A&P Chapter 16

Which of the following statements is true?The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to 1. an increase in metabolic activity. 2. contraction of airway smooth muscle. 3. the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 1 and 3 e. 1, 2, and 3

d. 1 and 3

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest." a. thoracolumbar b. visceral c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic e. somatomotor

d. Parasympathetic

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called a. noradrenergic. b. synergic. c. cholinergic. d. adrenergic. e. anergic.

d. adrenergic.

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except a. the formation of memory engrams. b. facilitation at synapses. c. increased release of neurotransmitters. d. anterograde amnesia. e. the formation of additional synaptic connections.

d. anterograde amnesia.

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in a. the cerebrum. b. the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord. c. the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. d. both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. e. the brain.

d. both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion? a. submandibular b. otic c. ciliary d. celiac e. pterygopalatine

d. celiac

Most long-term memories are stored in the a. hypothalamus. b. thalamus. c. cerebellum. d. cerebral cortex. e. pons.

d. cerebral cortex

The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called ________ ganglia. a. intramural b. chain c. terminal d. collateral e. paravertebral

d. collateral

The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division. a. craniolumbar b. thoracocranial c. craniococcygeal d. craniosacral e. thoracolumbar

d. craniosacral

Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to a. decrease heart rate. b. decrease blood pressure. c. increase gastric motility. d. dilate airways. e. reduce blood sugar levels.

d. dilate airways

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on a. postganglionic fibers b. visceral reflex responses. c. motor neurons. d. ganglionic neurons. e. afferent neurons.

d. ganglionic neurons

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation? a. occipital lobe b. insula c. prefrontal lobe d. hippocampus e. basal nuclei

d. hippocampus

Splanchnic nerves a. are formed of parasympathetic fibers. b. connect chain ganglia. c. originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord. d. innervate the viscera or internal organs. e. control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax.

d. innervate the viscera or internal organs.

What neurotransmitter is released from most varicosities in the sympathetic division? a. serotonin b. epinephrine c. dopamine d. norepinephrine e. GABA

d. norepinephrine

The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________. a. glutamate; serotonin b. acetylcholine; serotonin c. serotonin; norepinephrine d. norepinephrine; serotonin e. dopamine; GABA

d. norepinephrine; serotonin

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ? a. sympathetic division of the ANS b. central nervous system c. somatic nervous system d. parasympathetic division of the ANS e. afferent nervous system

d. parasympathetic division of the ANS

Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by destruction of ACh-secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei causing difficulty controlling movements? a. schizophrenia b. Huntington's disease c. Alzheimer's disease d. senile dementia e. Parkinson's disease

Huntington's disease

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false? a. Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long. b. Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors. c. The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division. d. Preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord. e. The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine.

a. Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity? a. abdominopelvic b. abdominal c. thoracic d. craniosacral e. pelvic

a. abdominopelvic

Parasympathetic effects are localized and short-lived because a. acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase. b. muscarinic receptors are deactivated by norepinephrine. c. norepinephrine is inactivated at the synapse by monoamine oxidase. d. epinephrine blocks the muscarinic receptors. e. norepinephrine hyperpolarizes the postganglionic membrane.

a. acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase.

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that a. activates β2 adrenergic receptors. b. blocks β2 adrenergic receptors. c. activates β1 adrenergic receptors. d. activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors. e. activates β2 adrenergic receptors or activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

a. activates β2 adrenergic receptors.

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the a. adrenal medullae. b. collateral ganglia. c. intramural ganglia. d. brain stem. e. chain ganglia.

a. adrenal medullae

The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves. a. alpha b. delta c. beta d. theta e. gamma

a. alpha

Sympathetic nerves a. contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers. b. control swallowing. c. allow us to relax, rest, and recover. d. stimulate gastric secretion. e. provoke feelings of sympathy.

a. contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers.

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the a. digestive tract. b. heart. c. pupils. d. sweat glands. e. arrector pili muscles.

a. digestive tract.

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating a. excessive heart rate. b. diarrhea. c. excessive salivation. d. prostate disorders e. constipation.

a. excessive heart rate

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in a. increased heart rate and force of contraction. b. inhibition of the heart muscle c. slower heart rate. d. decreased force of contraction. e. the decrease in ATP production

a. increased heart rate and force of contraction

Parasympathetic stimulation a. increases gastric motility. b. causes sweat glands to secrete. c. increases heart rate. d. causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. e. causes the pupils to dilate.

a. increases gastric motility.

Nicotine poisoning differs from muscarine poisoning in that a. it causes skeletal muscle convulsions. b. it causes diarrhea. c. it causes salivation. d. it causes vomiting. e. it causes sweating.

a. it causes skeletal muscle convulsions.

The majority of norepinephrine released by varicosities only briefly affects the target tissue because it is quickly reused or broken down by a. monoamine oxidase. b. acetylcholinesterase. c. nitroxide. d. decarboxylase. e. catalase.

a. monoamine oxidase

Nicotinic receptors a. open chemically-gated sodium ion channels. b. respond to epinephrine. c. are found at synaptic junctions of the sympathetic nervous system. d. can be either excitatory or inhibitory in function. e. respond to norepinephrine.

a. open chemically-gated sodium ion channels.

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and have ________ axons. a. short; myelinated b. long; myelinated c. long; unmyelinated d. short; unmyelinated e. intermediate; small

a. short; myelinated

Which of the following is not controlled by the ANS? a. skeletal muscle system b. digestive system c. urinary system d. cardiovascular system e. respiratory system

a. skeletal muscle system

The somatic nervous system affects skeletal muscles. Name effectors of the autonomic nervous system. a. smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, adipocytes b. bone and spinal cord c. bone and joints d. spinal cord and brainstem e. cerebrum and cerebellum

a. smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, adipocytes

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the a. splanchnic nerves. b. inferior mesenteric ganglia. c. sympathetic chain ganglia. d. celiac ganglia. e. adrenal medulla.

a. splanchnic nerves

Which of the following is correctly matched? a. sympathetic: short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers b. sympathetic: short preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers c. parasympathetic: contains only preganglionic fibers d. sympathetic: long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers e. parasympathetic: short preganglion and long postganglionic fibers

a. sympathetic: short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is a. true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. b. true only for the sympathetic nervous system. c. not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. d. true only for the somatic nervous system. e. true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

a. true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

Blocking ________ receptors in the ________ prevents long-term memory formation. a. serotonin; hypothalamus b. NMDA; hippocampus c. norepinephrine; hippocampus d. NMDA; midbrain e. serotonin; midbrain

b. NMDA; hippocampus

During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs. a. stage 2 b. REM c. beta d. deep e. stage 1

b. REM

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the sympathetic division? a. Preganglionic neurons are located between T1 and L2 of the spinal cord. b. The effects are not widespread but very specific and localized. c. Postganglionic fibers are relatively long. d. PNS ganglia are near the vertebral column. e. Preganglionic fibers are relatively short.

b. The effects are not widespread but very specific and localized.

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except a. IX. b. XII. c. X. d. III. e. VII.

b. XII

Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem? a. a drug that blocks alpha-2 receptors in adipose tissue b. a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue c. a drug that blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue d. a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle e. a drug that increases cAMP levels in cardiac muscle tissue

b. a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue

Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause a. visual problems. b. a reduction in saliva. c. problems in sexual arousal. d. increase in heart rate. e. urine retention.

b. a reduction in saliva.

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type? a. a blood vessel in the skin b. a sweat gland c. the salivary glands d. the liver e. the heart

b. a sweat gland

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be a. parasympathomimetic. b. autonomic blocking agents. c. parasympathetic blocking agents. d. sympathomimetic. e. sympathetic blocking agents.

b. autonomic blocking agents

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. a. alpha-2 adrenergic b. beta-1 adrenergic c. muscarinic cholinergic d. alpha-1 adrenergic e. nicotinic cholinergic

b. beta-1 adrenergic

The ganglia located lateral to the vertebral column are part of the sympathetic a. decussation. b. chain. c. canal. d. tract. e. tubes.

b. chain

Which type of ganglionic neuron innervates visceral organs in the abdominopelvic cavity? a. adrenal medullary neurons b. collateral ganglionic neurons c. sympathetic chain ganglionic neurons d. cervical ganglionic neurons e. sacral ganglionic neurons

b. collateral ganglionic neurons

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is a. somnolence. b. coma. c. sleep. d. a chronic vegetative state. e. stupor.

b. coma

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except a. reduced circulation to the skin. b. decreased heart rate. c. increased blood flow to skeletal muscles. d. dilation of the pupils. e. increased sweat secretion.

b. decreased heart rate.

Visceral motor neuron nuclei are located in which part of the brain? a. cerebellum b. hypothalamus c. thalamus d. midbrain e. primary motor cortex

b. hypothalamus

Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the a. pons. b. midbrain. c. diencephalon. d. cerebrum. e. medulla.

b. midbrain

Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves. a. splanchnic b. pelvic c. spinal d. chain e. collateral

b. pelvic

Preganglionic fibers from the sacral segments of the spinal cord form the ________ nerve(s). a. sympathetic b. pelvic c. mesenteric d. celiac e. splanchnic

b. pelvic

Autonomic disorders would not cause a. appetite. b. problems related to skeletal muscle function. c. sexual arousal. d. excessive perspiration. e. problems in maintenance of blood pressure.

b. problems related to skeletal muscle function

The ________ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you "goosebumps." a. dorsal b. sympathetic c. afferent d. somatic e. parasympathetic

b. sympathetic

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are a. autonomic blocking agents. b. sympathomimetic. c. parasympathomimetic. d. parasympathetic blocking agents. e. sympathetic blocking agents.

b. sympathomimetic

Parasympathetic ganglia that are near the eyes and salivary glands are called ________ ganglia. a. collateral b. terminal c. somatic d. intramural e. contralateral

b. terminal

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located? a. cerebellum b. thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord c. cervical and sacral segments of the spinal cord d. sacral segments of the spinal cord e. brain stem

b. thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is a. true only for the somatic nervous system. b. true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. c. not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. d. true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. e. true only for the sympathetic nervous system.

b. true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating a. high blood pressure. b. urinary incontinence. c. heart failure. d. hyperactivity. e. excessive sweating.

b. urinary incontinence.

Which is not a sympathetic ganglion? a. celiac b. sacral chain c. otic d. superior mesenteric e. inferior mesenteric

c. Otic

Which of the following is not innervated by the celiac ganglia? a. spleen b. stomach c. bladder d. liver e. pancreas

c. bladder

All parasympathetic neurons are a. nitroxidergic. b. dopaminergic. c. cholinergic. d. gamma-aminobutyric. e. adrenergic.

c. cholinergic

What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake? a. hallucinations b. Parkinson's c. depression d. Huntington's e. agitation

c. depression

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to a. constrict the left pupil. b. dilate the left pupil. c. dilate the right pupil. d. constrict the right pupil. e. smile and frown.

c. dilate the right pupil.

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except a. decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction. b. stimulation of urination. c. dilation of the airways. d. stimulation of defecation. e. constriction of the pupils.

c. dilation of the airways.

The conscious state is maintained by the a. limbic system. b. prefrontal lobes. c. reticular activating system. d. nucleus gracilis. e. general interpretive area

c. reticular activating system

Ganglionic neurons innervate all of the following except a. smooth muscle. b. adipose tissue. c. skeletal muscle. d. cardiac muscle. e. glands.

c. skeletal muscle

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS in all of the following locations except a. spinal segments S2-S4. b. the pons. c. spinal segments T1-L2. d. the midbrain. e. the medulla oblongata.

c. spinal segments T1-L2.

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within a. intramural ganglia. b. collateral ganglia. c. sympathetic chain ganglia. d. suprarenal ganglia. e. white rami communicantes.

c. sympathetic chain ganglia.

Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories. a. multilobar b. reflexive c. tertiary d. secondary e. consolidated

c. tertiary

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is a. true only for the sympathetic nervous system. b. true only for the somatic nervous system. c. true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. d. not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. e. true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

c. true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. You would expect to observe all of the following symptoms except a. diarrhea. b. salivation. c. very fast heart rate. d. low blood pressure. e. sweating.

c. very fast heart rate.

Sympathetic postganglion fibers that innervate the small intestines originate from the a. cardiac plexus b. inferior mesenteric ganglion. c. sacral splanchnic nerves. d. superior mesenteric ganglion. e. celiac ganglion.

d. superior mesenteric ganglion

A pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. He notices that it takes a little while for his heart rate and respiratory rate to return to normal. This is likely because a. the corticospinal pathway has become activated b. somatic motor neurons have increased the heart and respiratory rate. c. the splanchnic nerves have become activated. d. sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. e. the parasympathetic nervous system has become activated.

d. sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Sympathetic nerves contain postganglionic fibers that innervate organs in which cavity? a. abdominal b. pelvic c. abdominopelvic d. thoracic e. cranial

d. thoracic

Postganglionic axons usually are a. located in the spinal cord. b. located in the brain. c. larger than preganglionic fibers. d. unmyelinated. e. myelinated

d. unmyelinated

A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is a(n) ________ drug. 1. sympathomimetic 2. parasympathomimetic 3. adrenergic activating 4. cholinergic activating a. 2, 4 b. 4 c. 1, 2 d. 3 e. 1, 3

e. 1, 3

Special sensory inputs arrive by which cranial nerves? a. VII and VIII b. V and VII c. II and IV d. I and II e. II and VIII

e. II and VIII

The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________. a. norepinephrine; serotonin b. acetylcholine; serotonin c. serotonin; norepinephrine d. glutamate; serotonin e. acetylcholine; GABA

e. acetylcholine; GABA

Regarding the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter ACh is a. going to reduce the activity of the other neurotransmitter norepinephrine. b. a chemical similar to the structure of adrenaline. c. broken down by monoamine oxidase. d. broken down by COMT. e. always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.

e. always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system

Muscarinic receptors a. are blocked by norepinephrine. b. are found mostly in autonomic ganglia. c. always produce an excitatory response. d. control sodium channels in the affected membrane. e. are normally activated by acetylcholine.

e. are normally activated by acetylcholine

The adrenal medullae secrete a. epinephrine. b. norepinephrine. c. renin. d. medullin. e. both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

e. both epinephrine and norepinephrine

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia. a. intramural b. collateral c. prevertebral d. adrenal e. chain

e. chain

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia. a. paravertebral b. adrenal c. chain d. intramural e. collateral

e. collateral

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to a. relaxation of the urinary sphincter. b. increased gastric motility. c. activation of ventral sweat glands. d. increased heart rate. e. conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose.

e. conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose.

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug? a. increased heart rate b. increased blood sugar level c. sweating d. dilation of respiratory passages e. decreased blood pressure

e. decreased blood pressure

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state? a. exertion b. stress c. trauma d. exercise e. digestion

e. digestion

Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause a. increased sweating. b. more saliva production. c. a drop in blood pressure. d. constriction of the pupils. e. food to remain in your stomach longer.

e. food to remain in your stomach longer.

For minor surgical procedures, Valium is typically given to patients to cause anterograde amnesia. This means the patient will temporarily a. forget all fact memories such as the color of a stop sign. b. forget skill memories like how to ride a bike. c. forget memories from before surgery. d. forget long-term memories like their name. e. forget memories from during and immediately after surgery.

e. forget memories from during and immediately after surgery.

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the a. lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord. b. anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. c. anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. d. lateral gray horns of the cervical cord. e. lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

e. lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

As the result of an accident, the white rami communicantes of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury? a. heart b. right pupil c. left pupil d. both pupils e. left pupil and heart

e. left pupil and heart

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called a. memory engraving. b. memory conversion. c. memory programming. d. anterograde amnesia. e. memory consolidation.

e. memory consolidation.

Which of the following is a sympathetic neurotransmitter used for vasodilation? a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. norepinephrine e. nitric oxide

e. nitric oxide

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron. a. lower motor b. somatomotor c. upper motor d. postganglionic e. preganglionic

e. preganglionic

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by a. blocking acetylcholine receptors. b. stimulating receptors for norepinephrine. c. mimicking the action of dopamine. d. increasing the production of GABA. e. stimulating serotonin receptors.

e. stimulating serotonin receptors

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? a.resting division b. lumbosacral division c. craniosacral division d. somatic division e. thoracolumbar division

e. thoracolumbar division

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s). a. glossopharyngeal b. splanchnic c. facial d. trigeminal e. vagus

e. vagus

Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called a. ganglia. b. receptors. c. nuclei. d. bulbs. e. varicosities.

e. varicosities