A&P Content for Final

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25b-36. Mass movements of the colon occur __________ times per day.

1 to 3

1. Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____________________ capillaries. Here, some of the carbon dioxide binds to the _____________ region of hemoglobin. pulmonary; globin pulmonary; heme systemic; heme systemic; globin 2. The empirical formula for bicarbonate is ________________. HCO3- H2CO3 H+ H2O CO2 3. Carbon dioxide goes through a series of reactions resulting in the formation of bicarbonate. Where does this reaction occur? Systemic capillaries Pulmonary capillaries

1. Carbonic anhydrase is found in the _______________ where it directly catalyzes the formation of ____________________ blood plasma; carbonic acid into bicarbonate. red blood cells; carbon dioxide gas into carbonic acid. blood plasma; carbon dioxide gas into carbonic acid. red blood cells; carbonic acid into bicarbonate. 2. Blood pH decreases in response to ________________________ the combination of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid. a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels. the dissociation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water. the dissociation of carbonic acid into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. 3. Renal retention of bicarbonate _______________ blood pH acting as a compensatory mechanism for the condition of respiratory ____________________________ decreases; alkalosis. decreases; acidosis. increases; alkalosis. increases; acidosis. 4. Hypoventilation results in a(n) _________________ in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which may result in respiratory ___________________________ increase; acidosis. decrease; alkalosis. decrease; acidosis. increase; alkalosis.

25-37. Starting after it leaves the pyloris, place the following anatomical structures in order to identify the correct sequence that food would pass through the body.

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum 4. Cecum 5. Ascending colon 6. Transverse colon 7. Descending colon 8. Sigmoid colon 9. Rectum

14a

1. Hyperpnea would result in ___________________________ within the blood. an increase in Pressure (oxygen) and a decrease in Pressure (carbon dioxide) a decrease in both Pressure (oxygen) and Pressure (carbon dioxide) an increase in both Pressure (oxygen) and Pressure (carbon dioxide) a decrease in Pressure (oxygen) and an increase in Pressure (carbon dioxide) 2. Decreased Pressure (carbon dioxide) results in an increase in blood pH levels. Both of these conditions result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the ______________________. This shift _______________ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. left; increases right; decreases left; decreases right; increases 3. Increased levels of 2,3 BPG occur in response to decreased blood pH levels. With all other variables unchanged, an increased concentration of 2,3 BPG in the blood would _____________________. result in the shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left reducing the unloading of oxygen at the tissues. result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right enhancing unloading of oxygen at the tissues. result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right reducing unloading of oxygen at the tissues. have no impact on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin association curve to the left, enhancing unloading of oxygen at the tissues. 4. Using the graph provided, determine the correct oxygen partial pressure associated with the classification of "high altitude." 89 mm Hg 112 mm Hg 130 mm Hg 617 mm Hg 77 mm Hg 365 mm Hg 534 mm Hg 426 mm Hg

1. If intrapulmonary pressure was 760 mm Hg, what would you expect the intrapleural pressure to be? 756 mm Hg 2. Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in ____________ in the thoracic volume which results in _______________ of the intrapulmonary pressure. an increase; a decrease

1. Negative pressure ventilation, demonstrated by iron lungs, allows a person to breathe by producing an intermittent negative pressure that moves across the chest and diaphragm. This specific action would artificially induce the intrapulmonary pressure to _____________ atmospheric pressure thus resulting in ______________ drop below; inspiration. 2. When this negative pressure stops being applied, the lungs __________________and the intrapulmonary pressure __________________ recoil; increases. 3. When using positive pressure ventilators, what triggers the elastic recoil of the lung, and what does this action cause? airway pressure reaching zero; expiration

25-36. Starting with ingestion, place the following anatomical structures in order to identify the correct sequence that food would pass through the body.

1. Oral fissure 2. Buccal cavity 3. Fauces 4. Esophagus 5. Cardial part of the stomach 6. Body of the stomach 7. Pyloric antrum 8. Pyloric canal 9. Pylorus

1. Oxygen molecules bind ___________________ of the hemoglobin. either to the heme or to the globin region specifically to the globin region specifically to the heme region neither to the heme nor to the globin region 2. A single hemoglobin displaying a saturation level of 75% would be bound to ___________________________ one oxygen molecule. four oxygen molecules. three oxygen molecules. two oxygen molecules.

23b-22. Click and drag each word or phrase on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Then click and drag the sentences arranging them in order to accurately describe the involuntary micturition reflex.

1. Production of urine by the kidneys begins to fill the urinary bladder. 2. The fullness of the urinary bladder is detected by stretch receptors. 3. Sensory nerve impulses travel along the pelvic nerve to the sacral spinal cord. 4. Efferent impulses excite the detrusor and relax of the internal urethral sphincter. 5. Voiding of the bladder is delayed by the voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter.

1. Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by ___________________ simple diffusion 2. Which environment separated by the respiratory membrane would display the highest oxygen partial pressure? alveolar air

1. Surfactant is produced by __________________ Type II pneumocytes. macrophages. Type I pneumocytes. red blood cells. 2. Increased production of surfactant would __________________ not impact the rate of diffusion of respiratory gases. result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane, which would decrease diffusion of respiratory gases. result in a decrease in the thickness of the respiratory membrane, which would increase diffusion of respiratory gases. result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane, which would increase diffusion of respiratory gases. 3. Insufficient surfactant production would result in __________________ a decrease in the intrapulmonary pressure. an increase in pulmonary compliance. an excessive reduction in surface tension of the alveolar wall. a tendency for the lungs to collapse. an increase in air flow.

1. The binding of CO to hemoglobin causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to ___________________ shift to the left, indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is more likely to release bound oxygen. shift to the left, indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is less likely to release bound oxygen. shift to the right, indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is less likely to release bound oxygen. shift to the right, indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is more likely to release bound oxygen. 2. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning would result in ____________________ of the tissues because oxygen ____________________ hypoxia; is released from hemoglobin to a greater than normal degree at the tissues. hyperoxia; is released from hemoglobin to a greater than normal degree at the tissues. hyperoxia; is not released from hemoglobin in sufficient amounts at the tissues. hypoxia; is not released from hemoglobin in sufficient amounts at the tissues

25b-14. Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange the sentences to accurately describe the process of starch digestion from beginning to end.

1. The entire process of starch digestion begins in the mouth with amylase. 2. Starch is digested first into oligosaccharides, then into disaccharides. 3. The disaccharide, starch, is catabolized into maltose, which is then converted into glucose. 4. Glucose can then be absorbed by the small intestine.

1. The inspiratory muscles ____________ during normal exhalation resulting in a(n) __________________ in the thoracic volume. contract; decrease relax; decrease relax; increase contract; increase 2. The intrapulmonary pressure is _______________ than the atmospheric pressure during exhalation. higher lower

23b-23. Click and drag each word or phrase on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Then click and drag the sentences arranging them in order to accurately describe the process of voluntary voiding of the urinary bladder.

1. The micturition center in the pons receives signals from stretch receptors in the bladder wall. 2. If it is untimely to urinate, impulses from the pons excite spinal interneurons that keep the external urethral sphincter contracted. 3. If it is timely to urinate, efferent signals from the pons to the spinal interneurons excite the detrusor and relax the internal urethral sphincter. 4. Inhibitory signals from the pons cease and the external urethral sphincter relaxes. Urine is voided.

1. The reason tetrodotoxin causes death so quickly is directly related to __________________________ the loss of respiratory muscle function, which disables a person's ability to appropriately adjust thoracic volumes and associated intrapulmonary pressures. its stimulation of the respiratory nerves inducing hyperventilation. its ability to bind oxygen, thereby removing it from the tissues. the large increase in the pulmonary Pressure (CO2), which is detected by the chemoreceptors in the brain stem. 2. If four new drugs were discovered and each of them resulted in the unique physiologic responses indicated below, which drug do you think would hold the most promise as a cure for tetrodotoxin poisoning? Drug 1: Stimulated an increase in the amount of neurotransmitters released from motor neuronsDrug 2: Inhibited action potentials of motor neuronsDrug 3: Caused hyper-exitability of nervous and muscle tissueDrug 4: Dilated the alveoli within the lungs Drug 2 Drug 4 Drug 3 Drug 1

1. Under normal conditions, the region expected to have the lowest PCO2 is the ___________________ atmosphere. lungs. pulmonary capillaries. systemic capillaries. 2. If the atmospheric Pressure(CO2) exceeded the alveolar Pressure(CO2) the pulmonary capillary Pressure(CO2) would ________________________ increase well above normal range. drop well below normal range. likely remain in normal range. 3. A person suffering from hypercapnia compensates by ____________________ ventilation. increasing decreasing

25b-11. Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order describing the activation of pancreatic enzymes.

1. When stimulated, the pancreas will secrete trypsinogen. 2. The duodenum, in turn, will secrete enterokinase which will convert trypsinogen into trypsin. 3. Trypsin will digest dietary proteins and also catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen into trypsin. 4. Finally, trypsin will also activate two other pancreatic zymogens, called chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.

25b-15. Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order to explain protein digestion and absorption.

1. Which of the following are bicarbonate ions exchanged for when they diffuse from plasma back into red blood cells? chloride ions hydrogen ions carbon dioxide molecules water molecules 2. At the respiratory membrane, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the plasma is _____ than in the _____ of the lungs. lower; tertiary bronchioles higher; tertiary bronchioles lower; alveoli higher; alveoli

1. ___________________ is used to sustain metabolic activities within the cells, and ________________ is produced as a result of these activities. Oxygen; carbon dioxide Oxygen; oxygen Carbon dioxide; oxygen Carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide 2. Under normal conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the tissues is _____________ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the systemic capillaries. lower higher 3. The unloading of oxygen at the tissues results in the formation of ______________________ . This configuration of hemoglobin _____________________ carbon dioxide. oxyhemoglobin; more readily binds to deoxyhemoglobin; is less likely to bind to oxyhemoglobin; is less likely to bind to deoxyhemoglobin; more readily binds to

25b-28. Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Then rearrange the sentences into a logical order of digestive processes.

1.) A zymogen is an inactive or pro-enzyme that is only activated after it has been secreted and had some of its amino acids cleaved. 2.) The chief cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen into the stomach lumen; which in the presence of HCl becomes pepsin, the active form of the enzyme. 3.) The pancreas produces a number of zymogens that are released in the GI tract at the duodenum including procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen. 4.) After contacting the intestinal enzyme enteropeptidase, trypsinogen is converted into trypsin. 5.) Trypsin then works on converting both chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase, respectively.

25b-27.

1.) The first sphincter of the digestive system, called the orbicularis oris muscle, surrounds the entrance to the oral cavity. 2.) The upper esophageal sphincter separates the pharynx from the esophagus and regulates the passage of food into the esophagus. 3.) At the terminal end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter, which subconsciously controls the entrance of food into the stomach 4.) The pyloric sphincter regulates the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine. 5.) The junction of the small and large intestines is marked by a pronounced muscular swelling known as the Ileocecal sphincter, which regulates movement into the large intestine. 6.) The involuntarily controlled internal anal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle that relaxes at the onset of defecation. 7.) The final step in allowing defecation is voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter, which is composed of skeletal muscle.

25b-29. Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Then rearrange the sentences in order from proximal to distal through the digestive tract.

1.) Three main vessels make up the hepatic triad. These include the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ductules. 2.) Blood arrives at the liver through both the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery, although the hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient rich, oxygen poor blood to the liver cells. 3.) The hepatic artery is responsible for delivering oxygen rich blood to the hepatocytes and thus providing for the large metabolic demand for this tissue. 4.) The bile ductules collect bile produced in the hepatic lobules and deliver it to the hepatic ducts on their way to the gallbladder for storage.

25-Q1. Infants have __________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have __________ permanent teeth.

20; 32

14b

5. The altitude of Kabul, Afghanistan, is approximately 6000 feet. What is the approximate alveolar oxygen partial pressure found here? 18 mm Hg 130 mm Hg 85 mm Hg 617 mm Hg 104 mm Hg 6. Under normal conditions, the alveolar oxygen partial pressure is ______________________ than the atmospheric oxygen partial pressure. always higher always lower 7. Within the Tibetan highlander population, genetic variation has been found to determine relative oxygen-hemoglobin saturation levels. Individuals within this population may be homozygous for either the low oxygen saturation gene or the high oxygen saturation gene. Individuals may also be heterozygous, carrying one low and one high oxygen saturation gene. Based on this information, individuals within the population carrying __________________________ alleles are expected to demonstrate a physiological advantage for survival. homozygous high oxygen saturation population homozygous low oxygen saturation heterozygous oxygen saturation 8. No genetic differences were found among the Andean population in either oxygen-hemoglobin saturation levels, nor hemoglobin concentrations. However, this group as a whole displayed higher hemoglobin concentration levels than their lower altitude neighbors. The most accurate explanation for this finding is that individuals constantly exposed to lower atmospheric partial pressures for oxygen would have a physiologic response which would _______________________. result in a higher than normal oxygen partial pressure gradient between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries increase the cumulative number of red blood cells enhance the binding of oxygen to the hemoglobin

23b-Q9. A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL. Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate?

64%

23b-14. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.

A decrease in ATP synthesis within the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule would result in a significant decrease in tubular reabsorption. A mutation in the proteins that form tight junctions could decrease the ability of the proximal tubular cells to connect to each other. This would result in an increase in the movement of substances out of the tubule via the paracellular route. An osmotic gradient of Na⁺ across the tubule wall drives the transport of water and most other solutes out of the filtrate. The movement of substances out of the filtrate via the transcellular route is dependent on the elaborate microvilli found in proximal tubule cells. Virtually 100% of the glucose is reabsorbed by the time the filtrate reaches the end of the proximal convoluted tubule. Channels called aquaporins aid in the reabsorption of water within the nephron.

23b-10. Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the nephron loop.

ASCENDING LIMB ● Filtrate osmolarity decreases as it passes through ● Active pumping of sodium ● Impermeable to water DESCENDING LIMB ● Filtrate osmolarity increases as it passes through ● Impermeable to solutes ● Permeable to water

23x. This vessel carries blood toward the glomerulus

Afferent arteriole

23x. This vessel takes blood to the glomerulus

Afferent arteriole

23b-Q14. A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder?

Albuminuria

23x. Stimulates sodium ion retention

Aldosterone

25-49. Which of the following occurs during the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

All these take place in the gastric phase: ● Gastrin secretion begins. ● The secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin is stimulated. ● Gastric activity is stimulated in response to food increasing the pH of the stomach's contents.

23b-20. Read the descriptions below regarding water excretion and reabsorption in the nephron. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category to identify which hormone's actions or properties it describes.

Antidiuretic Hormone ● Increases water permeability of the collecting duct ● Increases reabsorption of water via the collecting duct Aldosterone ● Last step of renin-angiotensin mechanism ● Stimulated by angiotensin II Natriuetic Peptides ● Inhibits ADH secretion ● Increases hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries ● Inhibits NaCl reabsorption via the collecting duct Parathyroid Hormone ● Increases phosphate levels in urine

23x. Causes water to reenter the bloodstream via the collecting duct

Antidiuretic hormone

23x. Vessels form an arch around the renal pyramid.

Arcuate artery and vein

At the arterial end of a tissue capillary, rank the following structures from highest to lowest Po2. Capillaries, tissue fluid, cells Cells, tissue fluid, capillaries Cells, capillaries, tissue fluid Tissue fluid, capillaries, cells The Po2 is the same in all three

23x. This anchors the epithelium to underlying structures.

Basement membrane

25b-Q05. Which of the following bile components contributes to digestion?

Bile salts

23x. This is made of microvilli

Brush border

25-35. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify where each secretion enters the GI tract.

Buccal cavity ● Salivary amylase ● Lingual lipase Duodenum ● Bile ● Chymotrypsinogen ● Pancreatic lipase ● Ribonuclease ● Deoxyribonuclease Stomach ● Pepsinogen ● Hydrochloric acid (HCl) ● Intrinsic factor

25b-24. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify where each secretion enters the GI tract.

25b-33. How does sucrose change the configuration of sucrase?

By binding to the active site

23b-11. Indicate whether each of the following would result in a more dilute urine or a more concentrated urine.

CONCENTRATED ● Overproduction of aldosterone ● Working outside on a hot day without access to drinking H2O ● Overexpression of Aquaporins ● Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to H2O DILUTE ● Drinking a large volume of H2O on a day when you rested & stayed inside ● Overdosing on Losartan, a drug that blocks the action of angiotensin II ● A blow to the head that severs the stalk & damages the pituitary gland

23x. Separates the parietal and visceral epithelia

Capsular space

25b-26. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound.

Carbohydrate ● Salivary amylase ● Maltase ● Sucrase Lipid ● Lingual lipase ● Pancreatic lipase ● Gastric lipase Protein ● Pepsin ● Chymotripsin ● Carboxypeptidase

25b-25.

Carbohydrate ● salivary amylase ● dextrinase ● maltase ● lactase ● pancreatic amylase ● glucoamylase ● sucrase Lipid ● lingual lipase ● pancreatic lipase ● gastric lipase ● bile salts ● lecithin Protein ● Pepsin ● HCl ● Trypsin ● chymotrypsin ● carboxyleptidase ● dipeptidase ● aminopeptidase

25b-41. Read each of the scenarios below. Then click and drag them into the appropriate category to identify whether it describes the actions of secretin or cholecystokinin.

Cholecystokinin ● secreted in response to fats in the small intestine ● eventually leads to the emulsification of lipid globules ● relaxes the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla ● strong stimulatory effect on the gallbladder ● stimulates the secretion of pancreatic amylase and lipase ● stimulates bile release into the duodenum Secretin ● secreted in response to chyme's low pH. ● ultimately protects the intestinal wall from HCl ● results in sodium bicarbonate release by the liver and pancreas ● helps flush pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum

Classify the following muscles according to their principle action in respiration.

Clinical terms for variations in respiratory rhythm are listed in the boxes below. Place each term in the proper location to identify the combination of factors (e.g. volume and rate) that characterizes each condition.

23x. This structure is shared by multiple nephrons.

Collecting ducts

25b-43. Click and drag each word or phrase from the left to complete the sentences on the right.

Contractions of the small intestine have three functions: mix chyme with digestive juices, allow for contact digestion with the brush border, and move contents toward the lumen of the large intestine. The process of segmentation consists of muscular contractions whose effect is to knead and churn the contents. As segmentation declines, peristalsis begins in the duodenum. Successive peristaltic waves of contraction overlap with each other, called the migrating motor complex. The gastroileal reflex enhances segmentation in the ileum and relaxes the ileocecal valve, allowing contents to enter the cecum.

Correctly assign each of the following statements to one factor that affects resistance to airflow.

23x. The more superficial portion of the kidney

Cortex

23x. These are branches of the arcuate artery and vein

Cortical radiate and artery and vein

23b-24. Indicate whether each of the following relates to the countercurrent exchanger or the countercurrent multiplier.

Countercurrent Multiplier ● nephron loop ● active transport of sodium out of the ascending limb ● provides a constant, rich supply of particles to the renal medulla ● permeable to only water on the descending limb of the loop ● increases the osmotic gradient of the kidney medulla Countercurrent Exchanger ● vasa recta ● functions to provide nutrients to the kidney parenchyma ● provides blood supply without altering the osmotic gradient of the renal medulla ● functions to provide oxygen to the kidney parenchyma ● permeable to water and Na+ on both sections of the loop

23b-Q13. Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?

Decreased urine volume

Kussmaul respiration

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what

Determine if each characteristic is increased or decreased in someone who suffers from chronic bronchitis.

Determine if each characteristic is increased or decreased in someone who suffers from emphysema.

Determine whether each of the conditions listed below would result from hyperventilation or hypoventilation.

Determine whether the following conditions will increase or decrease the respiratory rate.

Determine which muscles are contracted with each of the respiratory volumes and capacities below.

Determine which set of capillaries each of the following processes would occur in.

23x. The muscularis layer of the bladder consisting of three layers of smooth muscle.

Detrusor muscle

25-33. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is an actual part of the digestive tract or an accessory structure.

Digestive Tract ● Buccal cavity ● Duodenum ● Jejunum ● Ileum ● Colon ● Rectum Accessory Organ ● Teeth ● Salivary glands ● Liver ● Gallbladder

25-50. Which of the following inhibits the secretion of the gastric glands?

Duodenal pH of less than two

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ oxygen molecules.

23x. This vessel carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries.

Efferent arteriole

23x. This vessel takes blood from the glomerulus

Efferent arteriole

25b-Q12. Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming __________.

Emulsification droplets

25b-Q08. Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice?

Enteropeptidase

23b-Q12. TRUE or FALSE: Ethyl (drinking) alcohol stimulates the secretion of ADH, thereby reducing reabsorption by the collecting duct.

False

23b-Q3. TRUE or FALSE: The countercurrent multiplier mechanism for water conservation was discovered by limiting studies to humans and thus hypothesizing how form determines function.

False

25-42. TRUE or FALSE: As long as there is chyme in the duodenum, it will continue to stimulate gastric secretion.

False

25-46. TRUE or FALSE: In the parietal cell, carbonic acid dissociates into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion.

False

25-47. TRUE or FALSE: The carbonic acid ion is joined to a hydrogen ion by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

False

25-51. TRUE or FALSE: The medulla oblongata controls gastric secretion by utilizing the parasympathetic branch of the nervous system and the endocrine system.

False

25-58. TRUE or FALSE: Chemical digestion is a series of chemical reactions that break large chunks of food into proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

False

25-Q3. TRUE or FALSE: The enteric nervous system regulates much of the digestive activity, but its action depends on the central nervous system.

False

25-Q8. TRUE or FALSE: Odor, sight, and taste stimulate salivatory nuclei in the cerebral cortex.

False

25b-Q09. TRUE or FALSE: The small intestine uses segmentation to mix chyme with digestive enzymes, increase its contact with the mucosa, and propel it forward through the digestive tract.

False

23x. This is an opening between endothelial cells.

Filtration pore

23x. The small opening between podocytes

Filtration slit

23x. These wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

Foot process of podocyte

Four conditions and conclusions are provided below. Identify the law that allows each conclusion to be made provided the list of known variables.

25-48. Which of the following hormones does not inhibit gastric gland secretions?

Gastrin

23x. Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

Glomerulus

23b-18. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.

Glucose in the renal tubules encountering luminal epithelia can be absorbed via the transcellular route by passing through the plasma membrane of the absorptive cell. The process of glucose reabsorption begins in the basolateral membrane, where sodium-potassium ATPase pumps move sodium into the interstitium between the peritubular capillaries and the tubular epithelium. The active movement of sodium out of the cell decreases the concentration of the cytoplasm, creating a diffusional gradient from the lumen to the cytoplasm. Facilitated diffusion of glucose occurs through a sodium and glucose dependent symporter positioned in the luminal membrane. Glucose then follows through the basal membrane via facilitated diffusion to the tissue interstitium.

How do each of the following affect the level of oxyhemoglobin?

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

How is the vital capacity calculated?

25-60. Read each function of gastric juice below. Then click and drag each to the specific secretion to which it applies.

Hydrochloric Acid ● Activates pepsin and lingual lipase ● Breaks up connective tissues and cell walls of plants ● Destroys most ingested pathogens ● Converts iron to an absorbable form Pepsin ● Active form of a zymogen ● Digests proteins ● Autocatalytic Gastric Lipase ● Digests fat in the stomach Intrinsic Factor ● Dysfunction could cause pernicious anemia ● Essential to the absorption of B12

23b-12. Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease urine volume.

INCREASE ● Taking a diuretic ● Developing diabetes ● Decreased cAMP levels in collecting duct cells ● Drinking a large volume of water during a day when you rested and stayed inside DECREASE ● Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water ● Overexpression of aquaporins ● Working outside on a hot day without access to drinking water

Identify each compound based on its structural and empircal formula.

Identify each of the cell types listed that are associated with the alveoli of the lungs.

Identify the image that best represents each type of ventilation.

Identify the proper region for each pressure label.

Identify the skeletal muscles of breathing listed by correctly placing the labels.

Identify the structures listed that are associated with the respiratory membrane.

20% to 25%

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?

Indicate whether an increase or decrease of each of the following physiologic situations would result in an increase or decrease in the rate of ventilation.

Inspiration begins as __________. the diaphragm relaxes the diaphragm contracts the lungs expand the lungs contract the external and internal intercostals contract

25b-Q14. Which of the following statements is true regarding the sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT)?

It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.

23b-Q6. Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla?

Juxtamedullary nephrons

25b-23. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is associated with the large or small intestine.

Large Intestine ● Omental appendages ● Taenia coli ● Haustrum ● Rectal valves Small Intestine ● Villi ● Microvilli ● Lacteals ● Peyer patches ● Plicae circulares

25b-44. Identify each organ pictured below. Then click and drag each characteristic listed to the appropriate organ to which it pertains.

Large Intestine ● no folds or villi ● location of flatus ● taenia coli ● greater density of goblet cells ● haustra ● mass peristalsis ● prepares waste for removal Small Intestine ● microvilli ● circular folds ● maximized absorption of nutrients

25b-Q10. Which of the following has an abundance of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa and submucosa?

Large intestine

25b-40. Identify each image shown below. Then click and drag each word or phrase into the appropriate category to identify the organ to which it pertains.

Liver ● synthesizes bile ● synethsizes bile acids ● releases its secretions into the bile canaliculi Gallbladder ● stores the substance that breaks globules of fat into droplets ● contraction is induced by cholecystokinin Pancreas ● secretes inactive enzymes that when activated will digest proteins ● secretes zymogens ● secretes enzymes that digest fats ● secretes deoxyribonuclease ● secretes an enzyme that digests carbohydrates

23x. Convergence of two to three minor calyces

Major calyx

25b-34. How often can a sucrase molecule be used to hydrolyze sucrose?

Many times

Match the following characteristics with the appropriate type of lung cancer.

Match the levels of Po2 and Pco2 with the corresponding point in the circulatory route.

25-32. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the term or item is involved with chemical or mechanical digestion.

Mechanical ● Mastication ● Segmentation ● Churning ● Peristalsis ● Haustral contractions ● Bolus formation Chemical ● Salivary amylase ● Pepsin ● Hydrochloric acid ● Pancreatic lipase

23x. The deeper portion of the kidney

Medulla

23x. Cup that nestles the papilla and renal pyramid

Minor calyx

23x. Inhibits NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct

Natriuretic peptides

23x. This is the middle portion of the renal tubule

Nephron loop

95;40;7.4

Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a PO2 of ___________ mm Hg, a PCO2 of ___________ mm Hg, and a pH of ___________.

25b-31. Where is sucrase found in the human body?

On the micrvilli of the small intestine

Oxygen unloading occurs at the _________________________ This process causes a(n) _________________ in the oxygen partial pressure of the blood leaving this region. tissues.; decrease lungs.; decrease lungs.; increase tissues.; increase lungs.; increase

23x. The route through which the materials do not have to cross the cell membrane.

Paracellular route

23x. Decreases hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries

Parathyroid hormone

25-40. Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?

Pepsin

25b-Q11. Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?

Pepsin

25b-Q01. Which of the following is the proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes?

Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase

25-23. Place the following images into the order of neural control of deglutition they represent.

Phases of swallowing: 1. Tongue forms a food bolus & pushes it into laryngopharynx. 2. Palate, tongue, vocal cords and epiglottis block the oral and nasal cavities & pharyngeal constricts push bolus to esophagus. 3. Peristalsis drives bolus down and lower esophegal relax to admit it into stomach

Place each label at the proper location on the graph to indicate appropriate oxygen saturation levels.5

Place each label in the correct position to indicate the muscular activation required to produce the designated volume.

Place each of the following muscles or actions in the location below that indicates their respective respiratory function.

Place the following in order from highest to lowest expected partial pressure oxygen levels.

Place the labels in the correct sequence indicating the order this reversible reaction will occur within the PULMONARY CAPILLARIES. You should start with, and end with, either carbon dioxide or bicarbonate.

23x. Found in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

Podocytes

Ondine's curse

Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition?

Predict whether each condition would increase or decrease the delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

25-Q20. Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?

Protease

23x. The main vessels bringing blood to and from the kidney

Renal artery and vein

23x. Project toward the sinus and divide the medulla into 6-10 renal pyramids

Renal column

23x. The superficial portion of the kidney

Renal cortex

23x. Inner portion o fthe parenchyma facing the renal sinus

Renal medulla

23x. The internal portion of the kidney

Renal medulla

23x. Blunt point of the renal pyramids facing the renal sinus

Renal papilla

23x. Conical portion of the renal medulla between reenal columns

Renal pyramid

23x. Medial cavity of the kidney occupied by blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and urine-collecting structures.

Renal sinus

23b-13. Examine the illustration of concentration gradients across the membrane between the tubule epithelial cells and tubule lumen. Read the given diffusion scenarios carefully, and then match each with the concentration gradient to which it applies.

SCENARIO A ● Equilibrium is already reached -- no net movement would occur. ● The quickest scenario to reach equilibrium SCENARIO B ● Na+ would diffuse into the tubular lumen only ● Would increase the osmolarity of the lumen without increasing the volume of fluids in the lumen SCENARIO C ● H2O would diffuse into the tubular lumen SCENARIO D ● Both H2O and Na+ would diffuse into the tubular lumen

23b-19. Read the list of solutes below. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category to identify which are subject to tubular secretion and which are not.

SECRETED ● Aspirin ● Hydrogen ions ● Nitrogenous wastes ● Uric acid ● Norepinephrine ● Bicarbonate ions ● Ammonia NOT SECRETED ● Bacteria ● Red blood cells ● White blood cells ● Glucose

23b-09. Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate.

SECRETED ● NH4- ● H+ REABSORBED ● Glucose ● Water ● Mg2+ ● HCO3- ● Amino acids ● Vitamins

23x. A branch from the renal artery

Segmental artery

25b-22. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the region is part of the large or small intestine.

Small Intestine ● Jejunum ● Ileum ● Duodenum Large Intestine ● Rectum ● Cecum ● Ascending colon ● Transverse colon ● Descending colon ● Sigmoid colon

25-34. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is associated with the buccal cavity or the stomach.

Stomach ● Gastric pits ● Fundus ● Gastric rugae ● Three muscle layers ● Pylorus ● Greater curvature Buccal cavity ● Labial frenulum ● Gingivae ● Submandibular ducts ● Foliate papillae

25b-42. Identify each organ pictured below. Then click and drag each characteristic listed into the appropriate category to identify the organ to which it pertains.

Stomach ● Rugae ● Gastic Pits ● Oblique layer in muscularis ● Maximized size for storage and -mixing Small Intestine ● Plicae ● Brush border ● Microvilli ● Villi ● Maximized surface area for absorption ● Peyer Patches

25b-32. Which of the following statements is true regarding sucrase?

Sucrase breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose.

23x. This structure (fiber) is part of the ANS

Sympethetic nerve fiber

T/F: At the venous end of tissue capillaries, there is no net movement of O2 and CO2. True

T/F: Gases diffuse because of differences in partial pressures from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. True

T/F: If the volume of the alveoli increased, the pressure would decrease. True

T/F: Oxygen-poor blood is carried through systemic veins from the body tissues back to the heart. True

T/F: Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart. False

T/F: The alveoli never attain equal pressure with the ambient (outside) air. False

T/F: The partial pressure of a gas is measured in millimeters of mercury. True

T/F: The partial pressure of oxygen usually has little effect on quiet respiration. True

T/F: When partial pressures for a given gas are equal between the capillaries and the tissue fluids, no net movement of that gas occurs. True

23b-21. Read each of the descriptions regarding the composition and properties of urine. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category to indicate whether it is true or false.

TRUE ● The most abundant solute in urine is a nitrogenous waste ● The odor of urine can be influenced by different foods ● It is possible for urine to be hypertonic compared to blood plasma ● Urine is more dense than distilled water ● Hematuria may indicate trauma to the kidneys ● Urine is approximately 95% water FALSE ● Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, glucose, and uric acid are present in normal urine. ● Bacterial infections of the urethra may cause a sweet, fruity odor in urine ● Clear urine indicates dehydration ● Normal urine is alkaline

25b-30. Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.

The absorption of carbohydrates from the intestinal lumen occurs directly through secondary active transport. Sodium-potassium pumps in the basal membrane work to actively transport sodium out of the cell towards the interstitium while cotransporting potassium to the intracellular fluid. With a declining intracellular concentration of sodium, sodium now diffuses from the intestinal lumen to the ICF of the epithelium. The luminal diffusion of sodium to the ICF is coupled with glucose and galactose cotransport into the cell.

bicarbonate ions

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___________ than in any other form.

23b-15. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.

The cell type in the distal tubule and collecting duct that is responsible for Na⁺ and water reabsorption is the principal cell. The hormone aldosterone acts in this part of the nephron and has a big impact on Na⁺ and K⁺ levels in the filtrate. Overconsumption of alcohol can cause the hypothalamus to sense that the blood is too dilute, resulting in a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone. This reduces the reabsorption of water, leading to dehydration. A person who experiences higher than normal levels of phosphate in their blood and higher than normal levels of Ca²⁺ in their urine, probably suffers from a deficiency in the production of parathyroid hormone. When the level of the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide increases, a person will experience an increase in Na⁺ excretion in their urine.

23b-16. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Each label may be used more than once.

The countercurrent multiplier is a phenomenon that occurs in the nephron loop. Countercurrent exchange occurs as both solutes and water move freely in and out of the vasa recta. The increase in osmolarity, as filtrate moves down the descending limb, is due to water moving out of the tubule. The decrease in osmolarity of the filtrate, as it moves up the ascending limb, is due to solutes moving out of the tubule. The osmolarity of the filtrate is virtually the same at the entrance and exit of the vasa recta. The osmolarity of the filtrate is approximately 100 mOsm/L at the end of the ascending limb, and around 1200 mOsm/L at the end of the descending limb. The recycling of urea out of the collecting duct and back into the nephron loop contributes significantly to the medullary osmotic gradient.

True

The expansion of the lungs during inspiration generates a pressure gradient causing air to flow into the lungs. This is an example of Boyle's law.

False

The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity

23b-17. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.

The rate at which substances are removed from the blood by the kidneys is called renal clearance. Assuming a GFR of 125 ml/min, if a drug appears in the urine at a rate of 150 ml/min, then it is secreted by the nephron. A substance that is reabsorbed from the filtrate would appear in the urine at a rate that is less than the GFR. It is possible to measure GFR by injecting the carbohydrate inulin into a patient and measuring the rate at which it appears in the urine. When carrier proteins for glucose become saturated and this sugar begins to appear in the urine, the transport maximum for glucose has been reached.

23x. This is quite leaky and allows for water to pass through

Tight junction

23x. Also known as interstitial fluid

Tissue fluid

23x. The fluid surrounding the nephron

Tissue fluid

23x. The route through which materials have to diffuse across the cell membrane.

Transcellular route

25b-Q07. Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?

Triglycerides

23x. Triangular shaped region inside the bladder formed by the ureteral openings and the openings for the urethra.

Trigone

23b-Q4. TRUE or FALSE: Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate excretion by the proximal convoluted tubule as well as promotes synthesis of calcitriol.

True

25-41. TRUE or FALSE: Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.

True

25-52. TRUE or FALSE: Distention of the stomach activates a direct stimulatory effect on the gastric glands.

True

25-56 TRUE or FALSE: Cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine, inhibits gastric secretions in the stomach.

True

25-57. TRUE or FALSE: Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to acidic chyme.

True

25-Q21: TRUE or FALSE: All chemical digestion is essentially just hydrolysis reactions.

True

25-Q5. TRUE or FALSE: The digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates the residue.

True

25-Q7. TRUE or FALSE: The stomach contains enteric pacemaker cells responsible for its regular churning motion and thus mechanical digestion

True

25b-38. TRUE or FALSE: Defecation reflexes are stimulated by the presence of feces in the rectum.

True

25b-39. TRUE or FALSE: Mass movements of the colon propel its contents toward the rectum.

True

25b-Q04. TRUE or FALSE: The liver is the body's largest gland.

True

25b-Q06. TRUE or FALSE: Most fat is digested by pancreatic lipase.

True

25b-Q13. TRUE or FALSE: Chylomicrons are secreted from the basal surface of the absorptive cells and taken into the lacteal in the villus.

True

23x. This is the fluid that may become urine if it remains in "this place"

Tubular fluid

23b-05. Place the correct word into each sentence to describe tubular secretion and reabsorption.

Tubular reabsorption and secretion occurs with varying solutes in the renal tubules. In the PCT, there is secretion of urea, H⁺, creatine, and uric acid. Conversely, there is a noticeable reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, urea, and vitamins in the same region of the tubule. Once in the nephron loop, the descending limb reabsorbs water. Heading up the ascending limb, urea is secreted. In the DCT, K⁺ can be reabsorbed and secreted heading into the collecting duct.

23x. Held together with tight junctions.

Tubule epithelial cells

23x. UreterA duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Ureter

23x. Openings into the bladder for the ureters.

Ureteral openings

23x. The fluid that is expelled during micturition.

Urine

What determines the direction of gas movement? The temperature The size of the gas molecule The solubility of the gas in blood The partial pressure differences The pH

What is the definition of partial pressure? The sum of the pressures contributed by each of the individual gases comprising air The separate contribution of pressure by each each individual gas comprising air The solubility of a gas The difference of the contribution of nitrogen from oxygen in air

Small-cell carcinoma

What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?cancer?

What is the result of inspiration? An increased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure. An increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure. A decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure. A decreased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure. An increased alveolar pressure causes decreased alveolar volume.

Dalton's

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases

Carbonic anhydrase

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?

Which of the following events increase respiration and which decrease respiration?

Erythrocyte count

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

Which of the following is true at the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries? The Po2 is higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli. The Po2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli. The Po2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli. The Po2 is higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries. The Po2 is lower at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries.

Which of the following is true at the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries? The Pco2 is higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli. The Pco2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli. The Pco2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli. The Pco2 is higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries. The Pco2 is lower at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries.

Which of the following occurs during expiration? Increased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure. Increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure. Decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure. Decreased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure. Decreased alveolar pressure causes increased alveolar volume.

Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the lungs is true? Po2 in the lungs > Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs > Pco2 in the blood Po2 in the lungs > Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs < Pco2 in the blood Po2 in the lungs > Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs = Pco2 in the blood Po2 in the lungs < Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs is < Pco2 in the blood Po2 in the lungs < Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs > Pco2 in the blood

Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the tissues is true? Po2 in blood is > Po2 in tissues; Pco2 in blood > Pco2 in tissues Po2 in blood > Po2 in tissues; Pco2 in blood < Pco2 in tissues Po2 in blood > Po2 in tissues; Pco2in blood = Pco2 in tissues Po2 in blood < Po2 in tissues; Pco2 in blood < Pco2 in tissues Po2 in blood < Po2 in tissues; Pco2 in blood > Pco2 in tissues

An increase in membrane thickness

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?

Which of these events lead to increased airflow and which lead to decreased airflow?

4200

Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is __________ mL/min.

25-Q18. The physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the inside is called __________.

absorption

23b-Q8. Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________.

appearance of that solute in the urine

25-44. Ion exchange molecules in the plasma membrane of the parietal cells exchange __________ ions going out for __________ ions coming in.

bicarbonate; chloride

23b-Q11. The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the __________.

body's water volume is high

25-Q10. Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________.

brush border of the small intestine

25-43. In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between __________ and __________.

carbon dioxide; water

25-53. Gastric secretion begins during the __________ phase and ends during the __________ phase.

cephalic; intestinal

25-Q22. Pepsinogen is produced by __________ and is activated by __________, which is secreted by __________.

chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells

23b-Q2. The __________ muscle is located in the urinary bladder.

detrusor

23b-Q10. Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________.

diabetes mellitus

23b-Q5. Aldosterone acts on the

distal convoluted tubule

25-Q23. Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

emulsify lipids

25-59. The network of nerves that regulate digestive motility, secretion, and blood flow is called the __________ system.

enteric nervous

25-Q9. The __________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. Its neurons are found in the __________.

enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa

23x. The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them is called __________.

excretion

25b-Q02. The three most abundant classes of nutrients are __________.

fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

25b-35. Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by the presence of __________ in the __________.

food in the stomach or chyme in the duodenum

25-Q24. The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions.

gastric

25-54. he hormone __________ stimulates the secretion of the enzyme __________ in the stomach.

gastrin; pepsinogen

25-39. Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to _________.

hydrochloric acid in chyme

25-45. Hydrochloric acid is formed when __________.

hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the duct of the gastric gland

25-Q12. The enterogastric reflex serves to __________.

inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine

23x. These lead to and from arcuate artery and vein

interlobar artery and vein

23b-Q7. The __________ is not a portion of the urethra.

internal urethral sphincter

25-Q16. The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called __________.

mesenteries

25-Q19. The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the ___________.

mesentery

25b-Q03. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________, whereas protein digestion begins in the __________.

mouth; stomach

25-Q13. The surface of the tongue is covered with __________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called __________, where many taste buds can be found.

nonkeratinized; lingual papillae

25-Q25. An example of chemical digestion is the break down of __________ into __________.

nucleic acids; nucleotides

25b-37. Defecation is stimulated by __________ and __________ reflexes.

parasympathetic; local

25-55. Stimulation from the __________ nervous system via the __________ nerve causes the secretion of HCl in the stomach.

parasympathetic; vagus

25-Q4. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells.

parietal

25-Q17. The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.

pyloric sphincter

25-38. Which of the following does not stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach?

secretin

25-Q2. __________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme.

secretin; pepsin

23b-Q15. Hypocalcemia stimulates __________.

secretion of parathyroid hormone

25-Q6. The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium, is called the __________.

serosa (mesentary)

25-Q11. The __________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the __________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland.

submandibular; lingual

25b-Q15. The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________.

taeniae coli; haustra

25-Q15. Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________.

the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

25-Q14. Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________.

they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins

23b-Q1. The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called

urochrome

25-17. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the tongue.

● 1st molar ● Mandible ● Sublingual gland ● Submandibular gland ● Hyoid bone

25b-10. Correctly label the following parts of the pancreas and its passages.

● Accessory pancreatic duct ● Minor duodenal papilla ● Hepatopancreatic sphincter ● Hepatopancreatic ampulla ● Pancreatic duct

25-20. Correctly label the anatomical features of a tooth.

● Alveolar bone ● Periodontal ligament ● Root canal ● Cementum ● Apical foramen ● Root ● Artery, nerve, vein

25b-19. Correctly label the following parts of the rectum and anus.

● Anal canal ● Rectum ● Rectal valve ● Anus ● Anal sinuses ● Anal columns

23b-03. Place the following into the correct order to represent the effects of angiotensin II on tubular reabsorption.

● Angiotensin II secreted ● Constricts afferent and especially efferent arterioles ● Maintaines or increases glomerular blood pressure and glomerural filtration ● Reduces blood pressure in pertubular capillary ● Reduces resistance to tubular reabsorption ● Tubular reabsorption increases ● Urine volume is less but concentration is high

25b-16. Correctly label the following parts of the large intestine.

● Ascending colon ● Ileocecal valve ● Cecum ● Appendix ● Ileum

25b-07. Correctly label the following parts of the gallbladder and bile passages.

● Bile duct ● Duodenum ● Hepatopancreatic sphincter ● Major duodenal papilla

25-25. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the stomach.

● Body ● Longitudinal muscle ● Circular muscle ● Oblique muscle ● Greater curvature ● Greater omentum

25b-06. Correctly label the following microscopic anatomy of the liver.

● Central vein ● Hepatocytes ● Hepatic sinusoid ● Cile canaliculi ● Stroma

25-8. Correctly label the following tissues of the digestive tract.

● Diaphragm ● Esophageal hiatus ● Esophageal gland ● Lumen ● Blood vessels

25-4. Correctly label the following parts of the digestive system.

● Diaphragm ● Liver ● Gallbladder ● Bile duct ● Pancreas

25b-46. Correctly label the following parts of the small intestine.

● Duodenum ● Duodenal flexure ● Mesentery ● Ileocecal junction ● Ileum ● Jejunum

25-19. Correctly label the anatomical features of a tooth.

● Enamel ● Dentin ● Pulp in pulp cavity ● Gingival sulcus ● Gingiva ● Crown ● Neck

25-9. Correctly label the following tissues of the digestive tract.

● Enteric nervous system ● Myenteric plexus ● Submucosal plexus ● Parasympathetic ganglion of myenteric plexus

25-16. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the tongue.

● Epiglottis ● Root ● Body

25-27. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the stomach wall.

● Epithelium ● Opening to gastric pit ● Lamina propria ● Gastric gland ● Artery ● Vein

25-24. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the stomach.

● Esophagus ● Lesser omentum ● Lesser curvature ● Diaphragm ● Fundic region ● Cardial part

25b-01. Correctly label the following parts of the inferior view of the liver.

● Falciform ligament ● Caudate lobe ● Bare area ● Right lobe ● Gallbladder ● Quadrate lobe ● Left lobe

25b-02. Correctly label the following parts of the inferior view of the liver.

● Falciform ligament ● Right lobe ● Left lobe ● Round ligament

25b-08. Correctly label the following parts of the gallbladder and bile passages.

● Gallbladder ● Hepatic ducts ● Common hepatic duct ● Cystic duct

25-11. Correctly label the following parts of the peritoneum.

● Greater omentum (retracted) ● Transverse colon ● Mesocolon ● Descending colon ● Mesentery ● Jejunum ● Sigmoid colon

25b-04. Correctly label the following microscopic anatomy of the hepatic sinusoid.

● Hepatic macrophage ● Hepatocyte ● Erythrocytes in sinusoid ● Endothelial cells ● Fenestration ● Sinusoid

25b-05. Correctly label the following microscopic anatomy of the liver.

● Hepatic triad ● Branch of hepatic portal vein ● Branch of hepatic artery proper ●Bile ductule

25-31. Drag each label to the appropriate position on the figure to identify the related structure or region.

● Ileal contents become cecal contents ● Jejunal location of plicae circulares ● Voluntary control of defecation ● Site of nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood ● Production organ of bile ● The start of mechanical digestion ● Salivary amylase chemically digests food

25b-21. Drag each label to the appropriate position on the figure to identify the related structure or region.

25b-03. Correctly label the following parts of the inferior view of the liver.

● Inferior vena cava ● Left lobe ● Right lobe ● Porta hepatis ● Hepatic portal vein ● Proper hepatic artery ● Bile duct

25b-13. Correctly label the following parts of intestinal villi.

● Intestinal crypts ● Venule ● Arteriole ● Lymphatic vessel ● Paneth cell

25-18. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the tongue.

● Intrisic muscles of the tongue ● Buccinator m. ● Styloglossus m. ● Hyoglossus m. ● Genioglossus m. ● Myohyoid m.

25b-20. Correctly label the following parts of the rectum and anus.

● Levator ani muscle ● Hemorrhoidal veins ● Internal anal sphincter ● External anal sphincter

25-15. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the tongue.

● Lingual tonsils ● Palatine tonsil ● Terminal sulcus ● Vallate papillae ● Foliate papillae ● Fungiform papillae

25-10. Correctly label the following parts of the peritoneum.

● Liver ● Gallbladder ● Ascending colon ● Small intestine ● Stomach ● Lesser omentum ● Greater omentum

25-6. Correctly label the following tissues of the digestive tract..

● Mucosa ● Stratified squamous epithelium ● Lamina propria ● Muscularis mucosae ● Submucosa

25-22. Correctly label the structure of a salivary gland.

● Mucous acinus ● Mucous cells ● Serous cells ● Serous demilune on mixed acinus ● Mixed acinus ● Serous acinus ● Salivary duct

25-29. Correctly label the cells found in the stomach.

● Mucous neck cell ● Mucous cell ● Parietal cell ● G cell ● Chief cell

25-30. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the stomach wall.

● Mucous neck cell ● Parietal cell ● Mucous cell ● Chief cell ● G cell ● Pyloric gland ● Gastric gland

25-7. Correctly label the following tissues of the digestive tract.

● Muscularis externa ● Outer longitudinal layer ● Inner circular layer ● Serosa

25-1. Correctly label the following parts of the digestive system.

● Oral cavity ● Tongue ● Teeth ● Sublingual gland

25-14. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the oral cavity.

● Palatine tonsil ● Tongue ● Sublingual orifice ● Submandibular orifice ● Lingual frenulum ● Lower lip ● Inferior labial frenulum

25-13. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the oral cavity.

● Palatoglossal arch ● Palatopharyngeal arch ● Hard palate and palatine rugae ● Uvula of the soft palate

25b-09. Correctly label the following parts of the pancreas and its passages.

● Pancreas ● Tail ● Body ● Head

25-21. Correctly label the anatomical features of the salivary glands.

● Parotid duct ● Parotid gland ● Submandibular gland ● Submandibular duct ● Sublingual gland ● Opening of submandibular duct ● Sublingual ducts

25-2. Correctly label the following parts of the digestive system.

● Parotid gland ● Pharynx ● Submandibular gland ● Esophagus

23b-08. Correctly label the following anatomical parts of the male urethra and urinary bladder.

● Prostate gland ● Prostatic urethra ● Membranous urethra ● Spongy urethra ● External urethral orifice ● External urethral sphincter ● Urogenital diaphragm

25-28. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the stomach wall.

● Pyloric gland ● Mucosa ● Submucosa ● Muscularis mucosae ● Lamina propria ● Lymphatic vessel ●Lymphatic nodule

25-26. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the stomach.

● Pyloric part ● Antrum ● Pyloric canal ● Pylorus ● Pyloric sphincter ● Duodenum ● Gastric rugae

25b-18. Correctly label the following parts of the large intestine.

● Rectum ● Anal canal ● Mesocolon ● Descending colon ● Omental appendages ● Sigmoid colon ● External anal sphincter

25b-17. Correctly label the following parts of the large intestine.

● Right colic flexure ● Transverse colon ● Superior mesenteric artery ● Haustrum ● Greater omentum ● Left colic flexure ● Taeniae coli

25-5. Correctly label the following parts of the digestive system.

● Small intestine ● Cecum ● Appendix ● Sigmoid colon ● Rectum ● Anal canal ● Anus

25b-45. Correctly label the following parts of the small intestine.

● Stomach ● Ascending colon ● Cecum ● Appendix

25-3. Correctly label the following parts of the digestive system.

● Stomach ● Ascending colon ● Transverse colon ● Descending colon

23b-04. Correctly label the components of water reabsorption in the tubules.

● Tubular fluid ● Cortex ● Medulla ● Tissue fluid ● Collecting duct ● Nephron loop ● Urine

23b-06. Correctly label the following anatomical structures of the female urethra and urinary bladder.

● Ureter ● Detrusor ● Ureteral openings ● Trigone

23b-07. Correctly label the following anatomical parts of the male urethra and urinary bladder.

● Ureter ● Rugae ● Trigone ● Detrusor ● Ureteral openings ● Internal urethral sphincter

Correctly label the following anatomical structures of the female urethra and urinary bladder.

● Urethra ● Urogenital diaphragm ● External urethral sphincter ● External urethral orifice

25-12. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the oral cavity.

● Vestibule ● Upper lip ● Superior labial frenulum

25b-12. Correctly label the following parts of intestinal villi

● Villi ● Absorptive cell ● Brush border of microvilli ● Goblet cell ● Lacteal ● Capillary network

23b-02. Correctly label the components associated with reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.

● Water moves through this space. ● Two anions are exchanged for one another ● A cation escorts a simple sugar ● Two cations are exchanged for one another ● A cation escorts an anion

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