A&P Ch. 5 Integumentary System

Which of the following explains why eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head? (A). The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming active; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive (B). The hair follicles in the scalp are responsive to androgens, however the hair follicles of the eyebrows are now. (C). The hair follicles of the eyebrows exhibit a resting phase, but the hair follicles in the scalp do not. (D). The hairs on the have a cuticle, whereas the hairs of the eyebrows do not. (E). The hair follicles in the scalp have a hair matrix, but the hair follicles of the eyebrows do not.

( A). The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming active; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive

Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer? (A). A (B). B (C). C (D). D

(A). A Cell of this layer are dead and do not participate in mitosis

Which of these structures is properly matched with its mode of secretion? A. A; Holocrine B. A; Eccrine C. B; Apocrine D. C; Holocrine

(A). A; Holocrine Structure A is a sebaceous gland that secretes oily materials by complete rupture of the gland cells.

Earwax is made by ____ (A). Cerumionous glands (B). Sebaceous glands (C). Eccrine Glands (D). Mammary glands

(A). Cerumionous glands are modified apocriene sweat glands found in the lining of the external ear canal. Their secretion mixes with sebum produced by nearby sebaceous glands to form a sticky, bitter substance called cerulean, or earwax, which is thought to deter insects and block entry of foreign material.

What is the structure indicated by label E? (A). A dermal papilla (B). The hypodermics (C). A. hair root (D) The stratum corneum

(A). Dermal papillae Dermal papillae are projections of the dermis that form indentations in the overlying epidermis

What is the function of structure B? (A). Detection of pressure stimulus (B). Secretion of sweat (C). Storage of fat (D). Production of defensive chemicals

(A). Detection of pressure stimulus Structure B is a lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle that responds to cutaneous contacts involving deep pressure

The skin is not a __ barrier. (A). Metabolic (B). Chemical (C). Physical (D). Biological

(A). Metabolic The skin constitutes at least three types of barriers, but is not a metabolic barrier. P

In general, skin cancer is least likely to develop in which of the following locations? (A). Scalp (B). Forehead (C). Nose (D). The back of the hand

(A). Scalp The skin of scalp has hair, which gives it added protection from the damaging ultraviolet rays of the sun.

What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparations? (A). their Desmosome attachments (B). Glycolipids that make the layer waterproof (C). Pulling by shrunken keratin fibers between the cells (D). The rigidity of the cell membrane

(A). Their Desmosome attachments Cells typically shrink during tissues preparations, and since these cells are attached by Desmosome, the membrane are pulled slightly outward at the points of cellular attachment

What is the function of the structure A? (A). To lubricate hair and prevent infection (B). To detect touch (C). To cool the body (D). To provide nourishment for the cells in the hair

(A). To lubricate hair and prevent infection Structure A produces sebum, an oily secretion that coats the hair and prevents infectious agents from penetrating the hair shaft.

The glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum help reduce water loss across the epidermis (A). True (B). False

(A). True Keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum accumulate two types of granules, keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules. The lamellar granules contain a water-resistant glycolipid that is secreted into the extracellular space. Together with tight junctions, the glycolipid plays a major part in slowing water loss across the epidermis.

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis? (A). Macrophages (B). Keratinocytes (C). fibroblasts (D). Dendritic Cells

(B) Keratinocytes Keratinocytes are the primary cells that form the stratified layers of the epidermis.

In a woman that has hirsutism, ___. (A). The keratin filaments in hair undergo cell division to thicken the hair (B). Androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair. (C). The cuticles in the visible portions of hair shafts undergo extensive cell division (D). Hair will thin and grow slowly

(B). Androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair Androgents are group of chemically-related male sex hormones that induce male-specific body changes. Normally they are produced in females at very low levels. But when their levels rise, they can cause chnges like hair growth on the body and face.

Which skin function is NOT correctly matched with the structure that accounts for that function? (A). Keratinocytes: physical barrier (B). Apocrine gland; thermoregulation (C). tactile corpuscles: Cutaneous sensation (D). eccrine glands: excretion

(B). Apocrine gland: thermoregulation While the function of the apocrine cells is not well understood, they do not provide much assistance in thermoregulation because of their location.

Vitamin D precursor are produced in the skin presence of sunlight. These chemicals are important for the transport of sodium in our intestines. (A). True (B). False

(B). False It is true that vitamin D precursors are produced in the skin as modified cholesterol is converted into cholecalciferol when the skin is exposed to UV light. However, vitamin D plays various

New portions of a nail are produced at the cuticle. (A). True (B). False

(B). False. The nail matrix is the thickened proximal portion of the nail bed responsible for nail growth. The cuticle is the part of the proximal skin fold, that projects onto the nail body.

Which type of cell or cellular structure is not found in the epidermis? (A). Dendritic cells (B). Pain receptors (C) melanocytes (D). Keratinocytes

(B). Pain receptors Pain receptors formed by free nerve endings are found deep to the epidermis in the papillary layer of the dermis.

Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair? (A). Cerumnious glands (B). Sebaceous Glands (C). Apocrine sweat glands (D). Eccrine sweat glands

(B). Sebaceous glands Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. Sebum softens and lubricates the hair and skin, slow water loss from the skin when external humidity is low, and has bactericidal properties.

Which structure is a type of sweat gland? (A). A (B). B (C). C (D). D

(C). C Structure C is an eccrine gland, the most abundant type of sweat (sudoriferous) gland

In alopeica, new hair growth stops because cell division is inhibited in the ___. (A). Epithelial root sheath (B). Cuticle (C). Hair Matrix (D). Hair follicle receptor

(C). Hair matrix Cell division in the hair matrix produces the cells that will form the hair fiber and the inner root sheath. The hair matrix epithelium is one of the fastest growing cell populations in the human body.

Respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin, which is more evident in light-skinned individuals. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change? (A). Melanin (B). Carotene (C). Hemoglobin. (D). Folic acid

(C). Hemoglobin When hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated, the skin may take on a bluish-gray tint, especially in the mucous membranes and nail beds. Cyanosis, or blueness, can be a sign of respiratory or cardiovascular problems.

Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation? (A). Keratin (B). Carotene (C). Melanin (D). hemoglobin

(C). Melanin Melanin is the only one of the three pigments (melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin) that contribute to skin color that is actually produced in the skin itself. Melanesian protects the DNA of skin cells from UV radiation by absorbing the rays and dissipating the energy as heat.

Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? (A). Prevention of water loss (B). Protection from bacteria (C). Protection from UV radiation (D). Lubrication of the skin

(C). Prevention fromUV radiation This is false; it is melanin (not sebum). That protects the skin from the damaging effects of UV radiation. Sebum serves as a lubricant, an antibacterial agent, and protect against water loss.

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? (A). Stratum granulosum (B). Stratum spinosum (C). Stratum basale (D). Stratum corneum

(C). Stratum Basale The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis and consists of one layer of actively mitotic stem cells. The stem cells in this layer generate the cells that will migrate to the more superficial layers: spinosum, granulosum, and corneum

Which of the following is a metabolic function of skin? (A). Cutaneous sensation (B). Body temperature regulation (C). Synthesis of a vitamin D precursor (D). Elimination of nitrogenous wastes

(C). Synthesis of a vitamin D precursor Yes, this is a function of the skin carried out by chemical reactions in the skin. when sunlight bombards the skin, modified cholesterol molecules are converted to a vitamin D precursor, which is transported via the blood to the liver and kidneys, where it is converted into active vitamin D.

What is the role of the hair matrix? (A). The hair matrix allows hair to "stand on end," or become erect. (B). The hair matrix serves as an anchor for the hair shaft. (C). The hair matrix produces hair. (D). The hair matrix serves as a sensory receptor

(C). The hair matrix produces hair The hair matrix is the actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces hair. As the matrix produces new hair cells, the older part of the hair is pushed upward, and its fused cells become increasingly keratinized and die.

The nails can provide signs of health and disease. which of the following could be a sign of an underlying medical problem? (A). The nails appear pink (B). The nails are smooth and do not have ridges (C). The nails appear yellow (D). All of the listed responses are correct

(C). The nails appear yellow Yellow nails can be an indication of fungal infection or of a more serious underlying condition, such as lung disease or a thyroid gland disorder

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is ____. (A) Water that is absorbed from the environment into the skin (B). Water that is squeezed out of the overlying epidermal cells (C). The plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels (D). None of the above

(C). The plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels The epidermis, like all epithelium, is a vascular the underlying dermis is rich in blood vessels that supply the epidermis.

Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? (A). Eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to secrete their product, while apocrine sweat glands do not. (B). Eccrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty, while apocrine sweat glands function throughout life. (C). The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands. (D). Eccrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than apocrine sweat glands.

(C). The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands. Compared to the watery secretions of eccrine glands, apocrine sweat glands produce a more viscous secretion that is enriched with fats and proteins.

A common belief is that having your hair cut makes it becomes thicker. Is this true? Which of the following best explains why this belief is, or is not, true. (A). This is true. Cutting the hair causes the damaged cells to divide and release growth factors that simulate growth of additional hair follicles. (B). This is not true. cutting the hair causes the damaged cells to sci-fi and release growth factors that simulate lengthening of the hair, but not thickening of the hair. (C). This is not true. The exposed hair shaft composed of sea keratinocytes. Damaging these dead Ella will not affect growth at the matrix of the follicle. (D). This is true. Cutting the hair causes the damaged cells to divide and release growth factors that simulate thickening of the cuticle.

(C). This is not true. The exposed hair shaft is composed of dead keratinocytes. Damaging these dead cells will not affect growth at the matrix of the follicle. This is correct. The exposed hair shaft is composed of dead keratinocytes, and damaging these cells will not affect growth at the hair matrix. These dead cells are incapable of dividing or releasing growth factors.

Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D? (A). Fibroblast (B). Keratinocytes (C). melanocytes (D). Merkel Cell

(C). melanocytes within the stratum basale produce the pigment melanin, which is deposited within the deeper layers of the epidermis.

A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient? (A). Respiratory disease that results in the blood being poorly oxygenated (B). The presence of hematoma in the skin (C). Hypertension caused by excessive use of the medication (D). Anemia

(D). Anemia Red blood cells (RBCs) help give blood its color. Anemia is a set of signs and symptoms that appear when a person does not have enough healthy RBCs. Pallor, or paleness, is a sign/symptom of anemia because the blood vessels in the dermal layer lack normal RBCs.

Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers? (A). A (B). B (C). C (D). D

(D). Cells migrate upwards through the epidermis after being generated by mitosis in the stratum basale

You are asked to classify an exocrine gland found in the skin based solely on the chemical analysis of its product, which turns out to be a hypotonic fluid consisting of about 99% water with a pH of 5. It contains NaCl, traces of urea and ammonia, and a peptide called dermcidin, but lacks fats and proteins. How would you classify this gland? (A). Sebaceous gland (B). Mammary gland (C). Cerumionous gland (D). Eccrine gland

(D). Eccrine gland Eccrine gland secretion, commonly called sweat, is a hypotonic filtrate of the blood that passes through the secretory cells of the sweat glands and is released by exocytosis. It is 99% water, with some salts (mostly sodium chloride), traces of metabolic wastes (urea, Utica acid, and ammonia), and a microbe-killing peptide called fermi in. Normally, sweat is acidic with a pH between 4 and 6

Which of the following is a layer of the epidermis found in thin skin? (A). Clear Layer (B). Papillary layer (C). Reticular Layer (D). Granular Layer

(D). Granular Layer The epidermis of thick and thin skin included a layer called the stratum granulosum, or granular layer. It consists of four to six cell layers in which keratinocytes appearance changes drastically, It is here that the process of keratinization, in which the cells fill with the protein keratin, begins.

Part. B Liliana's cyanosis is clinically significant because: (A). It indicates that there are more melanocytes developing in her lips and fingers. (B). It indicates a buildup of bilirubin in hr epidermis (C). It indicates that she has less hemoglobin reaching her lips and fingers. (D). It indicates that her blood is low in oxygen

(D). It indicates that her blood is low in oxygen. Deoxygenated hemoglobin causes the cyanosis

21- Year Old Female with Deep Lacerations. While riding her bike to campus, 21 year old Liliana Rose was struck by a car. Examination in the Emergency Department reveals several injuries. Relative to her integumentary system, the following comments are noted on her chart. - Epidermal abrasion of the right lateral upper am and anterior shoulder. - A deep, 2-cm laceration extending vertically on right lateral cheek and a horizontal 1-cm laceration on the temple. - Cyanosis is apparent in her nail beds and lips The lacerated areas are cleaned, sutured (stitched), and bandaged by the emergency room (ER) personnel. Part A: Liliana's epidermal layer has been damaged. Which statement best explains the significance of this damage? (A). It's significant because disrupting the epidermis will cause severe, sometimes life-threatening bleeding. (B). It's not significant, because the cells in the epidermis are already ready. (C). It's significant because cells in the epidermis give rise to all the cells in all the different skin layers (D). It's significant because the cells of the epidermis protect against evaporative water loss,UV radiation , and infection.

(D). It's significant because the cells of the epidermis protect against evaporative water loss, UV radiation , and infection. The keratinocytes protect against evaporative water loss, the melanocytes and keratinocytes protect against UV light, and the dendritic cells protect against infection.

Overactive sebaceous glands can cause... (A). Fine hairs on the forehead to become brittle (B). the forehead's skin to become dry (C). Bacteria on the forehead's skin to grow and multiply freely. (D). Seborrhea, a disease characterized by red, itchy lesions on the scalp

(D). Seborrhea, a disease characterized by red, itchy lesions on the scalp Excessive sebum production by overactive sebaceous glands can be irritating to the skin, This can cause oily, scaly patches, which can cause oily scales to flake off of the skin.

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? (A). Stratum spinosum (B). Stratum. Granulosum (C). Stratum. Lucidum (D). Stratum. Basale

(D). Stratum basale 10-25% of the cells in the stratum basale are melanin producing cells called melanocytes. Their branching processes extend among the surrounding cells, reaching well into the superficial stratum spinosum layer

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (A). Melanin protects the nuclei of keratinocytes against ultraviolet (UV) radiation (B). Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system (C). Keratinocytes produces fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties (D). Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body.

(D). Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body Tactile cells, in conjunction with their sensory nerve endings, functions as touch receptors. The hypodermics, not tactile cells, anchors skin to the underlying structures (mostly to muscles), but loosely enough that the skin can slide relatively freely over those structures

A 26 year old model is concerned about a new scar on her abdomen. She tell her surgeon that there is practically no scar from the appendix operation done when she was 16, but this new scar from the gallbladder operation is "gross." Her appendectomy scar is small, obliquely located on the inferior abdominal surface, and very in distinct. By contrast, the vertical gallbladder scar is large and lumpy. Which of the following best explains why the scars are so different? (A). She was ten years younger when she had the appendix operation. At age 26, her skin has become thinner and less elastic, causing the incision to gape more and produce more scar tissue as it heals. (B). Skin heals differently depending on location. The skin of her lower abdomen is more elastic and less likely to scar than the skin of her upper abdomen. (C). The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "flexible lines," which run at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the flexors lines will gape less and heals more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines, which run in the horizontal plane in the upper right quadrant. (D). The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "lines of cleavage," which are oriented at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the lines of cleavage will gape less and heal more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines,which run in the horizontal plane i the upper right quadrant.

(D). The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "lines of cleavage," which are oriented at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the lines of cleavage will gape less and heal more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines, which run in the horizontal plane in the upper gut quadrant. This is correct. Whenever possible, surgeons make incisions that run parallel to the lines of cleavage in that body region. The lines of cleavage in the area of her gallbladder scar run horizontally, but the incision was made vertically (through the Sagittal plane). An incision Nader perpendicular to the lines of cleavage will result in more noticeable scarring.

Which dermal layer the is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines? (A). The papillary layer (B). The Basal Layer (C). The Grandular Layer (D) The reticular layer

(D). The reticular layer The thicker, deeper layer of the dermis, called the reticulate dermis, is named for its network of collagen fibers. These collagen fibers run in various planes, but most run parallel to the skin surface. Separations, or less dense regions, between these bundles form cleavage (tension) lines in the skin.

Layer B is composed primarily of ______. A. Areolar connective tissue B. Simple squamous epithelium C. Dense regular connective tissue D. Dense irregular connective tissue

A. Areolar connective tissue The loose connective tissue within the papillary layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and cells that function in the body's defenses.

Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure? A. Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis B. Structures A, B, C, and D are composed primarily of smooth muscle C. Structures A, B, C, and D are all various types of glands D. Structures A, B, C, and D are all involved in the sensory functions of the skin.

A. Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis Each of the labeled structures is located within the dermal layer of the skin

Which of the following terms describes layer D? A. Subcutaneous B. Papillary C. Reticular D. Epidermal

A. Subcutaneous The hypodermics ("under the skin") layer is also referred to as the subcutaneous region.

Layers B and C collectively form the __________. A. Hypodermics B. Dermis C. Subcutaneous layer D. Epidermis

B. Dermis Although layers B and C can be distinguished based on their structural components, they form a continuous layer of the skin termed the dermis.

Marie and Joan are the same height, but Marie weighs 25 pounds more than Joan. When they go hiking in cold weather, Joan needs two more layers of clothing than Marie to stay warm. Which of the following explains why? A。 Marie has more subcutaneous fat, which is metabolized to provide warmth B. Marie has more subcutaneous fat, which insulates the body's core. C. Marie has more dermal blood vessels, which constrict to increase blood flow to the core. D. Marie has a thicker epidermal layer, which insulates her body's core more efficiently.

B. Marie has more subcutaneous fat, which insulates the body's core.

Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue? A. A B. B C. C D. D

C. C Layer C consisted primarily of dense, fibers of collagen designed to resist tearing from any direction.

Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D? A. To loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue B. To insulate the body from heat loss C. To store energy D. To supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis

D. To supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis The hypodermics does not perform this function. Cells to replace those lost in the epidermis are provided by the basal cells of the epidermis itself.

If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing?

Thermoregulation Sweat is used for thermoregulation. As sweat is released not the surface of the epidermis, heat from the body is conducted into the water. Water is a better conductor of heat than air is. As the sweat evaporates, the heat from the body dissipates into the environment.