A&P Exam #2

Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification? A. A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis. B. An epiphyseal plate is trapped between the diaphysis and either epiphysis. C. Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses. D. A cartilage model is formed.

D. A cartilage model is formed.

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A. A medullary cavity forms. B. The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. C. A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. D. Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.

D. Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ________. A. epiphyseal plate closure B. closing of the epiphyseal plate C. concentric growth D. appositional growth

D. appositional growth

Which hormone is NOT matched with its appropriate function? A. leptin; regulates bone density B. osteocalcin; regulates glucose metabolism C. growth hormone;lengthens bones D. calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

D. calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses? A. trabecular bone B. spongy bone C. irregular bone D. compact bone

D. compact bone

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. A. epiphysis B. articular cartilage C. metaphysis D. diaphysis

D. diaphysis

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________. A. testosterone B. thyroid hormones C. estrogen D. growth hormone

D. growth hormone

There are several components to a functional osteon. Changes to which of the following components would make the bones less strong overall and cause the bones to bend under a person's body weight? A. articular cartilage B. osteoid C. periosteum D. hydroxyapatite

D. hydroxyapatite

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________. A. calcification B. hematopoiesis C. appositional growth D. interstitial growth

D. interstitial growth

At an archeological site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. Choose the correct classification. A. irregular B. sesamoid C. short D. long

D. long

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. A. osteocyte B. chondrocyte C. osteoclast D. osteoblast

D. osteoblast

An imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density. A. osteocytes B. osteoblasts C. chondroblasts D. osteoclasts

D. osteoclasts

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________. A. the struts of bone known as spicules B. a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage C. Volkmann's canals D. perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

D. perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

What is the structural unit of compact bone? A. osseous matrix B. lamellar bone C. spongy bone D. the osteon

D. the osteon

Spongy bone contains ________. A. lamellar bone B. osteons C. osseous lamellae D. trabeculae

D. trabeculae

Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it. A. fossa B. meatus C. foramen D. trochanter

D. trochanter

Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED? A. skull bones: flat bones B. sternum: long bone C. tarsals: short bones D. femur: long bone

B. sternum: long bone

In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to ________. A. increase blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoblasts B. temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses C. increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts D. decrease mitosis of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plate

B. temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses

Wolff's law is concerned with ________. A. the function of bone being dependent on shape B. the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it C. the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts D. vertical growth of bones being dependent on age

B. the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment? A. fossa B. trochanter C. sinus D. groove E. foramen

B. trochanter

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress. True False

True

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of ________. A. bone formation B. bone destruction to liberate calcium C. making a cartilage model of the fetal bone D. making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage

A. bone formation

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood? A. epiphyseal plate B. osteon C. lacuna D. epiphyseal line

A. epiphyseal plate

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A. fat B. elastic tissue C. blood-forming cells D. Sharpey's fiber

A. fat

Bones do NOT have a role in __________. A. glycogen production B. support C. movement D.fat storage E. blood cell formation

A. glycogen production

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________. A. hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling B. hematoma formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation C. bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling D. bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation, and hard callus formation

A. hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A. hyaline cartilage B. dense fibrous connective tissue C. elastic connective tissue D. fibrocartilage

A. hyaline cartilage

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone? A.the epiphyseal plate B. the epiphyses C. the diaphysis D. the medullary cavity

A.the epiphyseal plate

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage? A. Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. B. Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within. C.Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage. D. Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones.

B. Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Bone would be more brittle with more collagen in the matrix. B. Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption. C. Osteoclasts are important in removing calcium from the blood stream. D. The red marrow in the medullary cavity produces our red blood cells.

B. Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption.

Which pairing is NOT correct? A. appendicular skeleton; limb girdles B. axial skeleton; bones of the limbs C. axial skeleton; supports internal organs D. appendicular skeleton; used during movement

B. axial skeleton; bones of the limbs

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. A. by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis B. by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis C. in a circular fashion D. from the edges inward

B. by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone. A. nutrient foramens B. canaliculi C. central canals D. perforating (Volkmann's) canals

B. canaliculi

Which of the following are correctly matched? A. incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through B. compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin C. linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis D. nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned

B. compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women? A. abnormal PTH receptors B. estrogen deficiency due to menopause C. poor posture D. heritage such as African or Mediterranean

B. estrogen deficiency due to menopause

Which of the following most directly controls bone remodeling? A. mechanical stress and diet B. mechanical stress and hormones C. the nervous system and hormones D. hormones and diet

B. mechanical stress and hormones

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A. stem cell B. osteoclast C. osteoblast D. osteocyte

B. osteoclast

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an ________. A. chondrocyte B. osteocyte C. osteoclast D. osteogenic cell

B. osteocyte

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone? A. foramen B. ramus C. epicondyle D. meatus E. fossa

B. ramus

Which of the following statements is true? A. Increasing levels of calcium in the blood will trigger calcium deposition in the bone. B. PTH will increase calcium deposits in the bone matrix. C. After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones. D. By 21, the width of the bones stops changing.

C. After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Endochondral ossification leads to the formation of the clavicles and cranial bones. B. Endochondral ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes. C. Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation). D. Most bones in the body are formed by intramembranous ossification.

C. Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation).

Which of the following pairings is correct? A. osteomalacia; excessive mineralization of the bone B. osteoporosis; increased bone density C. Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption D. rickets; deficiency of vitamin A

C. Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

What would be the physical sign that a bone CANNOT continue longitudinal growth? A. the presence of osteoblasts B. the presence of osteons C. an epiphyseal line D. the presence of hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bone

C. an epiphyseal line

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification? A. fibrous membrane B. fascia C. cartilage D. bone

C. cartilage

Osteoblasts __________. A. maintain bone matrix B. break down bone C. form new bone D. form skeletal cartilage

C. form new bone

The term diploë refers to the ________. A. fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue B. two types of marrow found within most bones C. internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones D. double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone

C. internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

Which of the following cells are NOT matched with its appropriate function? A. osteoblasts create new bone matrix B. osteoclasts; bone reabsorption C. osteocytes; produce new bone cells. D. bone lining cells; maintain matrix

C. osteocytes; produce new bone cells.

What is the structural unit of compact bone? A. Haversian canal B. osteoid C. osteon D. canaliculus

C. osteon

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following? A. amount of mineral salts in the bone B. amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone C. sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules D. presence of osteoblasts in the bone

C. sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function? A. elastic cartilage; withstand repetitive bending B. hyaline cartilage; cover the ends of bones C. skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways D. fibrocartilage; withstand pressure and stretch

C. skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth? A. along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger B. growth at the epiphyseal plate C. the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage D. the lengthening of hyaline cartilage

C. the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Cranial bones develop ________. A. within osseous membranes B. from a tendon C. within fibrous membranes D. from cartilage models

C. within fibrous membranes

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only. True False

True

Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false? True False

True

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. True False

True

Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite. True False

True