A&P Ch. 4&5

hematoma or bruise is bluish, black, yellowish mark on the skin

the breakdown of clotted blood under the skin

stratum basale

the innermost layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are germinated

epithelium

the layer of cells forming the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous and serous membranes

dermis

the layer of skin lying right under the epidermis

connective tissue

the most widespread, and the most varied, of all the tissues; serves to connect the body together and to support, bind, or protect organs

stratum corneum

the outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead, flattened cells called keratinocytes

epidermis

the outermost layer of the skin

cutaneous membrane

the skin

reticular tissue

tissue consisting of a loose network of reticular fibers and cells; forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

muscle tissue

tissue consisting of contractile cells or fibers that effect movement of an organ or body part

nervous tissue

tissue with a high degree of excitability and conductivity that makes up the nervous system.

glandular epithelium

type of epithelium consisting of glands that secrete a particular substance

Adipose tissue

type of loose connective tissue dominated by fat cells

Areolar tissue

type of loose connective tissue that lies beneath almost all epithelia

Which part of the neuron transmits impulses to the other cells?

Axon

Which tissue is a continuous sheet of tightly packed cells and covers the body's surface, lines body cavities and many of its organs and forms certain glands?

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following statements about epithelial tissue is true?

Epithelial tissue has no blood supply and depends completely on the connective tissue beneath it to supply it with oxygen and nutrients.

Which glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a body surface?

Exocrine

Which type of cartilage makes up the discs in the vertebrae?

Fibrocartilage

Apocrine glands

Glands located mainly in axillary and anogenital areas that secrete sweat in response to stress and sexual stimulation

Where does the hair growth occur?

Hair bulb

How does the epidermis receive oxygen and nutrients?

It receives oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from the dermis.

Which membranes line body surfaces that open directly to the body's exterior?

Mucous

In what type of epithelia do some cells stack up on top of other cells but not touch the basement?

Stratified

uticaria

allergic reaction resulting in multiple red patches called wheals, intensely itchy

fibroblasts

cells that secretes collagen, which forms scar tissue inside a wound

The skin helps the body conserve heat by:

constricting blood vessels.

Impetigo

contagious bacterial infection of the skin, usually caused by strep or staph germs, weeping, crusted or pustular lesions on nose, mouth, cheeks or on the extremities

apocrine glands

contains a duct that leads to a hair follicle, located in axilla and groin, scent glands, begin at puberty, odor is produced by the bacteria that begins to degrade the substances in the sweat - not by the sweat itself,

there are 2 types of sweat glands

eccrine and apocrine glands

What is the name of the outermost layer of the skin?

epidermis

third degree burn - full thickness burn

epidermis and into the subcutaneous layer, may not be painful initially - damage to nerve endings, may appear white or black or leathery, may require skin grafts

second degree burn - partial thickness burn

epidermis and part of the dermis, blisters severe pain and swelling, scarring, red, white or tan

first degree burn - partial thickness burn

epidermis, redness, swelling, pain, sunburn, superficial

squamous cell carcinoma

epidermis, slow growing, occurs on scalp, forehead, backs of hands and top of ears, raised red scaly appearance, some forms may metastasize

mucous membrane

epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces that open directly to the body's exterior

columnar epithelium

epithelial tissue composed of cells having a tall, columnar shape

cuboidal epithelium

epithelial tissue consisting of cells having a cube-like shape

squamous epithelium

epithelial tissue consisting of thin, flat cells

What is the chief purpose of melanin in the skin?

protect the nucleus of the skin cell against UV radiation

skin functions

protection, barrier, vitamin D production, sensory perception, thermoregulation

Which of the following is a function of the stratum corneum?

Act as a barrier.

Which tissue helps to insulate the body to conserve body heat?

Adipose

Which tissue is the most widespread and varied of all the tissues?

Connective

What is the function of the eccrine glands?

They secrete sweat, which plays a role in helping the body maintain a constant core temperature.

The skin initiates the production of which vitamin?

Vitamin D

bronzing, a golden brown skin color

a deficiency of hormones from the adrenal glands, occurs with Addison's disease

albinism - extremely pale skin, white hair and pink eyes

a genetic lack of melanin

exocrine gland

a gland that secretes its product into a duct, which then empties onto a body surface or inside a body cavity

endocrine gland

a gland that secretes its product, a hormone, directly into the bloodstream

psoriasis

a recurring skin disorder characterized by red papules and scaly silvery plaques with sharply defined borders

hair follicle

a sheath of epidermis surrounding each hair

keratin

a tough, fibrous protein that provides structural strength to the skin, hair, and nails

disorders of the integumentary system

acne, dermatitis, eczema, impetigo, psoriasis, tinea, urticaria

subcutaneous

beneath the skin

osteocytes

bone forming cells

osseous tissue

bone tissue

chondrocytes

cartilage forming cells

thermoregulation

contains nerves that cause the blood vessels to dilate or constrict, when chilled blood vessels constrict, when overheated the blood vessels dilate, if still hot, sweating occurs

pallor is pale skin

decreased blood flow, from cold temperatures, fear, emotional stress or low blood pressure

eccrine glands (surface)

duct to skins surface, widespread throughout the body, abundant on the palms, soles forehead, and upper torso, produce sweat

jaundice - yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes

due to impaired liver function, from hepatitis or liver disease, that allows bile to accululate which stains the skin

tinea

fungal infection of the skin; occurs in moist areas, groin axilla and foot athletes foot

ceruminous gland

gland in the external ear canal that secretes waxy cerumen

eccrine glands

glands located throughout the body that secrete sweat directly onto the skin's surface, which helps control body temperature

sebaceous gland

glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum into each hair follicle

tissue

groups of similar cells that perform a common function

appendages of the skin

hair, nails, glands

erythema is abnormal redness

increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels close to the skin surface, may result from heat, exercise, sunburn, or emotions such as embarrassment or anger

Acne

inflammation of the sebaceous glands, especially during puberty

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin characterized by itching and redness, often the result of exposure to toxins like poison oak

vitamin D production

initiates vitamin D production when exposed to ultraviolet light

eczema

itchy red rash caused by an allergy, lesions initially weep or ooze, may become crusted or scaly

skin's barrier

keeps body from absorbing too much water, prevents dehydration and regulates body fluid volume, blocks UV radiation

New skin cells produce which tough, fibrous protein?

keratin

serous membrane

membrane composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; lines some of the closed body cavities and also covers many of the organs in those cavities

goblet cell

modified columnar cell containing secretory vesicles that produce larage quantities of mucus

basal cell carcinoma

most common type of skin cancer, rarely metastasizes, least dangerous, arises from the stratum basale, on nose or face, starts as a small tiny bump then gets a depression and a pearly edge

malignant melanoma

most deadly of all skin cancers, sometimes develops from a pre-existing mole, metastasizes quickly and is often fatal if not treated early, risk is greatest in children who have had a severe sunburn

granulation tissue

newly formed tissue inside a wound

cyanosis is blue tint

oxygen deficiency in circulating blood

melanin

pigment produced by melanocytes that gives color to the hair and skin

skin protects by

preventing microorganisms and chemical from invading the body, secretes residue that inhibits bacteria and fungal growth, absorbs the force of injuries

The type of healing that occurs when damaged tissue heals and is replaced by new, functional tissue is called

regeneration

sensory perception

skin contains millions of nerve fibersallowing for perception of temperature, touch pressure, pain, vibration

stem cell

specialized cell that can differentiate into many different types of cells

In which skin layer are new skin cells generated?

stratum basale

hypodermis

subcutaneous tissue composed mostly of fat lying under the dermis