A&P Ch 25

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of vitamin A. vitamin B12. vitamin C. niacin. riboflavin.

Vitamin A.

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. NAD a coenzyme ADP a hydrogen ion the acetyl group

a coenzyme

Which of the following individuals would lose heat the fastest in a cold room? a newborn infant a child an adolescent male an adult woman an adult man

a newborn infant

In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present? ADP acetyl-CoA ATP NAD glucose

acetyl-CoA

Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except glycerol. acetyl-CoA. lactate. some amino acids. pyruvate.

acetyl-CoA.

The direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another through physical contact is called transmission. radiation. convection. conduction. evaporation.

conduction

Heat loss to the cooler air that moves across the surface of your body is called radiation. transmission. conduction. convection. evaporation.

convection

The trace element needed as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is iodine. cobalt. zinc. copper. silicon

copper

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids. non-metabolic vital oxidative metabolic essential

essential

The loss of heat energy by vaporizing water is called transmission. radiation. convection. conduction. evaporation.

evaporation

Sweating produces heat loss largely by __________. the skin taking on a reddish color and becoming warmer to the touch conduction of heat from the body interior evaporative cooling radiation of heat from the skin

evaporative cooling

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are proteins. vitamins. fats. carbohydrates. nucleic acids.

fats.

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is vitamin K. pyridoxine (B6). folic acid (folate). pantothenic acid. vitamin C.

folic acid (folate).

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP? 2 38 36 30 4

2

Hydrogen atoms from one FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the electron transport system? 4 ATP 32 ATP 1 ATP 2 ATP 3 ATP

2 ATP

How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule? 32 ATP 500 ATP 2 ATP 36 ATP 63 ATP

36

What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat? 50 60 40 20 30

60

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

A.

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? produce secretions store nutrients growth and repair structural maintenance All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

A balanced diet should contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. contain adequate amounts of water. include adequate substrates for the production of energy. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

In the electron transport chain, generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions. NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms. reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation. oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3. is a lipid component of all cell membranes. helps waterproof the epidermis. is a key constituent of bile. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The heat-gain center for thermoregulation activates nonshivering thermogenesis. activates shivering thermogenesis. resides in the pre-optic hypothalamus. activates skin vasoconstriction. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following processes represent(s) catabolism? contraction endocytosis intracellular transport All of these are catabolic processes.

All of these are catabolic processes

Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ________ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA. cellular respiration gluconeogenesis glycemia glycogenesis glycolysis

gluconeogenesis

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called gluconeogenesis. glycogenesis. glycolysis. glycemia. cellular respiration.

gluconeogenesis.

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of ________ from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, or amino acids. glucose glucagon glycerides glycogen

glucose

The process of glycogen formation is known as cellular respiration. glycemia. glycogenesis. gluconeogenesis. glycolysis

glycogenesis.

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? electron transport chain citric acid cycle ATP production by ATP synthase acetyl CoA formation glycolysis

glycolysis

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as ketosis. anorexia nervosa. lupus. gout. rheumatoid arthritis.

gout

About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________. urine feces heat perspiration

heat

A(n) ________ protein is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids. complete real incomplete phosphorylated vital

incomplete

Which of these is NOT expected when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus decreases? inhibition of TRH release shivering increased secretion of epinephrine vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the dermis

inhibition of TRH release

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is magnesium. cobalt. iron. zinc. calcium.

iron.

The condition where the blood pH drops because of ketone bodies in the blood is called __________. ketonemia ketoacidosis ketosis ketoalkalosis

ketoacidosis

Which of the following compounds contain(s) NO nitrogen? purines amino acids creatine ketoacids

ketoacids

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as ketonuria. polyuria. uremia. ketosis. hematuria.

ketonuria

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of grams. ounces. kilograms. kilocalories. moles.

kilocalories

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that levels of blood glucose are elevated. fat mobilization occurs. glycogenolysis occurs in the liver. ketone bodies may be formed. gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver

levels of blood glucose are elevated.

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments. it occurs in the mitochondria. it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. it yields large amounts of ATP.

lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.

Urea is formed in the kidneys. small intestine. large intestine. liver. stomach.

liver

A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is calcium. sodium. magnesium. zinc. potassium.

magnesium.

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called metabolism. glycolysis. anabolism. catabolism. oxidative phosphorylation.

metabolism

Inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes are called minerals. nutrients. free radicals. vitamins. trace minerals.

minerals

The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytosol. golgi apparatus. ribosome. mitochondrial intermembrane space. mitochondrial matrix.

mitochondrial matrix

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? mitochondrion Golgi apparatus chloroplast nucleus lysosome

mitochondrion

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates. the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids. most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs. one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia. extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis.

most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

During starvation, gluconeogenesis ceases. there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds. muscle proteins are used as an energy source. carbohydrate utilization increases.

muscle proteins are used as an energy source.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is thiamine. riboflavin. niacin. folic acid (folate). cobalamin.

niacin

Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following except oxaloacetate. creatine. amino acids. porphyrin. purines.

oxaloacetate.

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because FADH2 is produced. oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. ADP is phosphorylated. NAH+ is converted into NADH. citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms

oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is niacin. pyridoxine (B6). riboflavin. pantothenic acid. folic acid (folate).

pantothenic acid.

The inherited metabolic disorder that results from the accumulation of phenylketones from phenylalanine is kwashiorkor. phenylketonuria. marasmus. ketosis. acidosis.

phenylketonuria.

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. iodide phosphate chloride bicarbonate sulfate

phosphate

Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following except body weight. age. genetics. gender. physical exertion.

physical exertion.

The major cation in cytoplasm is potassium. sodium. iron. calcium. magnesium.

potassium.

Lipids are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells. yield quick bursts of energy. deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose. provide energy for cells with modest energy demands. are difficult to store since they are not water soluble.

provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.

A vitamin obtained that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is niacin. folic acid (folate). riboflavin. pyridoxine (B6). thiamine.

pyridoxine (B6).

Which of these is NOT required for glycolysis? ATP inorganic phosphate glucose pyruvic acid

pyruvic acid

In an environment that is cooler than your body, you lose heat in a process called convection. evaporation. conduction. thermal regulation. radiation.

radiation

More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of evaporation. conduction. radiation. convection. concentration.

radiation

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+. phosphorylated; deaminated made; recycled phosphorylated; dephosphorylated reduced; oxidized oxidized; reduced

reduced; oxidized

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during glycolysis. the formation of water. electron transport. the citric acid cycle. the formation of pyruvic acid.

the citric acid cycle.

The amino group that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________. ammonium ion urea nitric oxide ketone bodies

urea

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces ketone bodies. acetyl-CoA. nitrate. urea. water.

urea

The enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acids requires a co-enzyme derived from vitamin __________. C B-6 A D

B-6

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin A. B9. B12. C. B6.

B6

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. A B12 C D E

D.

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

D.

What is the basis for the unfortunate labeling of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) as "bad"? LDLs limit the amount of cholesterol available for beta oxidation and subsequent ATP production. During transit, cholesterol transported by LDLs to peripheral tissues may contribute to atherosclerosis. LDLs transport dietary fats for absorption into the bloodstream. All of the listed statements provide a basis for why LDLs are labeled "bad."

During transit, cholesterol transported by LDLs to peripheral tissues may contribute to atherosclerosis.

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

E.

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Glycolysis yields two molecules of pyruvate. Which of the following statements best describes what next happens to pyruvate? Pyruvate is used by the cell as a form of energy. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion. Pyruvate leaves the cell by exocytosis and enters the interstitial fluid. Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A and becomes acetyl-CoA

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion.

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A. B. K. E. C.

K.

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called chylomicrons. very-low-density lipoproteins. intermediate-density lipoproteins. low-density lipoproteins. high-density lipoproteins.

LDLs

Which of these statements is NOT true about beta-oxidation? Two-carbon fragments are formed. It takes place in mitochondria. It yields large amounts of ATP. Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules.

Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules.

Which of these is NOT likely to occur during the postabsorptive state? Blood glucose levels fall. The liver produces more glycogen. Beta-oxidation increases. Gluconeogenesis begins

The liver produces more glycogen.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis? This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is magnesium. calcium. selenium. potassium. sodium.

calcium

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as overeating. carbohydrate craving. carbohydrate loading. glycolysis reaction. the Atkins diet.

carbohydrate loading.

The end products of aerobic respiration are pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide. NADH and FADH2. carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. carbon dioxide and alcohol. oxygen and water

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

The major anion in body fluids is bicarbonate. chloride. iodide. sulfate.

chloride

A(n) ________ protein contains all of the essential amino acids. vital phosphorylated real complete incomplete

complete

By keeping the other two variables constant and changing only one at a time, based on the formula: LDL = cholesterol - HDL - (Triglycerides/5), which of the following would have the greatest effect in reducing LDL levels? reducing triglyceride levels increasing triglyceride levels reducing cholesterol levels reducing HDL levels

reducing cholesterol levels

The function of the citric acid cycle is to hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules. transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate. produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration. remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. produce water.

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD is thiamine. riboflavin. niacin. folic acid (folate). cobalamin.

riboflavin

The major cation in extracellular fluid is magnesium. iron. calcium. sodium. potassium.

sodium.

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is thiamine. riboflavin. niacin. folic acid (folate). cobalamin.

thiamine

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure triglyceride and monoglyceride levels. triglyceride level. total cholesterol level. HDL level. total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to acetyl-CoA. converted to urea. absorbed by water. converted to ammonia. transferred to a keto acid

transferred to a keto acid.

What is the role of NADH in metabolism? produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes phosphorylate ADP into ATP produce carbon dioxide convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is selenium. cobalt. iron. zinc. iodine.

zinc.