A&P exam 2

Which hormones promote bone growth?

- IGFs (insulinlike growth factors - stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division, enhance protein synthesis) -human growth hormone - thyroid hormones (T3 & T4- stimulate osteoblasts) - insulin (increased bone protein synthesis) - sex hormones (estrogens and test- cause growth spurt then slows down resorption & promotes depositions, length wise bone growth ends) -calcitonin (inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts)

How is ATP produced during skeletal muscle contraction?

- creative phosphate - anaerobic glycolysis - aerobic respiration

Which hormone promotes Bone mass reduction?

- sex hormones (estrogens and test- cause growth spurt then slows down resorption & promotes depositions, length wise bone growth ends) -parathyroid (promotes resorption)

What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

- support - protection of internal organs - assist in movement in conjunction with muscles - Store and release sorts of calcium and phosphorus - Participate in blood cell production called Hemopoiedis (red blood marrow$ -stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow

Where in the sarcomere can you find thick filaments?

-A band - H zone

What are the names of the regulatory proteins on the thin filament of skeletal muscle?

-actin - troponin - tropomyosin

Where in the sarcomere can you find thin filaments?

-end of A band - I band

Explain what happens during bone remodeling.

-ongoing replacement of old bone by new bone tissue -bone resorption/dissolving/ destruction (The removal of minerals and collagen fibers from osteoclast) -Bone deposition (formation) The addition of an of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoblasts)

What are the major functions of muscle tissue?

-producing body movements -Stabilizing body positions - storing and mobilizing substances within the body -Generating heat

List the sequence of events of intramembranous ossification.

1. Development of ossification center 2. Calcification 3. Formation of trabeculae 4. Development of Periosteum

List the four zones of cartilage found at the growth plate from the epiphysis to the diaphysis

1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of Proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage

What is a twitch contraction?

A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in it motor neuron

What energizes the myosin head during muscle contraction?

ATP hydrolysis (products are ADP and phosphate group that are still attached to head)

What removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft in muscle contraction?

Acetylcholinesterase

What region of a long bone articulates with other bones?

Articular Cartilage

What is the name of the thin layer of extracellular material that anchors epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue?

Basement membrane

What makes up the extracellular matrix of blood tissue?

Blood plasma (mostly water with substances like nutrients, waste, enzymes proteins, hormones, gases and ions) suspended in the blood plasma are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

What to minerals are essential in large quantities while bones are growing?

Calcium and phosphorus

Which type of muscle tissue is excited by its own auto rhythmic muscle fibers?

Cardiac

What type of tissue is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?

Cardiac muscle tissue

What types of fibers are found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

Collagen, elastic, and reticular

Bone tissue is a type of what tissue and has abundant extracellular matrix?

Connective

What is a motor unit?

Consist of a somatic motor neuron plus all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. Forms glands and allows the body to interact with both its internal and external environment.

Where in the human body would adipose tissue likely be found?

Deep to the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys

What is the name of the outer most layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle?

Epimysium

What are the four main types or categories of tissue in the human body?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

What activity can you do that has the greatest effect on bone remodeling and the position?

Exercise, sedentary lifestyle, and changes in diet

What property of muscle allows it to stretch without being damaged?

Extensibility

What component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and bind cells of the tissue together?

Extracellular matrix

Which microscopic structure is only found in Cardiac muscle tissue?

Inter-collated discs

What is the name of the structure on Bone where we find mature osteocytes?

Lacuna

During muscle contraction, to what structure in the structure or the thin filaments pulled towards?

M line

What components (like hormones, vitamins etc.) contribute to bone remodeling and growth in adult humans?

Minerals - calcium and phosphorus - magnesium, fluoride, and Manganese Vitamins -vitamin a (stimulates osteoblasts) -vitamin C (make collagen/main bone protein) -vitamin D (helps build bone by increasing the absorption of calcium from foods) -vitamin K and B 12 (make bone proteins) Hormones - IGFs (insulinlike growth factors - stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division, enhance protein synthesis) -human growth hormone - thyroid hormones (T3 & T4- stimulate osteoblasts) - insulin (increased bone protein synthesis) - sex hormones (estrogens and test- cause growth spurt then slows down resorption & promotes depositions, length wise bone growth ends) -calcitonin (inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts) -parathyroid (promotes resorption)

What is the name of lost excitability in skeletal muscle where a muscle cannot respond to a stimulus?

Muscle fatigue

What forms the cross bridges during muscle contraction?

Myosin bind to actin

What are the names of bone dissolving cells?

Osteoclasts

Which hormone is the most important for calcium regulation?

Parathyroid hormone - increases blood Ca+2 level

What is the fiberous covering on the surface of the bone called?

Periosteum

What is found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

Protein fibers and ground substance

Calcium is released from work to trigger muscle contraction?

Sarco plasmic reticulum

What type of epithelial tissue lines the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?

Simple squamous epithelium or covering and lining epithelium

How do the different types of muscle tissue differ from each other?

Skeletal -Long cylindrical fiber with many peripherally located nuclei, Unbranched, and striated, mostly attached by tendons to bones Cardiac- branch cylindrical fiber with one centrally located in nucleus, intercalated discs join neighboring fibers, striated, heart. Smooth - fiber thickest in Middle, tapered at each end, and with one centrally position nucleus, not striated, located in walls of hollow viscera, Airways, blood vessels, Iris and ciliary body of eye, arrector pili muscles of hair follicles.

Which type of tissue has multi nucleated cells and is under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle tissue

What type of tissue is made up of small, spindle-shaped cells and is found in the walls of hollow organs?

Smooth muscle tissue

What is motor unit recruitment?

The process in which the number of active motor units increases

Acetylcholine must cross the what of the NMJ to stimulate a muscle contraction?

The synaptic cleft

What happens to a muscle in an isometric contraction?

The tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object to be moved & the muscle does not change its length. Example holding a book study using an outstretched arm

Where would you find transitional epithelium cells?

Urinary bladder lining and portions of ureters and urethra

What is another name for a loose connective tissue?

areolar tissue

What is the name for the shaft of a long bone?

diaphysis

Which layer of hyaline cartilage allows the diaphysis to grow in length?

epiphyseal plate or metaphyses

Which cells are the bone building cells?

osteoblasts (secrete matrix)

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue?

osteon or haversian system

What does compact bone have that spongy bone does not have?

osteons

What are stem cells?

unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop, To replace lost or damaged cells