A&P CH. 6 & 7 Mock Exam

Compact and spongy bone in short bones.

They consist of spongy bone tissue except at the surface, which has a thin layer of compact bone tissue

Compact bone and spongy bone in irregular bones.

They vary in the amount of spongy and compact bone present

Irregular bones shape is similar to long bones.

False, it has complex shapes and can't be placed in any of the bone shape categories.

The sutural bone is classified by its shape and location.

False, it is only classified by its location because they are inside of joints between bones.

Every person has the same amount of sutures on their skull.

False, the amount of sutures people have varies.

description of a depression and opening marking on bone known as a sulcus.

Furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon.

Compact bone and spongy bone in flat bones.

Has 2 parallel plates of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone inside.

description of a process that forms joints in the bone known as condyle.

Large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone.

Compact and spongy bone in long bones

Long bones consist mostly of compact bone tissue in their diaphysis but have considerable amounts of spongy bone tissue in their epiphyses.

long bone sizes

Long bones vary in size.

description of the process that forms attachment points for connective tissue on bone known as the line.

Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest).

description of a depression and opening marking on bone known as a fissure.

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass.

description of a depression and opening marking on bone known as a foreman.

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.

The name of the bones located in the appendicular skeleton

Pectoral girdle -clavicle -scapula Upper limbs -humerous -ulna -radius -carpals -metacarpals -phalanges Pelvic girdle -hip, pelvic, or coxal bone Lower Limbs -femur -tibia -fibula -tarsals -metatarsals -phalanges

The number of bones in each section of the appendicular skeleton.

Pectoral girdle -clavicle (2) -scapula (2) Upper limbs -humerus (2) -ulna (2) -radius (2) -carpals (16) -metacarpals (10) -phalanges (28) Pelvic girdle -hip, pelvic, or coxal bone (2) Lower Limbs -femur (2) -tibia (2) -fibula (2) -tarsals (14) -metatarsals (10) -phalanges (28) Total: 126

description of the process that forms attachment points for connective tissue on bone known as the crest.

Prominent ridge or elongated projection.

description of a depression and opening marking on bone known as a fossa.

Shallow depression

description of the process that forms attachment points for connective tissue on bone known as the spinous process.

Sharp, slender projection.

The name of the bones located in the axial skeleton

Skull -cranial cavity bones - facial bones Hyoid bones Auditory bones ossicle Vertebral column Thorax -sternum -ribs

The number of bones in each section of the axial skeleton

Skull -cranial cavity bones (8) -facial bones (14) Hyoid bones (1) Auditory bones ossicle (6) Vertebral column (26) Thorax -sternum (1) -ribs (24) Total: 80

description of a process that forms joints in the bone known as facet.

Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface.

How does the axial skeleton contribute to homeostasis?

The bones of the axial skeleton contribute to homeostasis by protecting many of the body's organs such as the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. They are also important in support and calcium storage and release.

parietal cranial cavity bones of the skull features

The internal surfaces of the parietal bones contain many protrusions and depressions that accommodate the blood vessels supplying the dura mater (the superficial connective tissue (meninx) covering of the brain).

temporal cranial cavity bones of the skull description

The paired temporal bones (tempor- = temple) form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranial cavity and part of the cranial base

description of a depression and opening marking on bone known as a meatus.

Tubelike opening.

description of the process that forms attachment points for connective tissue on bone known as the epicondyle.

Typically roughened projection above condyle.

description of a process that forms joints in the bone known as head.

Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone.

description of the process that forms attachment points for connective tissue on bone known as the tuberosity.

Variably-sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface.

description of the process that forms attachment points for connective tissue on bone known as the tubercle.

Variably-sized rounded projection.

Flat bone description and shape.

are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates.

Which of the following options contain sesamoid bones

bones in the palms, soles, patellae, quadriceps of the femur tendon

Which of the following are considered short bones?

carpal and tarsal bones

Name all the processes that form joints in the bone.

condyle, facet, and head

Which of the following are considered flat bones?

cranial cavity bones, sternum, and ribs

Names of the processes that form attachment points for connective tissue on bone.

crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercule, and tuberosity

The two major surface marking types on bone.

depressions and openings; and processes

Which of the following are considered long bones?

femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, and phalanges

Which type of bone primarily provides protection and a large surface area for muscle attachment?

flat bones

Description of sphenoid bone.

lies at the middle part of the cranial base. This bone is called the keystone of the cranial base because it articulates with all the other cranial cavity bones of the cranial base, holding them together.

Name the 5 main types of bones based on shape.

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

frontal bone features

metopic suture: the frontal bones unite through a suture - occurs at birth - disappears after 6-8 years of age. frontal squama: a scalelike plate of bone that forms the forehead of the skull. -slopes inferiorly from the coronal suture, on the top of the skull, then angles abruptly and becomes almost vertical above the orbits. supraorbital margin: At the superior border of the orbits, the frontal bone thickens creating this structure. -From this margin, the frontal bone extends posteriorly to form the roof of the orbit, which is part of the cranial base. supraorbital foreman: Within the supraorbital margin, slightly medial to its midpoint, is a hole called the supraorbital foramen. -incomplete foreman = supraorbital notch. frontal sinuses (paranasal sinuses): lie deep to the frontal squama. Sinuses are mucous membrane-lined cavities within certain skull bones

The functionality of the sesamoid bone.

sesamoid bones protect tendons from excessive wear and tear, and they often change the direction of pull of a tendon, which improves the mechanical advantage at a joint.

Short bone description based on shape.

somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width

temporal cranial cavity bones of the skull features

temporal squama: the thin, flat part of the temporal bone that forms the anterior and superior part of the temple (the region of the cranium around the ear). zygomatic process: Projecting from the inferior portion of the temporal squama. -articulates (forms a joint) with the temporal process of the zygomatic (cheek) bone. -the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone form the zygomatic arch. mandibular fossa: A socket that is located on the inferior posterior surface of the zygomatic process of each temporal bone. articular tubercle: Anterior to the mandibular fossa. temporomandibular joint (TMJ): The mandibular fossa and articular tubercle articulate with the mandible (lower jawbone) to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). mastoid portion: is located posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus (ear canal). - directs sound waves into the ear. -In an adult, this portion of the bone contains several mastoid air cells that communicate with the hollow space of the middle ear. ---These tiny air-filled compartments are separated from the brain by thin bony partitions. ---mastoiditis (middle ear infection): Middle ear infections that go untreated can spread into the mastoid air cells, causing a painful inflammation mastoid process is a rounded projection of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus. - the point of attachment for several neck muscles. internal acoustic meatus: the opening through which the facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve pass. styloid process: projects inferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone and serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the tongue and neck. stylomastoid foramen: Between the styloid process and the mastoid process. the facial nerve and stylomastoid blood vessels pass through here. cranial base: the petrous portion of the temporal bone. This triangular part, located at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones, houses the internal ear and the middle ear, structures involved in hearing and equilibrium (balance). carotid canal: inside the cranial base where the carotid artery passes. jugular foramen: Posterior to the carotid canal and anterior to the occipital bone. It's a passageway for the jugular vein and three cranial nerves.

Which of the following options is considered irregular bones?

vertebrae, hip bones, certain facial bones, and the calcaneus

sutural bones description and shape

- describe more by location but do have a shape -small flat bones -located between cranial bone joints

Sesamoid bone description and shape.

- shaped like a sesamoid seed. -vary in number from person to person -not always completely ossified -develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical strain -typically measure only a few millimeters in diameter.

How are black eyes formed?

-One cause might be a blow to the sharp ridge just superior to the supraorbital margin that fractures the frontal bone, resulting in bleeding. -Another is a blow to the nose.

On what basis is the skeleton grouped into the axial and appendicular divisions?

-The axial skeleton comprises the bones found along the central axis traveling down the center of the body. -The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones appended to the central axis.

parietal cranial cavity bones of the skull description

-The two parietal bones form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity.

description of depressions and openings markings on bones.

-allow the passage of soft tissues (such as blood vessels, nerves, ligaments, and tendons) -form joints

Names of depression and opening markings on bones.

-fissure -foreman -fossa -sulcus -meatus

describe the facial bone of the skull.

-forms the anterior part of the skull. -consists of bones that surround the mouth, nose, nasal cavity, nasal, and most of the orbits. - there's 14 facial bones —-2 nasal bones, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic bones, mandible, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal concha bones, and vomar

frontal bone of cranial cavity of the skull description

-forms the forehead (the anterior part of the skull) -the roofs of the orbits (eye sockets) -most of the anterior part of the cranial base

long bones description based on shape.

-have a greater length than width -consists of a diaphysis (body). -consists of a variable number of extremities or epiphyses (ends) -are slightly curved for strength.

description of processes markings on bones.

-projections or outgrowths that either help form joints -serve as attachment points for connective tissue (such as ligaments and tendons)

Description of surface markings on bones

-structural features adapted for specific functions. -Most are not present at birth but develop in response to -certain forces are most prominent in the adult skeleton. -In response to tension on a bone surface from tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and fasciae, new bone is deposited, resulting in raised or roughened areas. - While compression on a bone surface results in a depression.

skull bone description.

-the bony framework of the head. -It contains 22 bones (not including the bones of the middle ears) and rests on the superior end of the vertebral column (backbone).

describe the cranial cavity bone of the skull.

-the combined bones of the cranial cavity are what forms it's structure. -8 bones form the cranial cavity ---frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone.

features of the sphenoid bone

The space inside the body is the sphenoidal sinus, which drains into the nasal cavity. The sella turcica is a bony saddle-shaped structure on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid. The anterior part of the sella turcica, which forms the horn of the saddle, is a ridge called the tuberculum sellae. The seat of the saddle is a depression, the hypophyseal fossa, which contains the pituitary gland. The posterior part of the sella turcica, which forms the back of the saddle, is another ridge called the dorsum sellae. The greater wings of the sphenoid project laterally from the body and form the anterolateral cranial base. The greater wings also form part of the lateral wall of the cranial cavity and orbit just anterior to the temporal bone and can be viewed externally. The lesser wings, which are smaller, form a ridge of bone anterior and superior to the greater wings. They form part of the cranial base and the posterior part of the orbit of the eye.

The reasoning behind the curvature in long bones.

A curved bone absorbs the strain of the body's weight at several different points, so that it is evenly distributed. If bones were straight, the weight of the body would be unevenly distributed, and the bone would fracture more easily.

description of the process that forms attachment points for connective tissue on bone known as the trochanter.

A very large projection.

the skull bones are grouped into two parts which are:

1. cranial cavity bones 2. facial bones

temporal cranial bone features

foramen magnum is in the inferior part of the bone. The medulla oblongata (inferior part of the brain) connects with the spinal cord within this foramen, and the vertebral and spinal arteries also pass through it along with the accessory (XI) nerve. occipital condyles, oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum, and articulate with depressions on the first cervical vertebra atlanto-occipital joint formed by the articulation of the occipital condyles that have depression on the first cervical. - allows you to shake your head yes or no. hypoglossal canal: Superior to each occipital condyle on the inferior surface of the skull. external occipital protuberance is the most prominent midline projection on the posterior surface of the bone just above the foramen magnum. You may be able to feel this structure as a bump on the back of your head, just above your neck. ligamentum nuchae: A large fibrous, elastic ligament, extends from the external occipital protuberance to the seventh cervical vertebra to help support the head. Extending laterally from the protuberance are two curved ridges, the superior nuchal lines, and below these are two inferior nuchal lines, which are areas of muscle attachment

temporal cranial bone description.

forms the posterior part of the cranial cavity and most of the cranial base