitochondria. transfer energy. allow substances to move in and out of cells. provide cell shape. direct the activities of the cell.

direct the activities of the cell.

Displacement and deformity of a joint is called arthritis. ankylosis. dislocation. bursitis. sprain.

dislocation.

Water causes ionically-bonded molecules to bond more strongly. degrade. denature. explode. dissociate.

dissociate.

The neurotransmitter most likely produced when a person uses a drug that creates a sense of well-being is substance Q. dopamine. enkephalin. acetylcholine. glutamic acid.

dopamine.

A movement that brings the foot closer to the shin is a(n) extension. plantar flexion. adduction. dorsiflexion. abduction.

dorsiflexion.

DNA replication occurs when a cell requires protein. when a cell requires energy. outside of the nucleus. during mitosis. during interphase of the cell cycle.

during interphase of the cell cycle.

Bone cells and muscle cells differ in structure and function because each expresses a different subset of genes. each has different chromosomes. each has different genes. bone cells secrete bone matrix and muscle cells do not. muscle cells have contractile proteins and bone cells do not.

each expresses a different subset of genes.

The radial collateral ligament is associated with the elbow joint. none of the above. hip joint. shoulder joint. knee joint.

elbow joint.

Matter is composed of ____, which are composed of _____. chemicals; molecules molecules; elements atoms; cells atoms; molecules elements; atoms

elements; atoms

In cellular respiration, cells breathe, or take in, O2 and give off CO2. energy is absorbed from glucose and is transferred to CO2. mitochondria release glucose molecules. energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules. cells produce energy from O2 and absorb heat.

energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules.

Accessory structures of the skin originate from the subcutaneous layer. nervous system. epidermis. basement membrane. dermis.

epidermis.

In the inherited disease ichythyosis, the skin is rough, brown, and very scaly because the uppermost layer cannot peel off as easily as it normally does. The part of the skin that is affected is the endodermis. subcutaneous layer. dermis. basement membrane. epidermis.

epidermis.

The upper midportion of the abdomen is called the ____. iliac hypochondriac hypogastric metabdominal epigastric

epigastric

The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the myomysium. epimysium. endomysium. perimysium. sarcomysium.

epimysium.

A basement membrane anchors muscle to nerve tissue. epithelial to connective tissue. connective to muscle tissue. brain to nervous tissue. blood cells to blood plasma.

epithelial to connective tissue.

Epithelial membranes are typically composed of stratified and unstratified epithelium. serous and mucous membranes. connective tissue and underlying epithelium. epithelium and underlying connective tissue.

epithelium and underlying connective tissue.

A carcinoma is a cancer originating from the large intestine. muscle tissue. nerve tissue. epithelium. connective tissue.

epithelium.

About 90% of all cancers originate from nervous tissue. the brain. connective tissue. epithelium. muscle tissue.

epithelium.

Sweat cools the body by evaporation. conduction. convection. radiation. hydration.

evaporation.

Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters by ______________. diffusion. transcytosis. active transport. exocytosis. endocytosis.

exocytosis.

If a neuron receives a series of stimuli whose effect is excitatory but subthreshold, the neuron is more excitable to incoming stimulation than before and is said to be amplified. converged. highlighted. graded. facilitated.

facilitated.

Sebaceous glands secrete none of the above. sweat in the armpits. glycogen granules that accumulate around hair follicles. fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum. mucus.

fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum.

Which of the following happens first after a scab forms? the scab sloughs off nearby wandering cells secrete keratin. blood vessels send out new branches under the scab. phagocytic cells remove dead material. fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.

fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.

The granulations that appear during the healing of a large, open wound are composed mainly of phagocytic cells. scar tissue. blood clots. fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels. dead keratinocytes.

fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels.

A gomphosis is a(n) ______ joint. ball-and-socket synchondrosis fibrous cartilagenous synovial

fibrous

A suture is an example of a(n) none of the above. synovial joint. plane joint. fibrous joint. cartilagenous joint.

fibrous joint.

Phalanges are neither finger nor toe bones. finger and toe bones. toe bones. finger bones. wrist and ankle bones.

finger and toe bones.

Cells that reside in a specific connective tissue type for an extended period of time are called wandering cells. resident cells. stem cells. transitional cells. fixed cells.

fixed cells.

Movements permitted by the elbow joint between the humerus and the ulna are movement in any plane. flexion and extension. rotation and circumduction. none of the above. adduction, flexion, and extension.

flexion and extension.

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the hand. skull. foot. sternum. pelvis.

foot.

Spinal nerve injury may result from fracture of vertebrae, dislocations, or birth injuries. too little dopamine in the basal ganglia. excess acetylcholine in synapses. a drug overdose. none of the above.

fracture of vertebrae, dislocations, or birth injuries.

Agriculture changed the types of health problems that people experienced not at all. from 200 to 300 years ago. from more than a million years ago. from 600,000 to a million years ago. from 6,000 to 10,000 years ago.

from 6,000 to 10,000 years ago.

Clusters of neuron cell bodies are called _____. axons ganglia soma neuromas nuclei

ganglia

The type of intercellular junction that forms tubular channels is a nuclear junction. ion channel. desmosome. gap junction. tight junction.

gap junction.

The type of epithelium that secretes into ducts that open onto surfaces like skin or into body fluids is stratified cuboidal epithelium. glandular epithelium transitional epithelium. connective tissue. simple squamous epithelium.

glandular epithelium

A gluteal gait, in which a person walks with a waddling limp, is usually caused by a disorder of the gluteus gluteus and gluteus transverses. gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. none of the above. gluteus maximus and gluteus medius. gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus.

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate is glycogen. fat. an amino acid. cellulite. glycerol.

glycogen.

A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in glycolysis. the citric acid cycle. gluconeogenesis the electron transport system. acetyl CoA formation

glycolysis.

A tooth root attached to a jawbone by a periodontal ligament is a _____ joint. synovial synchondrosis syndesmosis symphsis gomphosis

gomphosis

The relationship of osmotic pressure and the number of solute particles in a solution is the none of the above. greater the number of solute particles, the lower the osmotic pressure. lower the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure. greater the osmotic pressure, the lower the number of solute particles. greater the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure.

greater the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure.

Extracellular matrix consists of lacunae and lamellae. fixed cells and wandering cells. ground substance and protein fibers. blood and pus. heparin and keratin.

ground substance and protein fibers.

Pituitary dwarfism results from a decreased secretion of ______ hormone, which decreases production of ______. sex; osteoclasts in the epiphyseal plate growth; osteoblasts in the medullary cavity growth; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate thyroxin; osteoclasts in the epiphyseal plate thyroid; osteocytes in the periosteum

growth; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate

Disuse of the joints _____ _______ which hastens stiffening. causes arthritis causes cancer hampers blood flow degenerates cartilage causes injuries

hampers blood flow

A hypertonic solution has a greater concentration (number) of solute particles than do the cells in the solution. kills a cell. would swell cells in the solution. causes water to rush inside cells. has a lower osmotic pressure than do the cells in the solution.

has a greater concentration (number) of solute particles than do the cells in the solution.

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration (number) of solute particles than do the cells in the solution. causes gaps to form in the cell membrane. would cause cells in the solution to lose water. has a higher osmotic pressure than do the cells in the solution. kills the cell.

has a lower concentration (number) of solute particles than do the cells in the solution.

A simple carbohydrate consists of several joined chains. has only one nucleotide. is a building block of fat. has a molecular formula of C6H12O6. is a building block of protein.

has a molecular formula of C6H12O6.

An isotonic solution causes a cell to shrink. has a greater concentration of solute particles than a cell. has more water entering than leaving a cell. causes a cell to swell. has the same osmotic pressure as the cells in the solution.

has the same osmotic pressure as the cells in the solution.

Saturated fats _______ than unsaturated fats. have more single carbon-carbon bonds are more soluble in water are heavier taste better have fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms

have more single carbon-carbon bonds

A chaperone protein helps a protein to fold. brings a tRNA to the appropriate codon on mRNA. escorts mRNA out of the nucleus. attracts ATP. brings amino acids to the appropriate tRNAs.

helps a protein to fold.

Cartilagenous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. synovial fluid. nervous tissue. a joint capsule. fibrous connective tissue.

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

Articular cartilage is found only in the elbows and knees. fibrocartilage. hyaline cartilage. hyoid cartilage. endochondral cartilage.

hyaline cartilage.

The unique, three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule is determined largely by stocks and bonds. ionic bonds. oxygen bonds. hydrogen bonds. covalent bonds.

hydrogen bonds.

The enzyme catalase acts on the substrate cesium. hydrogen peroxide. hydrogen. peroxidase. oxygen.

hydrogen peroxide.

The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration requires osmotic pressure. none of the above atmospheric pressure. hydrostatic pressure. light.

hydrostatic pressure.

The type of calcium phosphate forming most of the inorganic salts in bone extracellular matrix is hydroxyapatite. hemoglobin. elastin none of the above. collagen.

hydroxyapatite.

Cells lose water when placed in a __________ solution. hypotonic water Ringer's lactate isotonic hypertonic

hypertonic

Multiple sclerosis is caused by an abnormal response of the muscular system. neurotransmitter system. immune system. excretory system. circulatory system.

immune system.

Signs of aging at the cellular level are a fatty liver and clogged blood vessels. graying hair, waning strength, and wrinkles. impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts an increase in the number of cell nuclei. unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins.

impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts

Cell death first occurs at age 60. at age 50. at conception. in the fetus at puberty

in the fetus

The main function of cristae is to supply enzymes for reactions. increase chemical transport in mitochondria. decrease the surface area for chemical reactions. facilitate diffusion of substances into the mitochondria. increase the surface area for chemical reactions.

increase the surface area for chemical reactions.

The thyroid hormone thyroxine can ______ bone growth by ______. increase; increasing cartilage production in the epiphyseal plate halt; thickening the periosteum halt; causing premature ossification of the epiphyseal plates increase; stimulating osteoblast activity in the epiphyseal plate halt; increasing calcium levels in the blood

increase; stimulating osteoblast activity in the epiphyseal plate

A protein that spans the cell membrane is termed a(n) essential protein. integral protein. peripheral protein. receptor protein. anchoring protein.

integral protein.

Three general functions of the nervous system are predictive, manipulative, and integrative. seeing, feeling, and touching. reflexive, sensory, and predictive. sensory, motor, and predictive. integrative, motor, and sensory.

integrative, motor, and sensory.

The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are neuromuscular junctions. neuromuscular discs. herniated discs. intercalated discs. desmosomes.

intercalated discs.

Arsenic poisoning harms the body by rotting the teeth. all of the above. unraveling the DNA double helix. interfering with cellular extraction of energy from glucose. forming more sulfur bonds in proteins.

interfering with cellular extraction of energy from glucose.

Cytoskeletal structures that are not found in all cell types are intermediate tubules. fibrous filaments microtubules. microfilaments. intermediate filaments.

intermediate filaments.

Gray matter of the spinal cord is mostly composed of interneurons. cerebrospinal fluid. axons. myelin. dead cells.

interneurons.

The types of neurons that are organized into neuronal pools are mixed neurons. astrocytes. intraneurons. Schwann cells. interneurons.

interneurons.

Chromosomes duplicate during interphase. telophase. metaphase. geophase. prophase.

interphase.

The isotope most likely to be used to study the thyroid gland is iodine-141. thallium-201. cobalt-60. iron-59. carbon-14.

iodine-141.

Electrolytes are substances that can electrocute someone. form covalent bonds with water. ionize when dissolved in water. are not found in the human body in any appreciable amounts. cannot conduct electricity in solution.

ionize when dissolved in water.

The acetabulum is formed anteriorly by the joining of the pubic bones. the prominence of the hip. a protuberance in the hip bone that attaches to the head of the femur. is the anterior portion of the hip bone. is a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur.

is a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur.

Bones and muscles function as mechanical devices called monkey bars. syncytia. lifts. ladders. levers.

levers.

Saltatory conduction occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking. occurs only if a person is near an ocean. is slower than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber. is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber. occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous.

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber.

A plank position is part of a yoga/Pilates workout. The person supports the body on the floor in a prone position with the arms and feet supporting the body. It is a little like the "up" position of a push-up, held for 30 to 60 seconds. Contraction of the abdominal muscles in a plank is most likely isotonic. eccentric. isometric. plurimetric. isotopic.

isometric.

As a cell grows, its requirement for nutrients increases to a lesser degree than its requirement for oxygen. its DNA becomes converted to RNA. its surface area increases to a lesser degree than its volume. its volume increases to a lesser degree than its surface area. the relationship between its surface area and volume remains unchanged.

its surface area increases to a lesser degree than its volume.

A joint capsule is reinforced by none of the above. tendons binding articular ends of bones together. articular cartilage cushioning ends of bones. hyaline cartilage providing strength to the capsule walls. ligaments binding articular ends of bones together.

ligaments binding articular ends of bones together.

Activity and exercise increase the number of joints. exacerbate injuries make joints more vulnerable to injury. hasten osteoarthritis. keep joints functional longer.

keep joints functional longer.

You step out of the shower and vigorously rub your skin with a towel. If you were able to analyze the towel, you would find skin cells. They are most likely keratinized epidermal cells. subcutaneous layer cells. fibroblasts. from the dermis. hair root cells.

keratinized epidermal cells.

Greg trips over a toy and experiences a sharp pain. His physician diagnosis a torn meniscus. Greg has injured his hip joint. shoulder joint. knee joint. elbow joint. pelvis.

knee joint.

The largest and most complex synovial joint is the finger joints. knee joint. shoulder joint. hip joint. elbow joint.

knee joint.

Most cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexuses in the cardiac ventricles. third ventricle. fourth ventricle. cerebral aqueduct. lateral ventricles.

lateral ventricles.

A serous membrane consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue. layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thick layer of cartilage. mucous membrane on top of an epithelial layer. layer of pseudostratified epithelium and a thick layer of loose connective tissue. layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thick layer of dense connective tissue.

layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue.

A parietal layer of serous membrane _______, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane ________. none of the above lines cavities; covers organs is thick; is thin secretes mucus; secretes a serous fluid covers organs; lines cavities

lines cavities; covers organs

The major components of the cell membrane are carbohydrates and polysaccharides. lipids and carbohydrates. lipids and proteins. proteins and peptides. proteins and carbohydrates.

lipids and proteins.

A newborn has a CT scan of the brain to identify a cause of seizures. The scan showed no convolutions (gyri) of the cerebral cortex. She has lissencephaly. anencephaly. spina bifida. leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. an eating disorder.

lissencephaly.

A bone includes only living material. only nonliving material. extracellular matrix and inorganic salts, but no collagen. blood, cartilage, dense connective tissue, and muscle. living material and nonliving material.

living material and nonliving material.

The epidural space contains loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue. dense connective tissue and cartilage. no tissue, that is why it is a space. collagen, elastin, and keratin. nervous tissue.

loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue.

Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____. lose H2O to break bonds; use H2O to form bonds break large molecules into smaller ones; build large molecules from smaller ones form H2O by joining H and O atoms; break H2O molecules apart lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds release energy; gain energy

lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds

Wrinkled and sagging skin results from loss of subcutaneous fat and less elastin and collagen. heredity only. using too much make-up over many years. excess collagen and elastin that build up with age. drinking too much water.

loss of subcutaneous fat and less elastin and collagen.

A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college, and must rest for three months, then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscle size in his lower limbs decreases during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle protein are nuclei. centrosomes. peroxisomes. lysosomes. ribosomes.

lysosomes.

Codons are part of tRNA. rRNA. proteins. microRNAs. mRNA.

mRNA.

An example of an anabolic reaction is glycerol reacting with 3 fatty acid molecules to yield water and proteins. a dipeptide breaking down into two amino acids. glycogen molecules bonding to form glucose. many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen. glycogen breaking down into many monosaccharides.

many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen.

A cleft palate results from incomplete development of the maxillae. ethmoid bone sphenoid bone. vomer bone. mandible.

maxillae.

The hard palate is composed of the zygomatic and lacrimal bones. nasal conchae and palatine bones. sphenoid and ethmoid bones. maxillary and palatine bones. nasal conchae and vomer bones.

maxillary and palatine bones.

Stephanie is in a car accident, flung from her vehicle and landing on her back on pavement. At the scene, an emergency medical technician checks her Babinski reflex, in which the great toe extends upward and the smaller toes fan apart. This reflex may indicate aging of the corticospinal tract. may indicate an injury to the corticospinal tract. is normal in adults. is meaningless in assessing an emergency situation. all of the above.

may indicate an injury to the corticospinal tract.

A traumatic brain injury results from an open head wound. mental retardation. an infection. poisoning. mechanical force.

mechanical force.

Ultrasonography is most useful for examining microscopic structures. organs that contain a high concentration of hydrogen atoms. air-filled organs, such as a lung. medium density organs, such as a fetus. compact organs, such as a bone.

medium density organs, such as a fetus.

Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of melatonin. hemoglobin. melanin. carotene. cyanin.

melanin.

Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called tendons. ligaments. capsules. menisci. bursae.

menisci.

Cells are measured in micrometers. centimeters. molecular units. nanometers. milliliters.

micrometers.

Cancer can result if none of the above the cell cycle stops. mitosis is too infrequent. mitosis is too frequent or does not stop. the cell cycle runs backward.

mitosis is too frequent or does not stop.

In dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate, the molecule is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water. larger molecules are decomposed into smaller ones. amino acids are released. monosaccharides join. water molecules bond to monosaccharide molecules.

monosaccharides join.

If the area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca's area is damaged, memory is lost. motor control to the right leg is impaired. eyesight is lost. motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost. the abilities to taste and smell are diminished.

motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost.

At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a neurotransmitter. motor neuron. motor unit. motor end plate. motor end cup.

motor end plate.

Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in motor neuron endings. motor units. motor end plates. sarcomeres myofibrils.

motor neuron endings.

Positive feedback mechanisms usually produce stable conditions. regulate long term changes. bring conditions back to the normal state. move conditions away from the normal state.

move conditions away from the normal state.

The tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is full of strands of elastin and collagen. carries oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide. mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified. stratified, sputum-secreting, and non-ciliated. all of the above.

mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified.

An immune response that triggers inflammation of the spinal cord and brain, leaving scars is Alzheimer disease. muscular dystrophy. chronic fatigue syndrome. multiple sclerosis. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

multiple sclerosis.

Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are multipolar. nonpolar. bipolar. isopolar. unipolar

multipolar.

Weightlifting, in which a muscle exerts more than 75% of its maximum tension, stimulates conversion of smooth to skeletal muscle. an increase in slow, fatigable white fibers. conversion of skeletal to smooth muscle. shrinking of skeletal muscle. muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin and myosin.

muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin and myosin.

In spastic paralysis muscle tone increases and the muscles atrophy. muscle tone increases and the muscles do not atrophy. muscle tone decreases and the muscles atrophy. muscle tone decreases and the muscles do not atrophy. muscle tone increases and the muscle hypertrophy.

muscle tone increases and the muscles do not atrophy.

An example of a partial but sustained contraction is eye blinking. a twitch. muscle tone. a titanic contraction. knee jerking.

muscle tone.

If the left corticospinal tract is severed in the neck near the first cervical vertebra, muscles in the right arm and leg are paralyzed. muscles in the left arm and leg are paralyzed. pain impulses from the right side are blocked. pain impulses from the left side are blocked. none of the above.

muscles in the left arm and leg are paralyzed.

Three types of genetic changes are adenine, guanince, and cytosine A to C, G to C, and U to A. mutations, SNPs, and changes in copy number. none of the answer choices is correct replication, transcription, and translation.

mutations, SNPs, and changes in copy number.

In muscle contraction ATP supplies energy for myofilament movement. glycogen synthesis. creatine phosphate synthesis. cellular respiration. enzyme activity.

myofilament movement.

A complete atom is electrically neutral because the number of negative electrons and positive protons are equal. none of the above negatively charged electrons and neutral neutrons are equal. electrons is greater than the number of protons and neutrons combined. positively charged protons and neutral neutrons are equal.

negative electrons and positive protons are equal.

Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires energy input. positive feedback. a source of external heat. negative feedback inadequate nutrition.

negative feedback

An important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways under physiological conditions is genetic control. negative feedback. positive feedback. signal transduction. substrate concentration.

negative feedback.

Endoplasmic reticulum is best described as a liquid. nuclear pore. network of interconnected membranes. component of the cytoskeleton. cellular inclusion.

network of interconnected membranes.

Neural stem cells can be harvested from autopsies and stored, alive, in banks, whereas neurons cannot, because neural stem cells have higher oxygen and energy requirements than neurons. the people will them to science. neural stem cells have lower oxygen and energy requirements than neurons. none of the above. neural stem cells have more globular shapes than neurons.

neural stem cells have lower oxygen and energy requirements than neurons.

The two types of cells of the nervous system are neurons and neuroglia. axons and dendrites. motor neurons and sensory neurons. Schwann cells and microglia. neurons and muscle cells.

neurons and neuroglia.

At a neuromuscular junction intercalated discs are synthesized. neurotransmitters are synthesized. troponin and tropomyosin exchange places. neurotransmitters are released. actin and myosin filaments slide past one another.

neurotransmitters are released.

A solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is acidic. basic. alkaline. neutral. toxic.

neutral.

The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of protons. molecules. electrons. neutrons. nuclei.

neutrons

One characteristic that centenarians share is a high level of exercise throughout life. following the Mediterranean diet. having taken tango lessons. long-lived relatives. never having smoked.

never having smoked.

Discovery of taste receptors that detect sweetness in the small intestine illustrates the fact that gene expression profiling is very valuable in describing physiology at the molecular level. new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made. none of the above. we can taste throughout our digestive systems. the researchers made an error.

new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.

Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size? nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - genome - chromosome adenine - guanine - cytosine - thymine genome - nucleus - chromosome - nucleotide - gene cell - organelle - tissue - organ nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome

nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome

Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the stomach. urinary bladder. none of the above intestine. eyeball.

none of the above

A bone thickens by activity of osteocytes in the medullary cavity. increased activity of the epiphyseal plate. adding blood vessels and nerves. increased secretion of calcium salts by osteoclasts. none of the above.

none of the above.

Neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands are effectors. oligodendrocytes. receptors. neurotransmitters. none of the above.

none of the above.

Skin cancer is most likely to develop from pigmented melanocytes. nonpigmented melanocytes. surface keratinocytes. nonpigmented epithelial cells. pigmented epithelial cells.

nonpigmented epithelial cells.

The type of organic molecule that can replicate is a nucleic acid. salt. protein. lipid. carbohydrate.

nucleic acid.

The sequence of organelles and cell parts that a secretion encounters is nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, cell membrane. vesicles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, cell membrane. cell membrane, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, ER, nucleus. mitochondrion, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, ER, cell membrane. nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane.

nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane.

The activities of an anatomist consist of ______, whereas those of a physiologist consist of _____. sketching; dissecting none of the above observing body parts; studying functions of body parts conducting experiments; making microscopic examinations studying chemical molecules; observing forms of the body parts

observing body parts; studying functions of body parts

A medication to lower blood pressure works very effectively in a 32-year-old, but not in her 68-year-old mother. A reason for this could be that the two individuals have different medical conditions. the mother has a lower metabolic rate than her daughter. older people metabolize some drugs at different rates than do younger people. a woman over age 65 has naturally low blood pressure. the older woman weighs less than the younger woman.

older people metabolize some drugs at different rates than do younger people.

A neuron may have one dendrite and many axons. no axons. one axon and many dendrites. no dendrites. more than one cell body.

one axon and many dendrites.

Bisphosphonates are drugs that slow the progress of cancer. osteoporosis. menopause. heart disease. rickets.

osteoporosis.

A muscle end attached to a relatively immovable part is called the beginning. origin. articulation. insertion. symphysis.

origin.

Cells that remove excess bone tissue after fracture repair are osteoblasts and osteoclasts. fibroblasts and osteoblasts. osteocytes and osteoblasts. osteoclasts and phagocytes. chondrocytes and osteocytes.

osteoclasts and phagocytes.

A six-month-old baby is admitted to the hospital for the third time for a broken bone, and the parents are arrested on charges of child abuse. The defense lawyer gets the charges dropped after the results of genetic tests come back for which condition? osteoporosis. osteogenesis imperfecta. anemia. bone cancer. polydactyly.

osteogenesis imperfecta.

Eighty-year-old Evelyn takes a bisphosphonate drug once a month to keep her bones strong. She most likely has a hematoma. rickets. osteogenesis imperfecta. osteoporosis. polydactyly.

osteoporosis.

Neurons can send messages to only neurons in sense organs. other neurons and skeletal muscle only. other neurons, glands, and muscles. only other neurons. only other neurons and neuroglia.

other neurons, glands, and muscles.

A sprain involves overuse of a joint. inflammation of a synovial membrane. all of the above. overstretched or torn ligaments and tendons in a joint. inflammation of bursae.

overstretched or torn ligaments and tendons in a joint.

The amount of oxygen liver cells require to react lactic acid to produce glucose or the glycogen glycogen is the refractory quantity. aerobic conversion. oxygen debt. anaerobic concentration. lactate debt.

oxygen debt.

If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed, muscles on the left side are paralyzed. muscles on the right side are paralyzed. pain impulses from the left side are blocked. pain impulses from the right side are blocked. a burning sensation comes from the left side.

pain impulses from the left side are blocked.

Which of the following is unique in that its insertion is to fascia and not bone? palmaris longus none of the above. extensor digitorum flexor digitorum profundus extensor carpi ulnaris

palmaris longus

Injury to the visual cortex of the right occipital lobe can cause partial blindness in the right eye only. total blindness in the left eye only. partial blindness in both eyes. total blindness in both eyes. improved visual acuity in one or both eyes.

partial blindness in both eyes.

Agriculture and urbanization brought new health problems because people became less active and ate fewer wild plants. the food was genetically modified. farming meant that people were no longer exposed to parasites in fertilizer. all of the above infection spread faster as people lived farther apart.

people became less active and ate fewer wild plants.

Cellular adhesion molecules are receptors. lipids. peripheral proteins. integral proteins. anchoring proteins.

peripheral proteins.

Adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by deficiency of a protein in the outer membrane of cells. nuclei. mitochondria. peroxisomes. lysosomes.

peroxisomes.

Metabolism is defined as the _____. production of new organisms. removal of wastes produced by chemical reactions. rate at which a person gains weight. physical and chemical changes occurring in an organism. breakdown of substances into simpler forms.

physical and chemical changes occurring in an organism.

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n) biochemist. exterminator. anatomist. physiologist. chemist.

physiologist.

Most of the joints in the ankle and wrist are fibrous joints. plane joints. condylar joints. pivot joints. hinge joints.

plane joints.

Movement that brings the foot farther from the shin is a(n) rotation. hyperextension. plantar flexion. abduction. dorsiflexion

plantar flexion.

A blood clot stimulating further clotting is an example of negative feedback. homeostasis. a disease state. positive feedback. a vital sign.

positive feedback.

PET imaging follows the emission of neutrons. protons. electrons. mice. positrons.

positrons.

The primary motor areas of the brain are in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. posterior sulcus of the temporal lobe. lateral part of the occipital lobe. superior part of the parietal lobe.

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

The advantage of cryo-electron tomography is that it preserves mitochondria. preserves intercellular junctions. is cheaper than other methods. enables cells to divide continually. can be used with a virtual reality helmet.

preserves intercellular junctions.

Athletes usually experience muscle fatigue less quickly than nonathletes because they convert glucose to lactic acid. produce less lactic acid. do not care about fatigue or pain. tolerate high concentrations of carbon dioxide. make more efficient use of ATP.

produce less lactic acid

Action potentials are related to nerve impulses in that nerve impulses are stronger responses than are action potentials. active transport of Na+ and K+ are required for a nerve impulse but not for an action potential. propagation of action potentials along a fiber constitutes a nerve impulse. an action potential consists of several nerve impulses. many nerve impulses are required to cause one action potential.

propagation of action potentials along a fiber constitutes a nerve impulse.

An enzyme is a ____. protein that functions as a hormone fibrous protein that is part of certain tissues in the body fat that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted protein that inhibits chemical reactions by being changed or depleted

protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted

Myelin is rich in ___________. lipids proteins carbohydrates salts bacteria

proteins

Atomic number equals the number of ______ and atomic weight equals the ____. protons; number of protons plus neutrons neutrons in the nucleus; number of protons plus electrons protons in the nucleus; weight of all the electrons atoms in an element; weight of all the atoms none of the above.

protons; number of protons plus neutrons

ATP is important to cellular processes because it is a by-product of all catabolic reactions. is formed by muscles contracting or whenever cellular work occurs. releases oxygen when high-energy phosphate bonds are broken. provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken. provides energy for cellular work when a phosphate group is added to it.

provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.

Which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism in the human body? release of a hormone that causes the body to conserve water when the outside environment is extremely hot and dry. Increasing heart rate and contraction force when blood pressure fails. shivering when body temperature falls below normal limits. pulling blankets over yourself when cold at night. secreting insulin after a meal to decrease blood sugar concentration.

pulling blankets over yourself when cold at night.

The basal nuclei include the putamen. pons. midbrain. corpus callosum. all of the above.

putamen.

Atomic radiation is useful for treating cancer because radiation affects cancer cells but not normal cells. chemicals in normal cells are not affected by radiation. it kills all cells. radiation harms cancer cells more readily than it does most non-cancer cells radiation protects normal cells against the effects of cancer.

radiation harms cancer cells more readily than it does most non-cancer cells

Body heat is lost primarily by flatulation. convection. radiation. conduction. evaporation.

radiation.

Opiate drugs derived from poppies relieve pain in humans because the human nervous system has neurotransmitters. receptors for endogenous opiates. chlorophyll. myelin. endogenous opiates.

receptors for endogenous opiates.

A sternal puncture is often employed to obtain a sample of compact bone. osteoblasts. fibroblasts. yellow bone marrow. red bone marrow.

red bone marrow.

Inflammation makes skin all of the above. cool and clammy. peel off. red, swollen and painful to touch. secrete abundant antibodies.

red, swollen and painful to touch.

The functions of skin include synthesizing digestive enzymes. regulating body temperature. producing adipose tissue. transmitting electrochemical messages. synthesizing antibodies.

regulating body temperature.

Migraine results from inappropriate release of endorphins. a neurotransmitter deficiency. release of an abnormal form of beta endorphin from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain, in response to cortical stimulation. release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain, in response to a spreading wave of excitation followed by lack of response from the cortex. not eating enough chocolate, which causes a spreading effect in the cortex.

release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain, in response to a spreading wave of excitation followed by lack of response from the cortex.

In the body, oxygen is used in various metabolic processes. releases energy from glucose during cellular respiration helps regulate body temperature. exchanges with carbon dioxide. reacts with water to form carbonic acid.

releases energy from glucose during cellular respiration

Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in body parts and heat and pressure __________. remain perfectly static and do not vary disappear remain within certain limited ranges fluctuate greatly between very high and low values increase when the body is stressed

remain within certain limited ranges

In the DNA damage response repair enzymes replace mismatched amino acids in protein. repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in RNA. repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA. all DNA replication temporarily ceases. more than one codon encodes one type of amino acid.

repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA.

Aerobic respiration none of the above. requires oxygen. requires carbon dioxide. occurs in the nucleus. transfers less energy to form ATP than anaerobic respiration.

requires oxygen.

The ability of an organism to sense changes in its body illustrates respiration. movement. responsiveness. absorption. empathy.

responsiveness.

A compound fracture results when the broken bone is exposed to the outside. is caused by an injury. is caused by a disease. results when the bone is broken more than once. results when a bone is incompletely broken in two places.

results when the broken bone is exposed to the outside.

The complex network of tiny islands of gray matter in the brain that filters incoming sensory impulses is the dentate nucleus. reticular formation. limbic system. corpora quadrigemina. brainstem.

reticular formation.

A vitamin D deficiency results in ______, whereas a vitamin A deficiency results in ______. osteomalacia; rickets osteoporosis; orange skin rickets; dwarfism rickets; retardation of bone development soft bones; rickets

rickets; retardation of bone development

The consequence of sensory nerve fibers crossing over is that the brain cannot tell from which side of the body a sensory impulse originated. right hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa. left hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa. impulses never reach the appropriate lobe of the brain to be interpreted. none of the above.

right hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa.

A person has alkalosis if the blood pH rises above 7.4. rises above 3.4. drops below 7.0. rises above 7.0. drops below 7.4.

rises above 7.4.

The discoloration and swelling of a muscle strain is due to severed nerves. excess myofibrils. ruptured blood vessels. separated tendons. torn ligaments

ruptured blood vessels.

A synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid. has tiny blood vessels. all of the above. secretes serous fluid. stores nervous tissue.

secretes synovial fluid.

The defining characteristic of a stem cell is self-renewal. origin from a progenitor cell. the ability to turn into a cancer cell. self-repair. ability to be part of an embryo.

self-renewal.

The pituitary gland is located in the glenoid cavity. mandibular fossa. cribriform plate. sella turcica. sphenoidal sinus.

sella turcica.

Dendrites on unipolar neurons are part of motor neurons. efferent neurons. interneurons. sensory neurons. affective neurons.

sensory neurons.

The bones of the wrists and ankles are classified as flat bones. dextrous bones. long bones. short bones. irregular bones.

short bones.

Cutaneous melanomas are associated with short exposure to high-intensity sunlight. lack of sun exposure. prolonged exposure to low-intensity sunlight. exposure to background radiation. occasional exposure to X-rays.

short exposure to high-intensity sunlight.

The coracohumeral ligament is associated with the shoulder joint. knee joint. hip joint. elbow joint. large toe joint.

shoulder joint.

Artificial joints are built of wood and copper. silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints. glucosamine and chondroitin. proteins for small joints and carbohydrates for large joints. silicone polymers for large joints and metals for small joints.

silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints.

A ______ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part. tubular simple compound ovoid alveolar

simple

The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is simple columnar epithelium. stratified squamous epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. simple cuboidal epithelium. complex columnar epithelium.

simple squamous epithelium.

Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are well developed in smooth muscle fibers. motor neurons. skeletal muscle fibers. nervous muscle fibers. cardiac muscle fibers.

skeletal muscle fibers.

Glycogen is stored in the liver and ______. spleen pancreas skeletal muscles toenails heart

skeletal muscles

Muscle cells with more than one nucleus are smooth only. skeletal only. smooth and skeletal. cardiac and smooth. cardiac only.

skeletal only.

Muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is skeletal. smooth. cardiac. intercalated. epithelial.

skeletal.

The human integumentary system includes bones and muscles. just the skin. skin, nails, hair follicles, and glands. skin, hooves, and horns. the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer only.

skin, nails, hair follicles, and glands

"Cutaneous membrane" refers to bones. mucus. cartilage. skin. blood.

skin.

The axial skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs and pelvic and pectoral girdles. radius, ulna, carpals, and phalanges. skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column. none of the above. femur, tibia, and fibula.

skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

In a cell, lipids are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus. stomach. smooth ER. rough ER. liver.

smooth ER.

Involuntary muscles are smooth, skeletal, and cardiac. smooth and cardiac. cardiac and skeletal. smooth and skeletal. spiral and smooth.

smooth and cardiac.

Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect smooth muscle contraction. synthesis of actin and myosin. skeletal muscle contraction. exercise tolerance. percentage of different twitch types.

smooth muscle contraction.

Short muscle cells with centrally located nuclei are smooth muscle fibers. skeletal muscle fibers. cardiac muscle fibers. motor neurons. adipocytes.

smooth muscle fibers.

The type of muscle cell that lacks transverse tubules, has a single nucleus, and is under involuntary control is smooth muscle. striated muscle. skeletal muscle. cardiac muscle. exercised muscle.

smooth muscle.

The type of muscle in blood vessels is cardiac. striated. smooth. circular. voluntary.

smooth.

During an action potential, calcium ions cause potassium and sodium channels to relocate in the membrane. sodium channels to close. potassium channels to close. potassium channels to open. sodium channels to open.

sodium channels to close.

A nerve cell membrane may become depolarized as a result of unequal distribution of ions on each side of the membrane. the relative ease with which K+ diffuses through membranes. none of the above. totally preventing Na+ from passing through the membrane. some ion channels being opened while others are closed.

some ion channels being opened while others are closed.

Aphasia is loss of the ability to speak. move the hands. walk. think. cook.

speak.

The nail plate is produced by specialized epithelial cells. melanocytes. lunula cells. specialized dermal cells. stem cells.

specialized epithelial cells.

The simplest level of CNS function is the crossed-extensor reflex. patellar reflex. spinal reflex. polysynaptic reflexes. cerebral reflex.

spinal reflex.

A future treatment for baldness may potentially be a head transplant. high protein shakes. stem cells from the bulge region of the abdomen. stem cells from the bulge region at the base of hair follicles. scalp transplants.

stem cells from the bulge region at the base of hair follicles.

Homeostatic mechanisms are said to act by negative feedback because changes away from the normal state stimulate a reduction in all requirements of the body. inhibit all body reactions. stimulate changes to in the same direction. stimulate changes in the opposite direction. make a person feel depressed.

stimulate changes in the opposite direction.

DNA provides cellular energy. stores genetic information. helps synthesize nucleic acids. is important in building carbohydrates. is important in building fats.

stores genetic information.

Two anatomical terms that refer to features near the surface are anterior and posterior. epithelial and epidermal. superficial and deep. distal and proximal. superficial and peripheral.

superficial and peripheral.

A burn affecting only the epidermis is a third degree burn. second degree burn. superficial partial-thickness burn. deep partial-thickness burn. fourth degree burn.

superficial partial-thickness burn.

The thoracic cavity lies _____________ to the abdominopelvic cavity. inferior ventral (anterior) dorsal (posterior) superior inside

superior

creatine phosphate supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP. supplies energy for the breakdown of ATP to ADP. binds to Ach receptors. decomposes ATP. decomposes ADP.

supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP.

In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the time needed for healing. surface area of the burn. degree and source of the burn. type of scar that will form. depth of the burn.

surface area of the burn.

Articular cartilage receives oxygen and nutrients from chondrocytes. a direct blood supply. fatty pads in the joint. blood vessels in underlying spongy bone. surrounding synovial fluid.

surrounding synovial fluid.

Which of the following are generally adrenergic fibers? parasympathetic postganglionic fibers sympathetic postganglionic fibers parasympathetic preganglionic fibers sympathetic preganglionic fibers none of the above.

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

The joint that separates two vertebrae is a(n) synovial that is synarthrotic symphysis that is amphiarthrotic. symphysis that is synarthrotic. symphysis that is diarthrotic synovial that is diarthrotic

symphysis that is amphiarthrotic.

Types of fibrous joints include synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints. plane, hinge, and saddle joints. syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints. synchondrosis, symphysis, and synovial joints. pivot, condylar, and ellipsoidal joints.

syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints.

A fibrous joint in which an interosseous ligament binds bones is a suture. syndesmosis. hypothesis. symphysis. gomphosis.

syndesmosis.

A muscle that assists a prime mover is a(n) antagonist. none of the above. agonist. synergist. lever.

synergist.

A ________ membrane is composed entirely of connective tissue. serous cell synovial mucous cutaneous

synovial

The structures in the nucleus that serve as a "mitotic clock" are telomeres timomeres. ribosomes. hormones. kinases.

telomeres

Homeostasis is the ability of the blood to circulate nutrients. ingestion of enough food to satisfy hunger. ability to keep body weight within normal limits. maintenance of a constant external temperature inside a room. tendency of the body to maintain a stable environment.

tendency of the body to maintain a stable environment.

The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed mainly of adipose and epithelial tissue. articular cartilage. muscle fibers. epithelium and loose connective tissue. tendons and fibrous connective tissue.

tendons and fibrous connective tissue.

The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is a hundredfold twofold. twentyfold. fivefold. tenfold.

tenfold.

During DNA replication, tRNAs bring specific amino acids to an mRNA molecule. copies of DNA move from the cytoplasm through nuclear pores into the nucleus. two single strands of DNA come together, restoring complementary base pairing. the DNA double helix comes apart where hydrogen bonds join base pairs, and new nucleotides are brought in, forming two double helices amino acids are joined.

the DNA double helix comes apart where hydrogen bonds join base pairs, and new nucleotides are brought in, forming two double helices

A mutation can cause disease if it attracts mutagens. the DNA sequence does not change. it is inherited. the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that does not alter the encoded protein's functioning. the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein's functioning.

the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein's functioning.

Dr. Jacoby, an obstetrician, tells 42-year-old Emily that she can have a healthy baby, but that she is of "advanced maternal age." Emily is so upset that she fails to listen to the rest of the doctor's advice, goes home in a huff, and immediately dyes her hair, buys a miniskirt, and signs up for botox injections to smooth the tiny lines near her eyes. Emily is misinterpreting the doctor's statement because it referred to Emily's risk of developing diabetes. the age of Emily's eggs. the age of the sperm. Emily's cholesterol level, not her appearance. the state of Emily's brain.

the age of Emily's eggs.

The hip joint has less freedom of movement than the shoulder joint because the joint capsule of the hip is surrounded by muscles and the shoulder is not. the hip joint is more ossified than the shoulder joint. the hip joint capsule is less elastic than the shoulder. the hip has more supportive ligaments than the shoulder. the articulating parts of the hip are closer than those of the shoulder.

the articulating parts of the hip are closer than those of the shoulder.

Stem cells taken from a person to be used to treat a disease in that same person come from embryos or fetuses. two different cell types. the person or a blood relative. the body and unaltered or from reprogrammed cells. the brain.

the body and unaltered or from reprogrammed cells.

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that: the bone is broken. the bone is lengthening. the bone is no longer lengthening. the bone is dead. the bone is increasing in diameter.

the bone is lengthening.

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of spinal and cranial nerves. the brain and spinal cord. the cerebrum and cerebellum. nerves in the upper and lower limbs. none of the above.

the brain and spinal cord.

During apoptosis chromosomes join. the cell turns black. the cytoskeleton forms large, complex structures. the cell can no longer adhere to other cells. mitochondria merge.

the cell can no longer adhere to other cells.

If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution only permeable substances leave; otherwise concentrations in the cell do not change. nothing; the cell will remain the same size and shape. the cell will disappear. the cell will swell and may eventually burst. the cell will shrink.

the cell will swell and may eventually burst.

In all organisms, the basic unit of structure and function is the spleen. the molecule. the cell. the atom. the macromolecule.

the cell.

The genetic code is the correspondence between a gene and a genome. the correspondence between a specific amino acid and a specific gene. unique to each species. the correspondence between a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide. the correspondence between a DNA nucleotide and a specific amino acid.

the correspondence between a DNA nucleotide and a specific amino acid.

Classifying joints as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic represents location in the body. the composition of the joint. the color of the joint. the number of bones that the joint affects. the degree of movement possible at the joint.

the degree of movement possible at the joint.

The hip bones include ischium, sacrum, and pubis. the ilium, the ischium, and pubis. ilium and pubis. ilium, sacrum, and pubis. ischium and pubis.

the ilium, the ischium, and pubis

Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of the inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough oxygen to skeletal muscles when used strenuously for a minute or two. too many mitochondria utilizing oxygen to synthesize ATP when skeletal muscles are contracted for a minute or two. too high a concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere. too much oxygen used in forming pyruvic acid when skeletal muscles are contracted strenuously for a minute or two. the inability of myoglobin molecules to store enough oxygen when skeletal muscles are used strenuously for a minute or two.

the inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough oxygen to skeletal muscles when used strenuously for a minute or two.

The part of the brain that degenerates in Parkinson disease is the meninges. the neurons that reach from the striatum to the basal ganglia. the substantia nigra in the brainstem. the corpus callosum. the cerebrum.

the neurons that reach from the striatum to the basal ganglia.

The three major parts of a cell are microtubules, ribosomes, and centrosomes. the ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. the nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope. the mitochondria, microtubules, and microfilaments.

the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.

Which organelle contains the nucleolus? the vacuole. the mitochondrion. the ER. the nucleus. the Golgi apparatus.

the nucleus.

Marjorie takes an anti-anxiety drug so that she can sleep better and remain calm enough to study effectively. She begins by taking 25 milligrams every evening, but within a month, this dose is no longer helping, so she takes two pills. After another month, this dosage is no longer effective. This is happening because the number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has declined. her immune system is rejecting the drug. the number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has increased. she has developed tolerance, which means that her liver can no longer metabolize the drug, so it remains active for too long. her roommate substituted Tylenol pills.

the number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has declined.

Elderly persons may become less able to maintain stable body temperatures because they sweat excessively. their sebaceous glands become overactive. the skin becomes too oily. the number of sweat glands diminishes. they lose weight.

the number of sweat glands diminishes.

The meninges consist of the brain and spinal cord. the membranes that delineate all of the major brain parts. the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. nerve tracts that run up and down the spinal cord. none of the above.

the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater.

Two thieves steal jewelry, and then drop it as they are escaping. The police recover the jewelry, and an officer explains on the evening news that the back of a watch had beautiful fingerprints. The thieves, whose prints are not on file, believe that they can escape prosecution by using acid to remove the epidermis on their fingerpads, erasing their fingerprints. They are wrong because the prints arise from the subcutaneous layer, which is not destroyed. the prints arise from the dermis, which is not destroyed. the fingerprints will not grow back in the same pattern. the prints arise from the epidermis, which is not destroyed. the epidermis will regrow the fingerprints in a day.

the prints arise from the dermis, which is not destroyed.

Smooth muscle is found in the wall of the intestine. kidney and liver. the stomach and intestine. the stomach. none of the above.

the stomach and intestine.

Conformation is a religious service. none of the above the three dimensional shape of a molecule, such as a protein. the ability of RNA to copy itself. the energy held in the bonds of an organic molecule, such as a protein.

the three dimensional shape of a molecule, such as a protein.

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, they die. their supply of nutrients improves. they can become cancerous. they become dermal cells. they divide continually.

they die.

The most rapid nerve impulses are conducted on fibers that are thick and unmyelinated. thin and unmyelinated. thin and myelinated. thick and myelinated. of medium thickness with spots of myelin.

thick and myelinated.

Exercise ______ and _______ bones. elongates; weakens strengthens; innervates thins; atrophies thickens; strengthens thickens; elongates

thickens; strengthens

The primary curves of the vertebral column are the cervical and sacral curvatures. lumbar and sacral curvatures. cervical and thoracic curvatures. thoracic and sacral curvatures. cervical and lumbar curvatures.

thoracic and sacral curvatures.

The type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes is a gap junction. tight junction. nuclear junction. Velcro junction. desmosome.

tight junction.

Each neuron in the CNS receives input from thousands of axons. only one synaptic knob. synaptic knobs only when a person is awake. one synaptic knob at each end. about 10 dendrites.

thousands of axons.

A CT scan differs from a conventional X-ray image because it is not radioactive. three dimensional. two dimensional. four dimensional. safer.

three dimensional.

The ______ uses the element iodide. thymus spleen spinal cord thyroid liver

thyroid

Specialized cell types organized in a way that provides a specific function form tissues, which build organs. organ systems, which build tissues. blood cells and plasma, which form blood. atoms, which comprise tissues. organs, which build tissues.

tissues, which build organs.

Histology is the study of tissues. molecules. cells. history. organ function.

tissues.

The severe pain of compartment syndrome is caused by damaged muscle tissue. stretched tendons. too much fluid in the compartment. lack of fluid in the compartment. tears in the compartment wall.

too much fluid in the compartment.

A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type is multipotent. a differentiated cell. pluripotent. totipotent. a progenitor cell.

totipotent.

Transcription and translation differ in that transcription produces RNA and translation produces DNA. transcription produces DNA and translation produces RNA. transcription produces protein and translation produces RNA. transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation takes place in the cytoplasm. transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.

transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.

Copying DNA information into an mRNA molecule is called synthesis. replication. Translocation. transcription. translation.

transcription.

The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways is rectangular. cuboidal. pseudostratified. columnar. transitional.

transitional.

Transverse tubules connect actin and myosin. transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior. store sodium ions for the action potential at the cell surface. transmit nerve impulses out of the muscle. store calcium ions.

transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior.

Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal cartilages are called spare ribs. true ribs. floating ribs. false ribs. direct ribs.

true ribs.

The two types of genes that, when abnormal, cause cancer are metastatic activators and apoptosis stimulators. kinases and cyclins. oncosuppressors and tumor kinetics oncosuppressors and tumor activators. tumor suppressors and oncogenes.

tumor suppressors and oncogenes.

An organ consists of two or more tissues grouped together that function together. at least four tissues grouped together that function together. multiple tissue layers. skin and bones. one variety of each of the four tissue types.

two or more tissues grouped together that function together.

Positive feedback mechanisms usually produce unstable conditions. a feeling of euphoria. negative results. stable conditions. subtle changes.

unstable conditions.

The number of bones in the skeletal system is more for females than males. variable, because some people have extra bones in skull sutures or tendons. more for males than females. the same for everyone. 306.

variable, because some people have extra bones in skull sutures or tendons.

Skin cells play an important role in producing vitamin C. vitamin E. vitamin A. vitamin D. vitamin B.

vitamin D.

The corticospinal tracts control sweat glands. posture. voluntary muscle movements. spinal reflexes. the urge to urinate.

voluntary muscle movements.

When a sucrose molecule is decomposed to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule dehydration synthesis occurs. starch is consumer. the sweetness level I\ creases. water molecule is used. water molecule is released.

water molecule is used.

Osmosis is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. ions from a low pressure region to a high pressure region through a selectively permeable membrane. water molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through an unselectively permeable membrane.

water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear transparent. brown. white. wet. gray.

white.

A man who has a heart valve from a pig has a(n) autograft. fibrograft. dermograft. xenograft. allograft.

xenograft.

The zygomatic arch is composed of processes of the zygomatic and maxilla bones. none of the above. zygomatic and temporal bones. maxilla and temporal bones. temporal and parietal bones.

zygomatic and temporal bones.