A&P Chapters 9,10,11
Your elderly patient recovering from knee replacement surgery doesn't understand why she has to do rehabilitation of the muscles around her knee. How would you explain it to her?
"The large muscle groups that surround the knee are just as important as the bones in making sure your knee is stable. You need to strengthen them to support your new knee."
Tamara Costa broke her right tibia and has undergone two separate surgeries to repair it. Although the bone has healed, she suffers increasing pain around the incision sites. The painful area covers the lateral surface of her right leg. She can't stand wearing anything over it or even having a sheet touch it. Her diagnosis is postsurgical neuropathic pain. Pain medication has not helped.Tamara is a second-year nursing student and has done some reading to try to understand her problem and perhaps find a solution. She has found an article that says neuropathic pain may be caused by a decreased threshold for action potential generation in pain-detecting neurons. However, she has forgotten some of her physiology and needs some help in understanding what she is reading. She has logged into the "Ask a Nurse" chat line—and she got you! -Tamara asks about action potential thresholds, so you begin by asking her what she knows about the topic. Which statement indicates an area where she needs further instruction?
"They call it threshold when the pain gets so bad the painkillers won't stop it, but I always have that!"
Match the following component of a muscle fiber with its description: Area of the sarcomere with overlapping thick and thin filaments.
A band
How would an increased extracellular K+ concentration affect K+ diffusion at leakage (nongated) channels and the membrane potential?
A decrease in the electrochemical gradient would reduce K+ leak so cells would be less negative (more depolarized).
Strengthening the quadriceps femoris muscles is likely to result in which of the following?
A more stable knee joint
Which of the following is true of axons?
A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.
Match the following term relating to a lever system with its correct function or description: Lever.
A rigid bar that moves on a fixed point
the loss of ability to contract the muscle
A toxin released by certain bacteria can block the release of neurotransmitters into a neuromuscular synapse. What would result from such a block?
Which step precedes all of the other listed steps? -The sarcoplasmic reticulum is activated. -ACh is released by the motor neuron. -Na+ rushes into the cell. -An action potential starts on the sarcolemma.
ACh is released by the motor neuron.
Which energy source provides high yields of ATP necessary for prolonged-duration exercise?
ATP is generated by breakdown of several nutrient energy fuels by the aerobic pathway.
Your patient has been referred to a physical therapist because of chronic low back pain. Which of these muscle groups would you expect the therapist to target most?
Abdominals
Which of the following characteristics is unique to smooth muscle?
Absence of striations
Select the muscle that belongs to the medial compartment of the thigh.
Adductor longus
Select the muscle that is named for its action.
Adductor longus
Caffeine's stimulatory effects result from blocking receptors for which neurotransmitter?
Adenosine
Where does 95% of the energy needed for contraction come from during moderate exercise?
Aerobic respiration
Match the functional group classification with the description: The muscles that perform most of the action in producing the movement.
Agonists
Identify the correctly classified neurons.
Almost all interneurons are multipolar and most are confined within the CNS.
Which of the following best describes the all-or-none phenomenon?
An action potential occurs completely when threshold is met and does not happen at all if threshold is not met.
central nervous system
An appropriate label for B in the figure shown here could also be the ________.
to break down acetylcholine
An enzyme known as acetylcholinesterase is present in the synaptic cleft. What is its role?
Match the following muscle action with its appropriate term: Muscles that relax when the prime mover and synergists are contracting.
Antagonists
__________ are muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement.
Antagonists
Select the muscle compartment that flexes the wrist and fingers.
Anterior compartment of forearm
Match the word to its correct meaning: Brachium.
Arm
Which of the following neuroglia is most responsible for helping determine capillary permeability in nervous tissue?
Astrocytes
Which of the following types of glial cells are the most abundant and versatile and aid in making exchanges between capillaries and neurons?
Astrocytes
From where can collaterals emerge on a myelinated nerve?
At the myelin sheath gaps (nodes of Ranvier)
D
At which of the points along the illustrated action potential can a second action potential be produced, but only with a stimulus significantly greater than the one that produced the first?
B
At which point of the illustrated action potential would voltage-gated Na+ channels be mostly open but voltage-gated K+ channels be mostly closed?
Match the following area with the correct term: Contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine.
Axon terminal
Oligodendrocyte, which is depicted by (d)
Based on your understanding of this cell's function, diseases such as multiple sclerosis, that damage the myelin sheath of neurons, likely affect which of the cells in the figure?
Microglial cell, which is depicted by (b)
Based on your understanding of this cell's function, you might expect this cell to be active in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimers where this cell removes damaged neurons. Additionally, this cell is active in preventing encephalitis and meningitis due to its ability to phagocytize microorganisms.
Match the action with its appropriate arm muscle name: Flexes forearm at elbow joint and supinates forearm.
Biceps brachii
Match the following term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Effort.
Biceps brachii
Match the action on the leg/knee joint with its appropriate muscle: Flexes and laterally rotates leg at knee.
Biceps femoris
Select the muscle that belongs to the hamstrings of the posterior thigh.
Biceps femoris
Match the following protein with its action: Troponin.
Binds Ca2+ and starts the contraction cycle
Botulism and myasthenia gravis are conditions that cause muscle weakness. Which of these statements is NOT true?
Both conditions are caused by an inability of the body to produce adequate acetylcholine.
Graded muscle contractions are smooth and varying in strength as different needs are placed on them. How can muscle contractions be graded?
Both temporal summation and recruitment
What is the difference between nerves and tracts?
Bundles of axons are called tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS.
exocytosis
By which method does the structure at B release neurotransmitter?
Somatic motor fibers carry information from the _______.
CNS to skeletal muscles
Which of the following is most directly required to initiate the coupling of myosin to actin?
Ca++
What is the cause of rigor mortis?
Calcium influx and lack of ATP
Which of the following provides the final "go signal" for contraction?
Calcium ions
In a chemical synapse, which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions?
Calcium ions trigger exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
You're doing a clinical rotation with Dr. Barr, a world-renowned specialist in children's muscle disorders. On your first day, you meet three patients with the same probable diagnosis—nemaline myopathy. Jodi, age 2, has a waddling walk and difficulty standing; Linda, 6 months, has pneumonia associated with problems swallowing; and Tom, 12, has progressive weakness with foot drop and difficulty walking."This kind of variation is not surprising," says Dr. Barr. "A mutation in one of 11 different genes related to thin filaments can cause nemaline myopathy, so you'd expect to see it present in different ways."Dr. Barr has scheduled all three children for a muscle biopsy (surgical removal of a small piece of muscle tissue for examination). He explains to you, "We're going to use these biopsies for two things. First, we're going to look for the characteristic histology of nemaline myopathy. Second, we're going to test for malignant hyperthermia. It's not associated with nemaline myopathy but is associated with a different myopathy that has a similar presentation." -Which statement best describes the importance of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction?
Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin to initiate muscle contraction.
Which one of the following binds calcium ions in a smooth muscle, causing contraction?
Calmodulin
Match the following description with the appropriate type of muscle: Usually contracts at a fairly steady rate and can contract without stimulation from the nervous system.
Cardiac muscle
Match the following description with the correct type of muscle: Striated and involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Which type of ion channel opens when a neurotransmitter binds to it?
Chemically gated (ligand-gated) channels
Match the following fascicle arrangement with its appropriate power generation or description: Circular.
Close body openings by contracting
Match the following description of muscle contraction with the correct term: The muscle shortens and does work.
Concentric contraction
Which type of contraction involves a muscle shortening and doing work, for example picking up a book?
Concentric isotonic contraction
You're doing a clinical rotation with Dr. Barr, a world-renowned specialist in children's muscle disorders. On your first day, you meet three patients with the same probable diagnosis—nemaline myopathy. Jodi, age 2, has a waddling walk and difficulty standing; Linda, 6 months, has pneumonia associated with problems swallowing; and Tom, 12, has progressive weakness with foot drop and difficulty walking."This kind of variation is not surprising," says Dr. Barr. "A mutation in one of 11 different genes related to thin filaments can cause nemaline myopathy, so you'd expect to see it present in different ways."Dr. Barr has scheduled all three children for a muscle biopsy (surgical removal of a small piece of muscle tissue for examination). He explains to you, "We're going to use these biopsies for two things. First, we're going to look for the characteristic histology of nemaline myopathy. Second, we're going to test for malignant hyperthermia. It's not associated with nemaline myopathy but is associated with a different myopathy that has a similar presentation." -Which statement best describes what might happen if a child with malignant hyperthermia is given the wrong anesthetic and the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases all its calcium?
Continuous cross bridge cycling causes the muscle to contract too much.
Select the characteristic of muscle tissue that sets it apart from all other tissue types.
Contractility
Match the following chemical with its function: Calmodulin.
Cytoplasmic, calcium-binding protein
What would occur if a muscle became totally depleted of ATP?
Death of muscle cells and rigor mortis
Select the muscle that is named for its shape.
Deltoid
Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle?
Deltoid
Match the following term with the correct description: End plate potential.
Depolarization occurring only at the neuromuscular junction
Na+ channels open during which of the following events?
Depolarization phase of an action potential
A
Destruction of which of the neuroglial cell types leads to the disease multiple scleroses (MS)?
Which description of synapses is not correct?
Direct signaling involves the activation of G proteins.
Match the following term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Load.
Distal end of forearm, hand
Which of the following circuit types is exemplified by impulses that travel from a single neuron of the brain, activate one hundred or more motor neurons in the spinal cord, and excite thousands of skeletal muscle fibers?
Diverging circuit
motor unit
Each neuron shown in this figure innervates a group of muscle fibers. What is the term for a group of muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron?
Match the following description of muscle contraction with the correct term: Contraction of muscle in which the muscle generates force as it lengthens.
Eccentric contraction
Match the following term relating to a lever with its appropriate description or example: Second-class lever.
Effort applied at one end of the lever; the fulcrum located at the other; load between them
Match the following term relating to a lever with its appropriate description or example: Third-class lever.
Effort applied between the load and the fulcrum
Match the following term relating to a lever with its appropriate description or example: First-class lever.
Effort is applied at one end of the lever; the load at the other; fulcrum somewhere in between
Which of the following allows recoil of the muscle fiber when contraction ends?
Elastic filament (titin)
Match the functional characteristic of muscle with the appropriate descriptive term: Ability of a muscle to resume its resting length after being stretched.
Elasticity
Match the following term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Fulcrum.
Elbow joint
Which of the following statements is false? -Electrical synapses provide a complex means to allow areas of the brain to work independently. -Chemical synapses are like a lake that two neurons shout across. Just as shouting can be amplified or muted, chemical synapses can often be "muted" or "amplified" by pharmaceutical interaction. -Electrical synapses are far more abundant in embryonic nervous tissue, where they permit exchange of guiding cues during early neuronal development so that neurons can connect properly with one another. -As the nervous system develops, chemical synapses replace some electrical synapses and become the vast majority of all synapses.
Electrical synapses provide a complex means to allow areas of the brain to work independently.
What cell organelle plays a role in the process of regulating intracellular calcium ions for muscle contraction?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following neurotransmitters acts as a natural opiate as it inhibits pain?
Endorphins
Match the following chemical with its function: Acetylcholinesterase.
Enzyme released into neuromuscular junction to break down acetylcholine
People who have hydrocephaly often have an issue with which of these glial cell types?
Ependymal cells
Which of the following neuroglia line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and provide a fairly permeable barrier between the CSF and nervous tissue?
Ependymal cells
Which of the following types of glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, where they help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
Which of the following describes acetylcholine?
Excites skeletal muscle
Damage to which of the following muscles would hinder inspiration?
External intercostals
T/F A muscle that crosses the posterior side of a joint will always cause extension.
False
T/F ATP is required to cause the power stroke in the myosin head.
False
T/F More Na+ than K+ leaks through neuron membranes because of the properties of the non-gated leak channels.
False
T/F The longer a muscle is when it starts contracting, the more tension it can generate in the contraction.
False
Match the description to the appropriate term: Type of fibers that have few mitochondria.
Fast-glycolytic fibers
Match the description to the appropriate term: Type of muscle fibers that contract quickly and rely on aerobic respiration for ATP.
Fast-oxidative fibers
Match the muscle fiber to the appropriate characteristic: Slow oxidative muscle fiber.
Fatigue resistant
Match the muscle fiber to the appropriate characteristic: Fast glycolytic muscle fiber.
Fatigues quickly
Which of the following statements about smooth muscle is true?
Fibers are small and spindle-shaped.
Match the action on the ankle/foot with its appropriate muscle: Plantar flexes and everts the foot.
Fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis
Which description of a muscle action is NOT correct?
Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur.
In Chapters 7 and 8, you met Kayla Tanner, who suffered a dislocated right hip in a car accident. Six weeks later, Mrs. Tanner was still unable to walk or run without hip pain, and had weakness in flexion at the knee, excessive foot inversion and plantar flexion, and significant "foot drop" (the inability to dorsiflex the foot).Electromyography (measurement of muscle electrical activity) and nerve conduction studies (measurement of the speed of nerve impulses) revealed sciatic nerve damage, most likely a result of the nerve being compressed when the hip was dislocated. This large nerve innervates many lower limb muscles. Since her surgery, Mrs. Tanner has been undergoing intense physical therapy and has shown significant improvement. -A muscle that originates on the posterior surface of the ischium and inserts on the posterior surface of the tibia will:
Flex the leg and extend the thigh.
Which of the following adducts the hand?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Match the description to the muscle function: Release of energy during metabolism.
Generation of heat
Select the muscle that is named for its size.
Gluteus maximus
Match the thigh/leg movement with its appropriate muscle name: Adducts thigh, and flexes and medially rotates leg.
Gracilis
Which fiber type consists of small diameter, unmyelinated axons, that propagate nerve impulses slowly?
Group C fibers
Match the following component of a muscle fiber with its description: Area in the center of the A band containing only thick filaments.
H zone
Stronger stimuli generate action potentials more frequently than weaker stimuli.
How can the central nervous system determine whether a particular stimulus is intense or weak?
chemically gated
How would the receptors at C best be classified?
Which of the following describes a change of membrane potential from -70mV to -75mV?
Hyperpolarization
Perimysium
Identify structure indicated by "B" in this photomicrograph of a cross section of part of a skeletal muscle.
compress the abdomen
Identify the action of the muscle at A.
C
Identify the extensor digitorum longus muscle.
B
Identify the gluteus maximus muscle.
a muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction
Identify the inferred action of a muscle based upon the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. The type of movement for "A" is __________.
a muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction
Identify the inferred action of a muscle based upon the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. The type of movement for "B" is __________.
a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension
Identify the inferred action of a muscle based upon the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. The type of movement for "C" is __________.
a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion
Identify the inferred action of a muscle based upon the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. The type of movement for "D" is __________.
D
Identify the levator ani muscle.
Orbicularis oris
Identify the muscle indicated by "A."
Sternocleidomastoid
Identify the muscle indicated by "A."
Supraspinatus
Identify the muscle indicated by "A."
Trapezius
Identify the muscle indicated by "A."
Buccinator
Identify the muscle indicated by "B."
Infraspinatus
Identify the muscle indicated by "B."
Middle scalene
Identify the muscle indicated by "B."
Rhomboid minor
Identify the muscle indicated by "B."
Anterior scalene
Identify the muscle indicated by "C."
Rhomboid major
Identify the muscle indicated by "C."
Temporalis
Identify the muscle indicated by "C."
Triceps brachii
Identify the muscle indicated by "C."
Masseter
Identify the muscle indicated by "D".
Latissimus dorsi
Identify the muscle indicated by "D."
Levator scapulae
Identify the muscle indicated by "D."
Posterior scalene
Identify the muscle indicated by "D."
Supraspinatus
Identify the muscle indicated by "E."
Infraspinatus
Identify the muscle indicated by "F."
C
Identify the palmaris longus muscle.
Portion of a thick filament
Identify the part of thick or thin filaments in skeletal muscle indicated by "A."
Actin subunits
Identify the part of thick or thin filaments in skeletal muscle indicated by "D."
Action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules.
Identify the step in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle indicated by "A."
ACh released; binds to receptors on sarcolemma.
Identify the step in the phases leading to muscle fiber contraction indicated by "A."
Motor neuron stimulates muscle fiber
Identify the step in the phases leading to muscle fiber contraction indicated by "B."
Local depolarization (end plate potential) ignites AP in sarcolemma
Identify the step in the phases leading to muscle fiber contraction indicated by "C."
Excitation-contraction coupling occurs
Identify the step in the phases leading to muscle fiber contraction indicated by "D."
SR releases Ca2+; Ca2+ binds to troponin; myosin-binding sites (active sites) on actin exposed
Identify the step in the phases leading to muscle fiber contraction indicated by "E."
Cross bridge formation
Identify the step of the cross bridge cycle in skeletal muscle indicated by "A."
Cross bridge detachment
Identify the step of the cross bridge cycle in skeletal muscle indicated by "C."
Cocking of the myosin head
Identify the step of the cross bridge cycle in skeletal muscle indicated by "D."
Epimysium
Identify the structure indicated by "A" in this photomicrograph of a cross section of part of a skeletal muscle.
No, because neurons in this figure do not innervate every muscle cell shown.
If both motor neurons shown in this figure were to develop action potentials and stimulate muscle fibers, would all the muscle cells shown here contract?
recruitment
If both of the neurons in the figure were activated, more muscle fibers would contract than if either neuron alone were active. This mechanism for control of the force of muscle contraction is known as __________.
D. axon terminal
If we consider neurons to be carrying on conversations, which portion of the neuron "speaks" by releasing neurotransmitters?
(A) dendrites and (B) cell body
If we consider neurons to be carrying on conversations, which portion(s) of the neuron "listen(s)?"
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding ATP production in muscles during periods of prolonged energy use, such as exercise?
In the absence of oxygen, creatine phosphate can drive aerobic respiration pathways for a few minutes.
The somatic nervous system
In the figure above, C most specifically represents which subdivision of the nervous system?
Both A and C represent portions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
In the figure above, which letter(s) correspond(s) to the peripheral nervous system? -Both A and C represent portions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). -A. Sensory input -B. Integration -C. Motor output -All of the labels represent portions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Sensory nerve fiber within a cranial nerve
In the figure shown, A represents a neuron carrying information from the eye to the brain. Which of the following correctly describes A?
C
In which area of the neuron is an action potential initially generated?
C
In which phase in the figure would the net movement of Ca2+ INTO the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) be greatest?
B
In which phase of the muscle twitch shown in the figure would the maximum amount of ATP be consumed by myosin head groups?
Match the description to the event in the generation and propagation of an action potential: Propagation of the action potential.
Increased positive charge inside sarcolemma changes permeability of adjacent areas, opening voltage-regulated Na+ channels
A. dendrites
Indicate, by letter, where one would find short-distance signals called graded potentials that travel toward the cell body.
Which of the following events is not involved in the transfer of information across a chemical synapse?
Ions flow directly from one neuron to the next
Match the following description of muscle contraction with the correct term: Contraction of muscle during which the tension continues to increase but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens.
Isometric contraction
Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal muscle?
It can contract for long periods of time without tiring.
If the cell could no longer produce ATP, what would be the effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
It would be unable to concentrate Ca++ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Match the chemical to its description: Product of anaerobic glycolysis.
Lactic acid
Match the action with its appropriate muscle name: Extends, adducts, and rotates arm medially.
Latissimus dorsi
Which statement best describes the role of leakage (nongated) channels?
Leakage channels help maintain the resting membrane potential.
Match the following skeletal muscle structure with the correct description: Deep fascia.
Lies between neighboring muscles
Often several criteria are combined in a naming a muscle. Which of the following is not described in the name extensor carpi radialis longus?
Location of the muscle origin
People with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience many challenging symptoms. Which statement best explains one cause of these difficulties?
Loss of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system results in absence of the myelin sheath of neuronal axons, impairing rapid saltatory conduction.
Match the muscle function to its description: Making one tiny adjustment after another to counteract the never-ending downward pull of gravity.
Maintaining posture
Match the muscle action involving mastication with its appropriate muscle name: Protracts the mandible and moves the mandible side to side.
Medial pterygoid
In axonal transport, anterograde movement is transport away from the cell body. Which of the following move in this direction?
Mitochondria and enzymes needed to synthesize certain neurotransmitters
Match the muscle fiber to the appropriate characteristic: Fast oxidative muscle fiber.
Moderately fatigue resistant
Select the correct description of ion movement at the neuromuscular junction that produces the end plate potential.
More sodium enters the muscle fiber than potassium leaves the muscle fiber.
Which of the following is not true of motor (efferent) neurons?
Motor (efferent) neurons are bipolar.
Neurons can be classified structurally by the number of processes extending from their cell bodies. Which of the following is the most common neuron type in humans?
Multipolar
Interneurons and motor neurons are which of the following?
Multipolar neurons
Which of the following is a special adaptation present in skeletal muscle cells, but absent in most other cells?
Muscle cells have myoglobin; most other cells do not.
medial epicondyle of humerus
Muscles A through D all have an origin in common-- what is it?
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease that destroys acetylcholine receptors?
Myasthenia gravis
Match the following cellular component of a skeletal muscle fiber with its description: Rodlike contractile element within a muscle fiber containing myofilaments.
Myofibril
Match the following muscle chemical with the correct name: Oxygen storage molecule in skeletal muscle.
Myoglobin
Which of the following could cause a graded depolarization?
Na+ entering the cell through chemically gated channels
Which of the following does NOT describe conditions that occur during an action potential?
Na+ is used to repolarize the membrane.
Schwann cell
Name the glial cell at F.
orbicularis oculi
Name the muscle at A.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of neurons?
Neurons are relatively small, simple-structured cells.
Which of the following terms is correctly matched with its definition? -Nucleus: a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS -Ganglion: a collection of neuron cell bodies in the brain -Nerve: a bundle of axons in the spinal cord -Tract: a bundle of axons in the PNS
Nucleus: a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
Which of the following does NOT describe the process of summation?
One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold.
Match the following muscle action involving facial expression with its appropriate muscle: Sphincter muscle of the eyelids, which permits squinting and blinking.
Orbicularis oculi
Match the muscle with its correct origin and insertion: Temporalis.
Origin: temporal fossa Insertion: coronoid process of mandible
Which of the following circuit types is likely to be involved with making precise mathematical calculations?
Parallel after-discharge circuit
Match the thigh/leg movement with its appropriate muscle name: Flexes and adducts thigh.
Pectineus
Schwann cell
Pictured is a cross section of a myelinated axon in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Which glial cell type produces the myelin sheath, indicated by the arrow, in the PNS?
Select the muscle of facial expression that tenses the neck.
Platysma
You awaken with a "stiff neck," which causes pain when you turn your head or flex your neck. Which muscle is LEAST likely to be causing the problem?
Platysma
The movement of which ion through leakage (nongated) channels plays the most important role in generating the resting membrane potential?
Potassium
Which of the following describes the action of using a pry bar to move a heavy rock?
Power lever working at a mechanical advantage
Which of the following best defines neural integration?
Processing and interpretation of sensory input and determining what should be done at each moment in the body
Match the following term with the correct description: Action potential.
Propagation of an electrical current along the sarcolemma
Match the thigh/leg movement with its appropriate muscle name: Rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes hip joint.
Quadratus femoris
Match the following term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Lever.
Radius
Which muscle flexes and rotates the lumbar region of the vertebral column? This muscle extends vertically from the lower sternum to the pubis.
Rectus abdominis
Match the action on the leg/knee joint with its appropriate muscle: Extends leg at knee and flexes thigh at hip.
Rectus femoris
Which of the following is an example of serial processing?
Reflexively withdrawing your hand after touching a hot object
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system?
Release hormones into the bloodstream that travel around the systemic blood circulation to communicate with cells in multiple locations within the body.
Match the following chemical with its function: Ca2+.
Released by terminal cisternae into the sarcoplasm to bind with troponin
During which phase of an action potential are voltage-gated K+ channels open, while voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed?
Repolarizing phase
Match the following term with the correct description: Repolarization.
Restoration of the membrane potential to resting potential
Match the description to the event in the generation and propagation of an action potential: Repolarization.
Restoring the sarcolemma to its initial polarized state (negative inside, positive outside)
Which type of axonal transport allows certain viruses to circumvent the barrier created by astrocytes to enter into the CNS?
Retrograde transport
Match the word to its correct meaning: Transversus.
Right angles
The chromatophilic substance, or Nissl bodies, seen in the neuron cell body represents which cellular organelle(s)?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Match the following with the type of muscle action: Activity best suited for slow-oxidative fibers.
Running a marathon
Match the following cellular component of a skeletal muscle fiber with its description: Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma
Match the following cellular component of a skeletal muscle fiber with its description: Cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber.
Sarcoplasm
Match the action on the leg/knee joint with its appropriate muscle: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh.
Sartorius
Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS?
Schwann cells
Which of the following statements about second-class levers is correct?
Second-class levers have great strength, but are slow and have little range of motion.
Match the following description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: Composite muscle forming part of the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles, located along the back from thoracic region to head.
Semispinalis capitis, cervicis, and thoracis
Select the muscle that is sometimes called the "boxer's muscle" because its actions include horizontal arm movements used for pushing and punching.
Serratus anterior
Select the description of an aponeurosis.
Sheet-like indirect attachment that anchors a muscle
Match the word to its correct meaning: Brevis.
Short
Match the following with the type of muscle action: Activities best-suited for fast-glycolytic fibers.
Short-term intense movements
In the motor division of the PNS, the effector organs consist of the three types of muscle tissue and glands. Which of these effector organs would be under voluntary control and thereby fall into the somatic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle
Match the following description with the appropriate type of muscle: Subject to conscious control.
Skeletal muscle
Match the following description with the correct type of muscle: Striated and voluntary.
Skeletal muscle
Which of the following statements is FALSE? -Skeletal muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of ATP to do work. -Skeletal muscle cells have glycosomes. -Skeletal muscle cells contain myoglobin. -Skeletal muscle cells have T tubules. -Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated.
Skeletal muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of ATP to do work.
Which of the following is true? -Skeletal muscle fibers tend to be shorter than smooth muscle fibers. -Skeletal muscle lacks the coarse connective tissue sheaths that are found in smooth muscle. -Skeletal muscle fibers contain sarcomeres; smooth muscle fibers do not. -Smooth muscle lacks the thin and thick filaments characteristic of skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscle fibers contain sarcomeres; smooth muscle fibers do not.
Which of the following muscle types is both voluntary and striated?
Skeletal muscle only
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with a myelinated nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system?
Slow conduction of nerve impulses
Match the description to the appropriate term: Type of muscle fibers that are most resistant to fatigue.
Slow-oxidative fibers
Match the following description to the appropriate type of muscle: Not subject to voluntary control, is nonstriated, and contractions are slow and sustained.
Smooth muscle
Match the following description to the muscle type: Visceral, one nucleus per cell, and nonstriated.
Smooth muscle
Match the following description with the correct type of muscle: Nonstriated, involuntary, found in the walls of hollow visceral organs.
Smooth muscle
Select the correct description of the voltage-gated ion channels for a region of sarcolemma that is undergoing depolarization.
Sodium channels are open and potassium channels are closed
Select the correct description of the voltage-gated ion channels for a region of sarcolemma that is undergoing repolarization.
Sodium channels close and potassium channels open
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the polarization of a neuronal membrane and the formation of a resting membrane potential?
Sodium/Potassium pumps maintain concentration gradients; sodium and potassium move down their concentration gradients through leakage channels.
Match the action on the ankle/foot with its appropriate muscle: Plantar flexes foot and is important in posture.
Soleus
Which of the following describes the action of a heavy acrobat jumping onto the short end of a seesaw and propelling his lighter partner high into the air?
Speed lever working at a mechanical disadvantage
Match the following description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: Broad two-part superficial muscle that lies on the back of neck between base of skull and the upper thoracic vertebrae.
Splenius capitis and cervicis
Match the following with the type of muscle action: Activity best-suited for fast-oxidative fibers.
Sprinting
Match the following type of lever with its appropriate example: Second-class lever.
Standing on tip-toe
Match the following description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: Flexes and laterally rotates the head.
Sternocleidomastoid
Match the word to its correct meaning: Rectus.
Straight
Match the following fascicle arrangement with the appropriate power generation or description: Parallel.
Straplike with an expanded belly; great ability to shorten but not usually very powerful
There would be little or no graded potential.
Suppose that both stimuli seen in these graphs happened equally at the same time on a postsynaptic membrane as a result of two different synapses. Which of the following best describes the result?
Match the following skeletal muscle structure with the correct description: Epimysium.
Surrounds an entire muscle
Match the following skeletal muscle structure with the correct description: Perimysium.
Surrounds each muscle bundle (fascicle)
Match the following skeletal muscle structure with the correct description: Endomysium.
Surrounds each muscle fiber
Which of the following are inward invaginations of the sarcolemma that run deep into the cell between the terminal cisterns?
T tubules
Which of the following best describes a rapidly firing presynaptic neuron that causes EPSPs that are close in time?
Temporal summation
Which of the following contributes to contractile force, but its primary function is to produce smooth, continuous muscle contractions?
Temporal summation
Which of the following begins with the opening of the Na+ channels and ends when the Na+ channels begin to reset to their original resting state?
The absolute refractory period
Match the following term relating to a lever system with its correct function or description: Effort.
The applied force
Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is also known as the involuntary nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system
In Chapters 7 and 8, you met Kayla Tanner, who suffered a dislocated right hip in a car accident. Six weeks later, Mrs. Tanner was still unable to walk or run without hip pain, and had weakness in flexion at the knee, excessive foot inversion and plantar flexion, and significant "foot drop" (the inability to dorsiflex the foot).Electromyography (measurement of muscle electrical activity) and nerve conduction studies (measurement of the speed of nerve impulses) revealed sciatic nerve damage, most likely a result of the nerve being compressed when the hip was dislocated. This large nerve innervates many lower limb muscles. Since her surgery, Mrs. Tanner has been undergoing intense physical therapy and has shown significant improvement. -Mrs. Tanner's difficulty flexing her leg at the knee is most likely due to problems with:
The biceps femoris.
reuptake of the neurotransmitter by transport into the postsynaptic cell
The box labeled D illustrates three mechanisms by which the effects of a neurotransmitter may be terminated. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT included in the figure?
tendon
The connective tissue that covers structure A is continuous with which of the following?
Many neurons have many short, branching extensions called dendrites. What is the benefit of these structures for a neuron?
The dendrites provide a large surface area for connections from other neurons.
In the sliding filament model of contraction, which of the following occurs when the muscle cell shortens?
The distance between successive Z discs shortens.
In a lab you are conducting tests with various chemicals and neurotransmitter receptors. You notice that exposed frog muscle cells depolarize when you add the chemical nicotine to the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. What does this tell us about the relationship between neurotransmitters and their receptors?
The effect of a neurotransmitter is based on the properties of the receptor more than the neurotransmitter.
One brief stimulus of a skeletal muscle may result in a single isolated contractile event, which is called a twitch. One twitch can generate max tension in a muscle. Are these statements true or false?
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
Match the following term relating to a lever system with its correct function or description: Fulcrum.
The fixed point upon which a lever moves
A; chemically gated
The graded potentials produced at the part of the neuron labeled ________, are generated by ion flow through _______ channels.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? -The medial hamstrings promote medial knee (leg) rotation. -The hamstrings cross the hip and knee joints. -The hamstrings are fleshy muscles of the posterior thigh. -The hamstrings are prime movers of hip (thigh) flexion and knee (leg) flexion.
The hamstrings are prime movers of hip (thigh) flexion and knee (leg) flexion.
Excessive potassium efflux as a result of relatively slower closure of the potassium gates corresponds to what part of an action potential curve?
The hyperpolarization phase of an action potential
Which of the following is NOT a difference between graded potentials and action potentials?
The magnitude of action potentials decrease as the impulse travels further away from the start of the impulse while graded potentials do not decrease in magnitude.
A and C
The molecular interaction described as a cross bridge involves the binding of which two proteins?
Which of the following muscles is voluntary?
The muscle that extends the arm at the elbow
Based on what you know of the relationship between the thick and the thin filaments, what would happen if a disorder existed that caused a person to produce no tropomyosin?
The muscle tissues would never be able to relax.
You discover that a new chemical compound interacts with K+ voltage-dependent channels. What would be the effect on a neuron if the chemical came into contact with the axonal membrane?
The neuron would be unable to repolarize.
Tamara Costa broke her right tibia and has undergone two separate surgeries to repair it. Although the bone has healed, she suffers increasing pain around the incision sites. The painful area covers the lateral surface of her right leg. She can't stand wearing anything over it or even having a sheet touch it. Her diagnosis is postsurgical neuropathic pain. Pain medication has not helped.Tamara is a second-year nursing student and has done some reading to try to understand her problem and perhaps find a solution. She has found an article that says neuropathic pain may be caused by a decreased threshold for action potential generation in pain-detecting neurons. However, she has forgotten some of her physiology and needs some help in understanding what she is reading. She has logged into the "Ask a Nurse" chat line—and she got you! -The article suggests that it might also be possible that Tamara's pain is due to the lack of the usual inhibition of transmission of pain signals through Tamara's spinal cord. Which of these statements best describes how a postsynaptic neuron is inhibited by a presynaptic neuron?
The neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron causes a local hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic neuron, which reduces the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential.
Which of the following statements is correct? -Muscle fibers running in parallel arrangement generate more power. -The more a muscle shortens, the more power it generates. -The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be. -Multipennate muscles do not produce much power because the fibers run in many directions.
The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be.
Circular
The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "A" is __________.
Convergent
The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "B" is __________.
Fusiform
The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "C" is __________.
Parallel
The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "D" is __________.
Pennate
The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "E" is __________.
all gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed
The point marked 1, on the figure, can be described as ________.
representing the portion of the action potential, where Na+ entry depolarizes the neuron, opening up additional voltage-dependent Na+ channels that allow in even more Na+
The point marked 3, on the figure, can be described as __________.
the point in time when Na+ entry declines and the slow voltage-gated K+ channels open
The point marked 4, on the figure, can be described as __________.
the period of increased K+ permeability that typically lasts longer than needed to restore the resting state
The point marked 5, on the figure, can be described as ________.
Which of the following represents a hyperpolarizing change in membrane potential called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?
The postsynaptic membrane becomes more permeable to potassium and chloride.
Which mechanism allows the rabies virus to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS)?
The rabies virus uses retrograde movement along the neuronal axon.
2 and 6
The region between which two points corresponds to the entire A (dark) band?
Which of the following events begins with opening of potassium gates and the rushing out of K+?
The repolarization phase of an action potential
Match the following term relating to a lever system with its correct function or description: Load.
The resistance
All voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed during which of the following stages?
The resting state of a neuron
1 and 7
The smallest contractile unit within skeletal muscle would correspond to the distance between which two points in the figure?
What is the primary difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
The somatic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system controls activities that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract.
Which of the following muscles divides the neck into two triangles?
The sternocleidomastoid
If troponin is a component of both cardiac and skeletal muscle, why is an elevated plasma troponin level useful in diagnosing myocardial damage?
The subunits of the troponin in cardiac muscle are unique to heart muscle.
Match the following term with the correct description: Refractory period.
The time when a fiber cannot be stimulated until repolarization is complete
What is the basic condition when a neuron is described as polarized?
There is a separation of positive and negative charges across a membrane.
Which of the following is not true of chemical synapses?
They transmit nerve impulses directly from one neuron to another
Which of the following best describes the event that triggers an action potential in a neuron?
Threshold stimulus
Which muscle laterally parallels the sharp anterior margin of the tibia?
Tibialis anterior
What level of structural organization does the actin and myosin in a sarcomere of a muscle fiber represent?
Tissue
Select the muscle that is named for the direction of its fibers.
Transversus abdominis
Match the word to its correct meaning: Deltoid.
Triangle
T/F Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are called tracts.
True
T/F If the neuron membrane becomes more permeable to Na+, Na+ will transport across the membrane, causing the cell to depolarize.
True
T/F In the muscles of the limbs, the origin is usually the immobile muscle attachment.
True
T/F Isometric contractions are important contractions that allow humans to hold their posture over time.
True
T/F Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a postsynaptic membrane would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
True
T/F The anterior compartment of the thigh is involved in lower leg extension.
True
Match the following description of muscle action with the correct term: Type of contraction represented by a single stimulus/contraction/relaxation sequence.
Twitch
to close the jaw
Two muscles in this image, identified by the letters C and D, share a function. What is that function?
Select the muscle that belongs to the quadriceps femoris of the anterior compartment of the thigh.
Vastus medialis
Which of the following membrane ion channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential?
Voltage-gated channels
Select the example of a resistance exercise.
Weight lifting
exocytosis
What cellular event is indicated by A?
the voltage measured across the axon membrane at a specific point as an action potential travels past
What change in a neuron is being measured in the graph?
diffusion of Ca2+ into the axon terminal
What event directly triggers the release of neurotransmitter shown in A?
Ca2+, which then causes release of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
What ion is entering the axon terminal at A, and what effect does it have?
It abducts and medially rotates the thigh and steadies the pelvis. It is an extremely important muscle for walking.
What is the action of the muscle identified by the letter A?
protection from overstretching
What is the function of the filaments found in ranges 1-2 and 6-7 but no other ranges?
ischial tuberosity
What is the origin of the muscle at A?
dendrite
What is the structure at A?
The muscle would increase in tension to a level greater than that measured at the beginning of phase C.
What result would be expected if an additional stimulus, equal in intensity to the first, were to be applied to the muscle at the 60 millisecond (ms) time point?
multipolar
What structural classification describes this neuron?
both A and B
Which areas of this neuron would be classified as receptive regions?
A. dendrites
Which letter matches the process(es) of the neuron that provide(s) an enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons?
A
Which letter represents the biceps brachii muscle?
C
Which muscle has a unipennate arrangement of fascicles?
B
Which muscle helps a person to cross a leg when seated (place one's lateral ankle on the opposite knee)?
C
Which muscle inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus?
D
Which muscle is a prime mover of arm adduction?
D
Which muscle is an antagonist to the biceps brachii muscle?
D
Which muscle is innervated by the S3 nerve, S4 nerve, and the inferior rectal nerve (a branch of the pudendal nerve)?
D
Which muscle is known as the "boxer's muscle" for its ability to move the arm horizontally, as in throwing a punch?
biceps femoris
Which muscle is represented by the letter D?
A
Which muscle is the prime mover of arm abduction (assuming all fibers are used)?
D
Which muscle is the prime mover of dorsiflexion?
D
Which muscle originates on the pubic crest and symphysis and inserts on the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs V through VII?
D
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at the wrist for taking the pulse?
B
Which muscle tenses the skin of the neck and assists in depression of the mandible?
C
Which muscle would be a prime mover of knee extension?
B
Which of the cell types shown helps determine capillary permeability in the CNS?
D
Which of the cell types shown is most associated with the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Na+ ions move into the axon; K+ ions move out.
Which of the following correctly states the direction followed by the specified ions when their voltage-gated channels open?
B
Which of the following corresponds to a single fascicle?
Sodium ions entering the cell
Which of the following could produce the EPSP shown in the graph?
Potassium ions leaving the cell
Which of the following could produce the IPSP shown in the graph?
Conductive region of the neuron
Which of the following does not describe the function of the structure labeled (B)?
B binds to troponin.
Which of the following interactions must occur first so that the others can take place?
opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels
Which of the following is expected to occur first if the membrane potential increase shown in the graph on the left were to reach the threshold value indicated at −55 mV?
C
Which of the following letters represents the infraspinatus muscle?
B
Which of the following letters represents the sartorius muscle?
active transport by the Na+-K+ pump
Which of the following mechanisms is most significant in returning the ion concentrations to the resting state (from point D to point E)?
C and D
Which of the following membrane regions would have significant numbers of voltage-gated ion channels?
trapezius
Which of the following muscles is NOT shown on this image?
the region between 2 and 3
Which of the following regions best identifies where myosin would have maximum cross-bridge access to actin?
The neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, no matter how strong, because this time point is within the absolute refractory period.
Which of the following results if the neuron is stimulated at the time point indicated by the arrow?
Both responses are examples of graded potentials.
Which of the following statements is true of both membrane potential responses shown in the graphs?
The membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane changes.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the effect caused by binding of the neurotransmitter (green dots) to the structure labeled C?
opening of gated Na+ channels
Which of the following stimuli caused the reaction in the graph on the left?
B
Which of the muscles, A, B, or D, has action at only one joint?
E
Which of the neuroglial cell types shown are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
A
Which of the neuroglial cell types shown form myelin sheaths within the CNS?
Astrocyte, which is depicted by (a)
Which of the pictured cell types influences neuronal function by "mopping up" leaked potassium ions and by recapturing and recycling released neurotransmitters? These cells also participate in information processing in the brain.
B
Which of the structures is surrounded by the connective tissue sheath known as the perimysium?
vesicles containing neurotransmitter
Which of these materials or structures would be found in greatest amounts or numbers at E?
serratus anterior
Which of these muscles is visible in the figure but NOT indicated by a letter?
Depolarizing graded potential that could have resulted from an increase in extracellular K+
Which option correctly describes the event shown in the figure?
C
Which protein functions as a motor protein that applies the power stroke during muscle contraction?
actin
Which protein is indicated by the letter A?
myosin
Which protein is indicated by the letter E?
Binding of acetylcholine to a receptor triggers the opening of an ion channel.
Which statement accurately describes the event indicated by B?
This glial cell has processes that touch nearby neurons, monitoring their health, and when this glial cell senses that certain neurons are injured or in other trouble, this microglial cell migrates toward them.
Which statement is true of the glial cell pictured above?
C
Which structure in the figure corresponds to a single skeletal muscle cell?
D. axon terminal
Which structure is the secretory region of the neuron?
In axonal transport, retrograde movement is transport toward the cell body. Which of the following move in this direction?
Worn out organelles
Match the word to its correct meaning: Carpi.
Wrist
B. Integration
You are driving and see a red light ahead. Your nervous system indicates "stop", and your foot hits the brake. Which portion of the nervous system, as indicated in the figure, is responsible for the decision to stop?
Saltatory conduction refers to _______.
a conduction process in myelinated axons where the electrical signal appears to jump from gap to gap along the axon
A neuron with a distal peripheral process and a central process that extends to the CNS is most likely _________________.
a sensory neuron
A muscle that assists the muscle primarily responsible for a given action is __________.
a synergist
What type of event is required for an action potential to be generated?
a threshold level depolarization
The thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle are composed chiefly of __________.
actin
Which of the following muscles is named for its action?
adductor longus
In considering the types of neurons and their predominant functions, efferent is to multipolar as __________.
afferent is to unipolar
Multiple sclerosis is __________.
an autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of the myelin sheaths in the CNS
The __________ assists the triceps brachii in forearm extension.
anconeus
Which functional group has the major responsibility for countering a specific movement?
antagonists
Cold sores on the skin of the mouth occur when herpes simplex viruses that are dormant in neural ganglia become active and travel to the skin of the mouth. Which of the following is the mechanism by which these viruses travel from the ganglia (located within the head) to the skin of the mouth?
anterograde transport
Endorphins ________.
are peptides with inhibitory, opiate-like actions
Which glial cells have the most diversity of function?
astrocytes
Identify the correct sequence of the following events. -a. Myosin generates a power stroke. -b. Ca++ binds to troponin. -c. ATP recharges the myosin head. -d. Troponin removes tropomyosin from G actin -.e. The sarcomere shortens. -f. Myosin binds to actin.
b, d, f, a, e, c
Which of the following joint muscles is correctly matched with its lever type?
biceps brachii at the elbow; third-class lever
Which of the following is a hamstring muscle?
biceps femoris
Acetylcholinesterase __________.
breaks down acetylcholine
The primary function of the deep muscles of the thorax, such as the intercostals, is to promote __________.
breathing
Sphincters have a __________ arrangement of fascicles.
circular
Match the system with its correct description: The somatic nervous system __________.
conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
Match the system with its correct description: The peripheral nervous system __________.
consists of cranial and spinal nerves carrying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord
Match the system with its correct description: The central nervous system __________.
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Which of the following are correctly matched? -pennate arrangement of fascicles; spindle-shaped muscle -convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle -parallel arrangement of fascicles; characteristic of sphincter muscles -circular arrangement of fascicles; describes the deltoid muscle
convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle
In a bedridden patient recovering from a badly fractured femur, disuse atrophy in the thigh muscles is caused by _________.
decreased synthesis of muscle proteins and/or increased breakdown of muscle proteins
Which of the following is a factor that determines the rate of impulse propagation, or conduction velocity, along an axon?
degree of myelination of the axon
The major abductor muscle of the upper arm is the __________.
deltoid
Which of the following events would be directly affected if a neuron had a mutation that prevented the production of voltage-gated Na+ channels?
depolarization leading to action potentials
The point marked 2, on the figure, can be described as ________.
depolarizing graded potential as ions move through nonvoltage-gated channels
The muscle that divides the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities is the __________.
diaphragm
The energy reserves for which of the ATP regenerating pathways will be depleted first during an extended period of light to moderate exercise?
direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
The sliding filament model of contraction states that __________.
during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that the actin and myosin myofilaments overlap to a greater degree
A muscle that is lengthening while it produces tension is performing a(n) __________ contraction.
eccentric
The layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle is the __________.
epimysium
Which of the following properties is most directly associated with changes to a muscle cell's membrane potential (the voltage across the plasma membrane)?
excitability
Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron?
excitatory postsynaptic potential
The linking of thick and thin filaments together is called _____________.
forming a cross bridge
Which of the following muscles is named for its size?
gluteus maximus
The __________ nerves innervate all of the extrinsic tongue muscles.
hypoglossal
The prime mover for flexion of the thigh is the __________ muscle.
iliopsoas
The external intercostal muscles are used primarily in __________.
inhalation
Myasthenia gravis is sometimes treated medically with a treatment that involves ________.
inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase
The attachment site of the muscle tendon to the more movable bone is called the _______.
insertion
What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus?
integration center
Dopamine __________.
is a "feel good" transmitter; deficient in Parkinson's disease
Serotonin ________.
is a "mood" transmitter and drugs that block its uptake relieve anxiety and depression
Norepinephrine ________.
is a neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system
GABA ________.
is generally inhibitory; found throughout the CNS
The type of muscle contraction in which the muscle fibers produce increased tension, but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens, is called __________.
isometric
The deltoid is a muscle named according to __________.
its shape
Which of the following factors influence the velocity and duration of muscle contraction?
load placed on the muscle
Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons?
microglia
Cross bridge formation between myosin heads and actin molecules is caused by the elevation of calcium ion concentration in the cytosol. During rigor mortis, this elevation of calcium ion concentration in the cytosol is permanent because ________.
mitochondria stop producing ATP molecules required by the sarcoplasmic reticulum's calcium ion pumps
Ependymal cells line many open cavities in the central nervous system (CNS). Ependymal cells have cilia on the side of the cell that face these openings. What is the most likely function of these ciliated cells?
movement and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
Spatial summation occurs when __________.
multiple local potentials occur at different places on the same cell at the same time
Which of the following pairings does not fit? -sensory neurons: afferent neurons -multipolar neurons: peripheral nervous system sensory neurons -association neuron: interneurons -motor neurons: efferent neurons.
multipolar neurons: peripheral nervous system sensory neurons
Which term best identifies a muscle cell?
muscle fiber
A sarcomere is part of a(n) __________.
myofibril
The names of the muscles can indicate all of the following, except __________.
myofibril composition of the muscle
"Cross bridges" that link between the thick and thin filaments directly involve__________.
myosin
Duchenne muscular dystrophy could theoretically be cured if a technique was developed that would _________. -Strengthen the dystrophin proteins that are present in the patient's muscle fibers -double the existing number of dystrophin molecules in the patient's muscle fibers -strengthen the thick and thin filaments in the patient's muscle fibers -none of the above
none of the above
In multiple sclerosis, the cells that are the target of an autoimmune attack are the _________.
oligodendrocytes
A motor unit consists of ___________________.
one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it supplies
isceral sensory (afferent) fibers carry information from the _______.
organs in the ventral body cavity to the CNS
In the brain, vision originates in the rods and cones in the retina. Separate regions of the brain decode basic information, like color, shapes, intensity of light, and there are other regions that decode information like position in space, and awareness of patterns. As you use your visual system, all of these regions are working simultaneously. This simultaneous awareness of all regions working at the same time is due to which processing pattern listed below?
parallel processing
The ___________ is a prime mover of arm flexion.
pectoralis major
Which of the following is incorrectly paired? -trapezius; scapula rotation -latissimus dorsi; medial arm rotation -deltoid; arm flexion -pectoralis major; arm abduction
pectoralis major; arm abduction
The extensor digitorum muscle is an example of a __________ muscle.
pennate
Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit?
pre-synaptic circuits
The sodium-potassium ion pump will __________.
pump three sodium ions out of the cell for every two ions of potassium it brings into the cell
Which of the following movements demonstrates a first-class lever?
raising your head up off your chest
Reflexes are __________.
rapid automatic responses to a stimulus in which the particular stimulus always produces the same motor response
Which muscle acts as both a knee (leg) extensor and hip (thigh) flexor?
rectus femoris
Which of the following are correctly matched? -deltoid; at a right angle to the long axis -rectus; straight -brevis; long -transverse; parallel to the long axis
rectus; straight
Which of the following events triggers the subsequent steps of excitation-contraction coupling?
release of acetylcholine from axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction
The refractory period in which the muscle will not contract if stimulated occurs during __________ of the muscle cell.
repolarization
Organelles for degradation or recycling are moved through the axon by __________.
retrograde movement
Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing?
reverberating circuit
Which of the following circuit types is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle, breathing, and certain motor activities (such as arm swinging when walking)?
reverberating circuits
Slow oxidative muscle fibers are best suited for __________.
running a marathon
The __________ shorten(s) during muscle contraction
sarcomere
The functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber is the __________.
sarcomere
Myofibrils are composed of repeating contractile elements called __________.
sarcomeres
Which of the following is NOT a normal function of muscle tissue?
secreting hormones
Which type of muscle requires somatic (voluntary) nervous stimulation for activation?
skeletal
Which of the following are correctly paired? -skeletal muscle; voluntary control -smooth muscle; striated -cardiac muscle; nonstriated -cardiac muscle; voluntary control
skeletal muscle; voluntary control
The somatic sensory (afferent) fibers of the peripheral nervous system transmit information from the __________ to the CNS.
skin
Somatic sensory (afferent) fibers carry information from the _______.
skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS
Which muscle fiber type is best suited for endurance activities, such as long-distance jogging?
slow oxidative fibers
What division of the nervous system is most specifically responsible for voluntary motor control?
somatic nervous system
The major head flexor muscles are the __________.
sternocleidomastoid muscle
Calcium provides structure to bones, stimulates muscle contraction, alters heart rate, and stimulates hormone release. In a neuron, calcium's main role is ________.
stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle may spontaneously contract when it is stretched. What feature of smooth muscle allows it to stretch without immediately resulting in a strong contraction?
stress-relaxation response
Which rotator cuff muscle is correctly paired with its action?
subscapularis; medial rotation
A stimulus that fails to generate an action potential is called a ________.
subthreshold stimulus
The space between the axon terminal of the motor neuron and the muscle fiber is called the __________.
synaptic cleft
Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle?
teres major
The force of a muscle contraction is NOT affected by __________.
the amount of ATP stored in the muscle cells
Bodily functions that follow "a law unto itself" are controlled by the involuntary nervous system. This system is also termed __________ and functions to __________.
the autonomic nervous system (ANS); conduct impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Which is the main receptive portion of the neuron?
the dendrite
Which of the following muscles does the phrenic nerve innervate?
the diaphragm
Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons?
the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system
The resting membrane potential of neurons is determined by __________.
the distribution, across the cell membrane, of large anionic cytoplasmic proteins, Na+, K+, and Cl-
Where are the origins of the muscles that provide the more powerful movement of the fingers?
the forearm
If a muscle is applied to a load that exceeds the muscle's maximum tension, __________.
the muscle length will not change during contraction
Which of the following is NOT used as a criterion for naming muscles?
the nervous system's control of the muscle
A neuron will not respond to a second stimulus of equal strength to the first stimulus to which it has already responded because __________.
the neuron is in the refractory period
When an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is __________.
the release of acetylcholine from the motor neuron
The contractile, or functional, unit of a muscle fiber is __________.
the sarcomere
Which muscle cell structure stores calcium ions that are used to trigger the contraction?
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The voluntary nervous system is to the involuntary nervous system as ________.
the somatic nervous system is to the autonomic nervous system
As you start working out, you notice that your heart rate and breathing rate start to increase. Which division of your nervous system is generating this response? Be as specific as possible.
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
The __________ is the prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot.
tibialis anterior
The term that means a continued mild or partial contraction of a muscle that keeps it healthy and ready to respond is muscle __________.
tone
Each of the following terms is a descriptive term for a muscle's action, except __________.
trapezius
The main forearm extensor is the __________.
triceps brachii
The interaction between which protein and ion initiates muscle coupling?
troponin; calcium ions
Which type of muscle is found in the body wall of hollow organs?
unitary smooth muscle
In smooth muscle, neurotransmitter is released from ____________.
varicosities
All of the muscles that originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus have one of two functions. Which of the following pairs is correct?
wrist flexion and forearm pronation