A&P Chapter 1

Explain how a positive feedback system works.

A positive feedback system amplifies or reinforces the effects of the stimulus (blood clotting/birth)

Define Equilibrium

A state of equilibrium exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance.

Identify the oldest medical science

Anatomy

When the body continuously adapts by utilizing homeostatic systems, it is said to be in a state of _________ equilibrium.

Dynamic

dynamic equilibrium

Each physiological system functions to maintain a state of equilibrium that keeps vital conditions within a normal range of values--continually adapting and adjusting to changing conditions.

Which general mechanism of homeostatic regulation always involves the nervous or endocrine system?

Extrinsic Regulation

sectional planes

Frontal (coronal), Midsagittal, transverse

What is the difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy?

Gross anatomy involves examining relatively large structures (that can be seen without a microscope). Microscopic anatomy deals with the structures that we cannot see without magnification.

Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism?

Physiological systems can function normally only under carefully controlled conditions. Homeostatic regulation prevents potentially disruptive changes in the body's internal environment.

Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable in body temperature regulation?

Positive feedback is useful in processes that must be completed quickly (blood clotting). It can be harmful in situations in which a stable condition must be maintained--causing a slight fever to spin out of control.

Name two essential functions of the body cavities of the trunk.

Protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts. Permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.

Adbominopelvic Quadrants

Right upper, left upper, left upper, left lower

effector

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus

transverse section

a cut into the transverse plane

cyt-, cyto-

a hollow cell

sten-

a narrowing

Extrinsic regulation

a process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system.

receptor

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

pericardial cavity

a small chamber that surround the heart

Which body cavity would enclose each of the following organs? a) heart b) small intestine, large intestine c) lung d) kidneys

a) pericardial cavity b) peritoneal cavity c) pleural cavity d) abdominal (abdominopelvic) cavity

stomach

abdominal, abdomen

super-

above, beyond

Superior (cranial)

above, towards the head (the leg is superior to the foot)

shoulders

acromial, scapular

meta-

after, beyond

Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related.

anatomical information provides clues about functions and physiological processes can be explained only in terms of underlying anatomy

forearm

antebrachial

front of elbow

antecubital

dis-

apart, away

distal

away (farther) from the trunk of the body; further away from the point of attachment (the wrist is distal to the elbow)

lateral

away from the midline (the eyes are lateral to the nose)

deep (internal)

away from the surface of the body, farther from the surface of the body (muscles are deeper than the skin)

ef-

away, from

armpit

axillary

pro-

before

retro-

behind

sub-

below

Inferior (caudal)

below, towards the feet (the foot is inferior to the leg)

axial

body, head, chest, abdomen, pelvis

arm

brachial

-lysis

break down, cut

cheek

buccal

heel of foot

calcaneal

wrist

carpal

coel-

cavity

head

cephalic

neck

cervical

Autoregulation

changes in activity that maintain homeostasis in direct response to changes in the local environment; does not require neural or endocrine control

Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex.

chemical level (atoms), cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

Organs

combinations of tissues that perform complex functions

eponyms

commemorative name

hip

coxal

skull

cranial

leg

crural

-sect

cut

set point

desired value

finger

digital, phalangeal

toes

digital, phalangeal

Failure of homeostatic regulation in the body results in

disease

path-

disease

top of foot

dorsal

upper back

dorsal, scapular

face

facial

lip-, lipo-

fat

phobe-, phobia-

fearing

anatomical position

feet together, facing forward, palms out

thigh

femoral

-plasm

fluid

abdominopelvic quadrants

formed by a pair of imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect the umbilicus (navel).

forehead

frontal

buttocks

gluteal

organ systems

groups of organs that function together in coordinate manner

Tissues

groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

great toe

hallux

kerato-

horn

groin

inguinal

endo-

inside

thumb

pollex

back of knee

popliteal

pubis

pubic

-septic

putrid

control center

receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands

Abdominopelvic regions

right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac region right lumbar umbilical left lumbar right inguinal (iliac) hypogastric left inguinal (iliac)

sacrum

sacral

micro-

small

Define homeostasis

stable internal environment

stasis-

standing still

-asis

state, condition

-ia

state, condition

-ology

study of

Why is studying human anatomy and physiology important?

studying normal physiology assists in recognizing when something abnormal occurs

calf

sural

ankle

tarsal

homeostatic regulation

the adjustment of the physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

cells

the simplest units of life

atoms

the smalls stable units of matter

embryology

the study of embryonic development (the first two months after conception)

Physiology

the study of how living organisms perform their functions

Anatomy

the study of internal and extern body structures

cytology

the study of the internal structure of individual cells

Histology

the study of tissue

pleural cavities

thoracic cavity subdivided into left and right cavities that hold the lungs

chest

thoracic, thorax

trans-

through

per-

through, throughout

histo-

tissue

-tomy

to cut

What is the purpose of anatomical terms?

to provide a standardized frame of reference for the human body

-scope

to view

af-

towards

proximal

towards (nearer) the trunk of the body, closer to the point of attachment (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

posterior (dorsal)

towards the back of the body (the ears are posterior to the nose)

Anterior (ventral)

towards the front of the body (the nose is anterior to the ears)

medial

towards the midline of the body (the heart is medial to the lungs)

A plane through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into a superior and inferior section is a

transverse section

di-

twice

the mediastinum is the region between the

two pleural cavities

navel

umbilical

homeo-

unchanging

ana-

up

Medical Terminology

using word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease

hydro-

water

a-, an-

without, absent

In the anatomical position, describe an anterior view and a posterior view.

Anterior is from the front, posterior is from the back.

Identify several specialties of physiology.

Cell, Organ, Systemic, Pathological

Dorsal Cavity

Contains: Cranial (brain) and Spinal (spine) cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Contains: Pleural (left and right lung) cavity, pericardial cavity (heart), mediastinum

Abdominal Cavity

Contains: digestive organs and many glands

Ventral Cavity

Contains: thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm

Pelvic Cavity

Contains: urinary bladder, reproductive organs

The book that serves as the international standard for anatomy vocabulary

International Anatomical Terminology (TA)

Why is it difficult to separate anatomy from physiology?

It is difficult to separate anatomy from physiology because the structures of body parts are so closely related to their functions; functions allow form

Explain the function of negative feedback systems.

Negative feedback systems provide long term control over the body's internal conditions--maintain homeostasis--by counteracting the effects of stimulus.

What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down?

Organ systems function less efficiently or even malfunction (resulting in disease)--death can result.

Describe the various body cavities of the trunk.

The thoracic cavity includes the pleural and the pericardial cavities, which enclose the heart and lungs. The diaphragm forms the boundary between the superior thoracic cavity and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominpelvic cavity contains the peritoneal cavity, which contain the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity.

At which level of biological organization does a histologist investigate structures?

Tissue level of organization

Identify the organ systems of the body and cite some major structures of each.

integumentary: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails skeletal: bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow muscular: muscles and associated tendons nervous: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs endocrine: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, endocrine tissues cardiovascular: heart, blood vessels, blood lymphatic: spleen, thymus, lymphatic, vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils respiratory: nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli digestive: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, live, gallbladder, pancreas urinary: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra male reproductive: testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal glands, prostate gland, penis, scrotum female reproductive: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

viscera

internal organs that are enclose by these cavities

macro-

large

prone

laying face down in anatomical position

supine

laying face up in anatomical position

bio-

life

appendicular

limbs, extremities, arms and legs

pihl-, philla-

loving

lower back

lumbar

Gross Anatomy

macroscopic anatomy involves examining relatively large structures

breast

mammary

mediastinum

mass of tissue separating the left and right pleural cavities

onco-

mass, tumor

chin

mental

hand

metacarpal, manual

nose

nasal

physio-

nature

superficial (external)

nearer to the surface of the body, toward or on the surface of the body (the skin is superficial to the muscles)

eye

ocular, orbital

back of elbow

olecranal

mouth

oral

frontal (coronal) plane

oriented parallel to long axis, separates the anterior and posterior portions of the body, passing through the skull. directional term = frontally or coronally

sagittal plane

oriented parallel to the long axis, separates the left and right portion. directional term = sagittally

hetero-

other

ear

otic, auris

exo-

outside

palm of hand

palmar

front of knee

patellar

foot

pedal

pelvis

pelvic

transverse (horizontal) plane

perpendicular to the long axis, separates the superior and inferior portions of the body. directional term = transversely or horizontally

sole of foot

plantar