A&P Chapter 7 Test

Inflammation

-itis

List and describe the protective structures found in the CNS.

1. Bone: The skull and vertebral column protect the brain and spinal cord. 2. Membranes: The meninges (Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater) protect the brain and spinal cord. 3. Watery Cushion: The cerebrospinal fluid.

Which one of the following best describes the waxy-appearing material called myelin?

A mass of white lipid material that insulates the axon of a neuron.

These play a role in making exchanges between neurons and capillaries.

Astrocytes

______ reflexes include the secretion of saliva, changes in the size of our pupils, and digestion involve the activity of smooth muscles.

Autonomic

The part of a neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the _____.

Axon

The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the ___.

Axon.

Two

Bi-

The term central nervous system refers to the ____.

Brain and spinal cord.

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ____.

Brain stem

One of the major functions of the pons is to control _____.

Breathing

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the:

Broca's area.

Ganglia are collections of _______.

Cell bodies.

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the _____.

Cerebellum

Brain

Cerebr/o-

The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a clot or ruptured blood vessel, is called ____.

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

What part of the brain stem houses reflex centers for vision and hearing?

Corpora Quadrigemina

The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the __________.

Corpus callosum

The nerve that contains motor fibers that are involved in chewing is ___.

Cranial nerve V (5)

What is the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

Bad

Dys-

These circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

Ependymal cells

Upon

Epi-

T/F: A sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector.

False

T/F: A neuron can have many axons but only one dendrite.

False.

A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged?

Frontal lobe

Elevated ridges located on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ____.

Gyri

The functions of the vestibulocochlear nerves concern ____ and ____.

Hearing and balance.

Above

Hyper-

Below

Hypo-

The making of decisions about what should be done at each moment

Integration

____ connect sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways and their cell bodies are typically located in the central nervous system.

Interneurons.

The spinal cord terminates around vertebra ____.

L2

A child is brought to the hospital with a high temperature. The doctor states that the child's meninges are inflamed. What name is given to this condition?

Meningitis.

These dispose of debris in the CNS.

Microglia

The response by activating muscles or glands

Motor output

Karen, who is in her mid-forties, has been slurring words and has partial loss of vision in her left eye. She is also having coordination problems. Her doctor thinks she has an autoimmune disease that is destroying the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers. The disease Karen has is __________.

Multiple sclerosis.

Impulse conduction is fasted in neurons that are:

Myelinated

Nerve

Neur/o-

Cranial nerve III (3) is known as the ____ nerve.

Oculomotor

These produce myelin sheaths in the CNS.

Oligodendrocytes

The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the ____ lobe of the cerebrum.

Parietal

The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ____ mater.

Pia

These act as protective, cushioning cells in the PNS.

Satellite cells.

These form myelin sheaths in the PNS.

Schwann Cells

The gathered information about changes occurring inside and outside the body.

Sensory input

Which type of reflex involves skeletal muscles?

Somatic

What congenital disorder results when the vertebrae fail to form completely around the spinal cord, typically in the lumbosacral region?

Spina bifida

The changes occurring inside and outside the body

Stimuli

A shallow groove located on the surface of the cerebral cortex is called a ____.

Sulcus

Which of the following is NOT a structure feature of a neuron, but plays a critical role as a function junction between neurons:

Synapse.

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed _____.

Synaptic cleft

The portion of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling to the sensory cortex is the _____.

Thalamus

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of:

The autonomic nervous system.

After a train accident, a man with an obvious head injury was observed stumbling about the scene. An inability to walk properly and a loss of balance were quite obvious. What region of the brain was likely damaged?

The cerebellum

Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called ________, whereas in the PNS they are called ________.

Tracts; nerves

T/F: Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers.

True.

T/F: Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the central nervous system.

True.

T/F: Reflexes are rapid, predictable, and autonomic responses to stimuli.

True.

T/F: The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles.

True.

The visual sensory area of the cerebral cortex is located in the occipital lobe.

True.

Which cranial nerve descends into the thoracic and abdominal cavities to regulate heart rate and promote digestive activity?

Vagus

The substance that is released from the vesicles in the axon terminals to propagate an impulse is called:

a neurotransmitter

A neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary function is connecting other neurons is called a(n)

association neuron.

Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease result from degeneration of the ____.

basal ganglia.

The nervous system is structurally subdivided into two systems: ____ nervous system and ____ nervous system.

central; peripheral

The major role of the association neuron is to ____.

connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways.

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called:

dendrites

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the _____.

diencephalon

Muscles and glands are

effectors.

Lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements:

frontal lobe

Half

hemi-

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the:

hypothalamus.

The two major functional properties of neurons are ____.

irritability and conductivity.

The cerebrospinal fluid:

is continually formed by the choroid plexuses.

The single, deep groove separating the two cerebral hemispheres is the:

longitudinal fissure.

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the:

medulla oblongata

Enlargement

megaly

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of:

metabolic waste such as urea.

The cell bodies of the ____ neurons are always located within the CNS.

motor

Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons, are structurally classified as _______.

multipolar.

Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ____.

neuroglia.

The gaps between Schwann cells are found at regular intervals in the peripheral system neurons are called _____

nodes of Ranvier

The hypothalamus regulates the _____.

pituitary gland.

What is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

Afferent nerves are called _____, and motor nerves are called _____.

sensory nerves; efferent nerves

A myelinated nerve fiber is characterized as being ______, whereas an unmyelinated nerve fiber is characterized as being _____.

white and composes the white matter of the brain and spinal cord; gray and composes the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord.

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ____ matter while unmyelinated fibers form _____ matter.

white; gray