A&P Ch 8 Articulations
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.1 56) What movement would you expect to see in a pivot joint? A) opposition B) flexion C) rotation D) abduction
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 5) Which of the following is a freely movable joint? A) diarthrosis B) amphiarthrosis C) fibrous D) synarthrosis
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 10) Which of the following is NOT a subclass of a fibrous joint? A) synchondrosis B) suture C) syndesmosis D) gomphosis
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.1 12) Fibrous joints are built for: A) stability. B) flexibility. C) a great degree of movement. D) shock absorption.
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.2 15) Which of the following is an example of a syndesmosis? A) the interosseous membrane situated between the radius and ulna in the forearm B) the coronal suture between the frontal and parietal bones C) the pubic symphysis located between the two pubic bones of the pelvic girdle D) a tooth and its corresponding pocket or alveolus in the mandible or maxilla
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.3 19) Which of the following is an example of a synchondrosis? A) an epiphyseal plate found between the shaft (diaphysis) and the end (epiphysis) of a long bone B) an intervertebral disc situated between the vertebrae of the spinal column C) the pubic symphysis and the two surrounding pubic bones of the pelvic girdle D) the coronal suture situated between the frontal bone and parietal bone
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 32) Which key feature distinguishes a synovial joint from other joint types? A) presence of a joint cavity B) presence of cartilage C) presence of connective tissue D) presence of collagen fibers
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 31) What do ligaments connect together? A) bones B) muscles C) bone and muscle D) cartilage and bone
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 38) Where would a gliding movement most likely occur? A) between the intercarpal joints of the wrist B) atlantoaxial joint in the neck C) elbow joint D) hip joint
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.1, 8.5.2 52) Which type of synovial joint is the simplest and least mobile and includes the intercarpal joints of the wrist? A) plane joint B) saddle joint C) ball-and-socket joint D) hinge joint
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.3 55) What type of biaxial joint is characterized by articulating bones with a deeper complementary fit, one with a convex surface and the other with a concave surface? A) saddle joint B) pivot joint C) ball-and-socket joint D) hinge joint
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.3 57) Which of the following is NOT a location where a hinge joint is found? A) shoulder B) elbow C) knee D) interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 69) The coxal joint is an articulation formed by: A) the head of the femur and the acetabulum. B) the greater trochanter of the femur and the obturator foramen. C) the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity. D) the head of the radius and the humerus.
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 60) What are the two articulations present in the elbow joint? A) humeroulnar joint and the humeroradial joint B) radioulnar joint and the glenohumeral joint C) tibiofemoral joint and the patellofemoral joint D) glenohumeral joint and the coracohumeral joint
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 63) Which letter represents the fibular collateral ligament? A) A B) B C) C D) D
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 65) The shoulder and hip joints are similar because they are both: A) ball-and-socket joints. B) biaxial joints. C) uniaxial joints. D) hinge joints.
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 66) Which joint is associated with the rotator cuff, a group of muscles and their tendons? A) shoulder B) elbow C) knee D) hip
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 82) Humeroradial joint
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 87) Fibular collateral ligament
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.1 2) Determine the functional joint classification that provides the greatest mobility. A) diarthrosis B) synarthrosis C) amphiarthrosis D) cartilaginous
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.2 16) Syndesmosis is to ligament as symphysis is to: A) fibrocartilage. B) suture. C) gomphosis. D) dense regular collagenous connective tissue.
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 24) Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid? A) protect tendons B) shock absorption during movement C) provide nutrients to cells in the joint cavity D) lubrication of the joint cavity
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.1 51) Classify the elbow, which is structured with the convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave depression of another bone. A) hinge joint B) pivot joint C) plane joint D) condylar joint
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 36) Which of the following movements is an example of abduction? A) spreading the fingers apart B) moving the hand toward the shoulder C) extreme bending of the head backwards D) turning the palm of the hand upward
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 91) Ligament that prevents the tibia from moving too far medially on the femur
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 30) The anterior cruciate ligament, of the knee joint, anchors the tibia bone to: A) a muscle. B) a ligament. C) another bone. D) a bursa.
Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating
Human Anatomy & Physiology, 2e, Global Edition (Amerman) Chapter 8 Articulations 1) Which of the following is NOT a function of joints? A) Joints enable movement. B) All joints allow a wide variety and range of motions. C) Joints allow long bones to lengthen. D) Joints provide stability.
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 8) Which structural joint classification is held together by dense regular collagenous connective tissue? A) amphiarthrosis B) fibrous C) cartilaginous D) synovial
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 27) What component of a synovial joint lubricates the joint, supplies nutrients and removes metabolic wastes, and absorbs shock? A) ligament B) synovial fluid C) articular cartilage D) adipose tissue
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 29) Since articular cartilage is avascular, what provides oxygen and nutrients and removes metabolic wastes? A) tendon sheaths B) synovial fluid C) bursae D) ligaments
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.2 33) What type of joint allows motion around only one axis? A) biaxial B) uniaxial C) nonaxial D) multiaxial (triaxial)
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.1 34) What type of motion at a synovial joint does NOT involve the movement of a joint around an axis? A) special B) gliding C) angular D) rotation
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 35) Flexion and extension are types of: A) rotational movements. B) angular movements. C) special movements. D) gliding movements.
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 45) Shaking your head as if to say "no" is a joint movement known as: A) retraction. B) rotation. C) opposition. D) circumduction.
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.2 54) What type of joint is a ball-and-socket joint? A) uniaxial joint B) multiaxial (triaxial) joint C) biaxial joint D) nonaxial joint
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 59) Identify the radial collateral ligament of the elbow. A) A B) B C) C D) D
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 61) In the knee joint, the medial meniscus is: A) hyaline cartilage. B) fibrocartilage. C) elastic cartilage. D) dense regular collagenous connective tissue.
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 67) The hip is known as the: A) glenohumeral joint. B) coxal joint. C) tibiofemoral joint. D) humeroulnar joint.
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 68) Which ligament of the coxal joint supports the inferior aspect of the joint? A) iliofemoral ligament B) pubofemoral ligament C) ischiofemoral ligament D) ligament of the head of the femur
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 88) Posterior cruciate ligament
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 84) Radial collateral ligament
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 6) Due to an accident on the playground, Kayleigh wears a cast to immobilize her elbow. What functional class of joint does this immobilization resemble? A) diarthrosis B) synarthrosis C) cartilaginous D) amphiarthrosis
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.2 13) Classify these joints to the correct structural classification: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. A) cartilaginous B) fibrous C) synovial D) amphiarthrosis
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 37) While eating, you move your forearm and hand from the plate of food toward your face. Classify the movement occurring at the elbow joint. A) inversion B) flexion C) extension D) abduction
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 43) While walking through the parking lot to her car, Tara stepped in chewing gum. She medially rotated her foot toward the midline of the body to see the gum, performing: A) protraction. B) inversion. C) eversion. D) opposition.
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 44) A ballerina who stands on the tips of her toes is performing: A) dorsiflexion. B) plantar flexion. C) inversion. D) eversion.
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 46) Elizabeth fell down a flight of stairs. The angle between her right foot and the tibia increased as her toes were bent toward the ground. What movement do you think caused her to injure her foot? A) dorsiflexion B) plantar flexion C) abduction D) eversion
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 90) Ligament that prevents the tibia from displacing itself posteriorly
Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 111) Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a group of inherited disorders resulting in gene mutations that can cause problems with collagen structure or production. Determine the impact, if any, this disorder will have on stability in synovial joints.
Answer: Both tendons and ligaments provide stability and support for synovial joints. Both tendons and ligaments are made of dense regular collagenous connective tissue, formed from collagen fibers. For a person with collagen problems, such as from Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, the formation of tendons and ligaments can be compromised. Without strong tendons and ligaments to stabilize and support the synovial joints, a person can experience decreased stability and increased mobility or flexibility. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.1, 8.5.2 105) Briefly explain why the elbow is a more stable hinge joint than the knee.
Answer: Both the elbow and knee are hinge joints. The articular capsule of the elbow encloses both of the articulations between the humerus, ulna, and radius. The articulating surfaces of the humeroulnar joint fit together snugly, further stabilizing the joint and reducing its mobility. In addition to flexion and extension, the knee can also perform some degree of rotation and lateral gliding when flexed. There is a tradeoff of stability that comes with a greater amount of mobility, as seen in the knee joint. The knee joint also lacks a continuous articular capsule that could have provided increased stability to the joint. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 7) Functionally, how are cartilaginous joints classified? A) synarthroses or diarthroses B) amphiarthroses or diarthroses C) synarthroses or amphiarthroses D) fibrous or synovial
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 9) What best describes the structure of a synovial joint? A) No joint space separates the articulating bones. B) The joint is fastened together by dense regular collagenous connective tissue. C) A fluid-filled cavity is found between the articulating bones. D) Cartilage is situated between the articulating bones.
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.1 14) Which type of fibrous joint is found between bones of the cranium? A) synovial B) syndesmosis C) suture D) synchondrosis
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.2 17) What best describes cartilaginous joints? A) free range of motion B) joint cavity C) little, if any, motion D) presence of synovial fluid in the joint cavity
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.4 20) Synchondroses unite bones with ________ while symphyses unite bones with ________. A) fibrocartilage; hyaline cartilage B) dense regular collagenous tissue; elastic cartilage C) hyaline cartilage; fibrocartilage D) elastic cartilage; fibrocartilage
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.4 18) Which of the following is a cartilaginous joint? A) gomphosis B) syndesmosis C) synchondrosis D) suture
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 28) Which statement best describes tendon sheaths? A) Tendon sheaths help anchor the tendon to the muscle. B) Tendon sheaths connect one bone to another to strengthen and reinforce articulating bones. C) Tendon sheaths protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints. D) Tendon sheaths are lined with dense irregular connective tissue.
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 26) Articular cartilage found at the ends of long bones serves to: A) attach tendons. B) produce synovial fluid. C) reduce friction and absorb shock. D) form the synovial membrane.
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.1, 8.5.2 53) Where is a condylar joint found? A) between the first metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and the trapezium B) elbow joint C) metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers 2-5 D) atlantoaxial joint
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.2 58) The elbow and knee joints are similar in that their primary motions are: A) abduction and adduction. B) rotation and circumduction. C) flexion and extension. D) inversion and eversion.
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 64) Which of the following is NOT a ligament associated with the knee joint? A) posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) B) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) C) radial collateral ligament D) tibial collateral ligament
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 83) Annular ligament
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 89) Anterior cruciate ligament
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 25) Which of the following components of a synovial joint functions to connect muscle to bone? A) ligament B) bursa C) tendon D) synovial membrane
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.1 49) Select the order of functional classes of synovial joints that represents the least number of axes to the most number of axes. A) nonaxial, uniaxial, multiaxial (triaxial), biaxial B) nonaxial, biaxial, uniaxial, multiaxial (triaxial) C) nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial (triaxial) D) uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial (triaxial), nonaxial
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.1 50) Classify the shoulder joint. A) uniaxial joint B) biaxial joint C) multiaxial (triaxial) joint D) nonaxial joint
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 41) While warming up for gym class, Sheila performed a set of jumping jacks. This action involves: A) protraction and retraction. B) opposition and reposition. C) abduction and adduction. D) flexion and extension.
Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 4) Which of the following is NOT a functional joint classification? A) amphiarthrosis B) synarthrosis C) diarthrosis D) synovial
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.1 11) Which of the following is/are classified as fibrous joints? A) diarthroses B) synovial joints C) synchondroses and symphyses D) sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.3 21) Which of the following cartilaginous joints is found only in young, growing people? A) costochondral joint B) pubic symphysis C) intervertebral disc D) epiphyseal plate
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.4 22) Which of the following cartilaginous joints functions primarily in protection and shock absorption of the spinal column? A) pubic symphysis B) costochondral joint C) epiphyseal plate D) intervertebral disc
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.4 23) What feature is NOT one of the three unique features of the synovial joint? A) synovial fluid B) articular cartilage C) articular capsule D) tendon sheath
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 39) Which type of angular movement moves a body part away from the midline of the body or another reference point? A) flexion B) plantar flexion C) adduction D) abduction
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 40) Which movement opposes adduction? A) flexion B) extension C) rotation D) abduction
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 47) Where can pronation and supination occur? A) thumb or first carpometacarpal joint B) atlantoaxial joint C) mandible and maxilla D) proximal radioulnar joint of the forearm
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 48) Which of the following has the greatest range of motion? A) nonaxial joint B) uniaxial joint C) biaxial joint D) multiaxial (triaxial) joint
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 62) What is a function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee joint? A) The ACL prevents the tibia from moving too far medially on the femur. B) The ACL prevents the tibia from moving too far laterally on the femur. C) The ACL prevents the tibia from displacing itself posteriorly from the femur. D) The ACL prevents the tibia from moving too far anteriorly on the femur.
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 Match the following parts of the knee joint with the correct letter. 86) Tibial collateral ligament
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 85) Humeroulnar joint
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 3) Which of the following best represents the functional classifications of joints ranked from least movable to most movable? A) synarthrosis, diarthrosis, amphiarthrosis B) amphiarthrosis, synarthrosis, diarthrosis C) diarthrosis, synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis D) synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 42) Pow! A firecracker explodes close to you. Your mouth drops open in surprise, a movement known as: A) reposition. B) retraction. C) opposition. D) depression.
Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.4 110) Explain the impact on a synovial joint that has sustained damage to the articular cartilage.
Answer: Damage to the articular cartilage of a synovial joint can contribute to the development of arthritis. Arthritis is defined as the inflammation of one or more joints, resulting in pain and decreased range of motion. There are three common forms of arthritis that result in the same basic symptoms. However, each form results from a different mechanism by which the cartilage breaks down and the underlying bone is damaged. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 Match the following parts of the elbow joint with the correct letter. 81) Ulnar collateral ligament
Answer: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.1 72) Symphysis joints provide no movement and are functionally classified as synarthroses.
Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.2 75) Abduction is an opposing action to extension.
Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.2 77) The elbow and knee are examples of ball-and-socket joints.
Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.3 79) The knee joint is the most freely moving joint in the human body.
Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 70) Joints classifications are known as structural classifications when based on the degree of motion they allow.
Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.3, 8.2.4 100) Discuss the function of cartilage in intervertebral discs.
Answer: Fibrocartilage pads create the intervertebral discs situated between the vertebrae of the spinal column. These pads function primarily for protection and shock absorption, especially from compression that could damage the vertebrae. Although each individual intervertebral joint provides only a small degree of motion, the spinal column as a whole is quite flexible. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.2 98) Summarize how all cartilaginous joints are similar.
Answer: First, the articulating bones of all cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. Second, cartilaginous joints lack a joint cavity and allow for little motion, if any. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 107) Cite two reasons for how the shoulder joint and hip joint are similar.
Answer: First, the shoulder and hip joints are ball-and-socket joints enabling several types of motion. Second, both joints are multiaxial and allow movement in all three axes. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.1 94) Discuss the structure and mobility of fibrous joints.
Answer: In general, fibrous joints are held together by dense regular collagenous connective tissue which contains fibers of the tough protein collagen. No joint space is present. Collagen fibers lend stability to these joints, but permit little, if any, motion. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 93) Discuss the functions of joints.
Answer: Joints serve three functions: (1) Joints enable movement when surrounding muscles and tendons exert the necessary amount of force across the joint. (2) Joints provide stability; some joints provide limited to no movement. (3) Joints allow bones to lengthen when epiphyseal plates grow during skeletal development. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.1 96) Explain why it is critical for sutures to operate functionally as synarthroses as the cranial bones mature.
Answer: Sutures are classified functionally as synarthroses which provide no movement between the bones of the cranium. Fused sutures in the skull provide stability and are well suited to protect the delicate tissues of the brain. Sutures need to be stable, limit movement of the cranial bones, and prevent damage to brain tissue. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 95) Summarize how the three types of fibrous joints are structurally similar.
Answer: Sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses are the three types of fibrous joints. Sutures are reinforced by dense regular collagenous connective tissue that links together bones of the cranium with little space between articulating bones. With gomphoses, teeth are anchored into the mandible or maxilla by a strong fibrous membrane called the periodontal ligament. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue forms a membrane, called the interosseous membrane (ligament), which joins articulating bones in syndesmosis joints and may have larger spaces between articulating bones. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.2 97) Describe the structural and functional classification of syndesmoses.
Answer: Syndesmoses are classified structurally as fibrous joints due to the presence of a membrane composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue. The interosseous membrane (ligament) allows a limited amount of movement between articulating bones. Functionally, syndesmoses are amphiarthroses since they allow articulating bones, such as the ulna and radius or the tibia and fibula, to pivot against one another. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.2 102) Describe the three functions of synovial fluid in a synovial joint.
Answer: Synovial fluid 1) provides lubrication, 2) performs metabolic functions, and 3) absorbs shock. First, synovial fluid lubricates the joint cavity and articulating surfaces to reduce friction. Second, synovial fluid supplies nutrients such as glucose and removes metabolic wastes formed by cells in the joint cavity. This is a critical function since the joint cavity is not directly connected to blood vessels. Third, synovial fluid evenly distributes force and stress exerted on the articular surfaces of the bones during movement. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 108) While studying with your lab partner, he says that synovial joints are functionally classified as synarthroses. Explain how his statement is incorrect, and then correct his statement.
Answer: Synovial joints are not functionally classified as synarthroses. Synovial joints are the only structural class of joints to possess a joint space, or cavity, between articulating bones. It is the presence of this cavity, and other supportive structures, that allow this joint class the greatest motion of any joint type. Your lab partner should have stated that synovial joints are functionally classified as diarthroses since synarthroses do not allow any movement between articulating bones. Alternately, your lab partner could have stated that some fibrous joints and some cartilaginous joints are functionally classified as synarthroses. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 71) The only example of a gomphosis in the body is the articulation between the teeth and the maxilla or mandible.
Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.1 76) Opposition and reposition occur only at the thumb or the first carpometacarpal joint.
Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.3 73) Both synovial fluid and articular cartilage function in shock absorption and the lubrication of a synovial joint.
Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.2 74) Synovial joints are different from cartilaginous and fibrous joints due to the presence of a joint (synovial) cavity.
Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.1 78) Although saddle joints are biaxial like condylar and hinge joints, they provide a greater amount of motion than either condylar or hinge joints.
Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 80) Although both the shoulder and hip are ball-and-socket joints, the hip is more stable because of its role in weight bearing and locomotion.
Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.1.2 109) Six-year-old Anika injured an epiphyseal plate in her femur. Explain the significance of this injury.
Answer: The epiphyseal plate is a synchondrosis constructed of hyaline cartilage. It is found between the shaft (diaphysis) and the head (epiphysis) of long bones and is the structure from which long bones grow in length in a developing skeleton. The epiphyseal plate is one of the weakest parts of a child's developing skeleton. Any damage to the structure of the epiphyseal plate can impair its function and possibly the lengthwise development of the bone. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.4.1 104) Which type of joint is more stable—a hinge joint or a ball-and-socket joint? Explain and provide examples of each type.
Answer: The hinge joint is more stable than a ball-and-socket joint since it is a uniaxial joint that operates only in one plane. The elbow and knee are examples of hinge joints. Ball-and-socket joints are multiaxial and allow movement in all three planes. The greater the mobility, as seen in the ball-and-socket joint, the less stable the joint. The shoulder and hip joints are examples of ball-and-socket joints. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 103) Assess the following functional classes of synovial joints and rank them from least number of axes to most number of axes: biaxial, multiaxial (triaxial), nonaxial, and uniaxial.
Answer: The least movable is nonaxial, followed by uniaxial (one axis), biaxial (two axes), and multiaxial (triaxial or three axes). Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating
Learning Outcome:: 8.3.1 112) Explain why injuries involving the shoulder joint are common.
Answer: The mobility of the shoulder joint comes at the expense of stability and increased risk of injury. The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint in which the ball-shaped head of the humerus articulates with the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula. This joint receives support and stability from a number of surrounding structures (like the rotator cuff), but the shoulder can still become dislocated or separated. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome:: 8.5.3, 8.5.4
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.4 101) Briefly explain the key difference between synovial joints and other types of joints (fibrous and cartilaginous).
Answer: The presence of a space, known as a joint cavity (synovial cavity), between the two articulating bones makes the synovial joint unique. The joint cavity is characterized by three unique features: articular capsule, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.4 92) List the three types of joints based on their functional classification and explain the degree of movement allowed in each type.
Answer: The three types of joints, based on their functional classification, are synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. Synarthroses do not allow any movement between articulating bones. Amphiarthroses allow only a small amount of movement between articulating bones. Diarthroses are freely movable, allowing a wide variety of specific movements. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.2.3 99) List the two types of cartilaginous joints and provide examples of each type.
Answer: The two types of cartilaginous joints are synchondroses and symphyses. The epiphyseal plate is an example of a synchondrosis joint while the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are examples of symphysis joints. Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome:: 8.5.3, 8.5.4 106) List the four ligaments associated with the knee joint.
Answer: Two collateral ligaments, the tibial (medial) collateral ligament and the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, are located on either side of the knee joint. Two cruciate ligaments, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are located within the joint cavity of the knee. Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding
