A&P Exam 4 review

What is the final product of meiosis?

(A) 4 haploid cells

Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. (Module 24.5B)

(A) Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole.

During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, __________.

(A)progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial growth and secretion

Which of the tubules is impermeable to water?

(B) ascending limb of the nephron loop

The largest lipoproteins, ________, are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.

(B) chylomicrons

Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.

(B) cortex

Define beta-oxidation. (Module 23.11A)

(B) fatty acid catabolism

Urea is formed in the

(B) liver.

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

(B)ovulation.

Which ovarian structure remains in a state of suspended development until the individual reaches puberty?

(B)primary oocyte

The bulbo-urethral glands:

(B)secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any urinary acids.

The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the

(B)uterine tube.

Which of the following contains the most energy that can be used to make ATP?

(C) 1 gram of fat

List the products of glycolysis. (Module 23.3A)

(C) 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH

During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

(D)developing follicles secrete estradiol.

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is

(D)progesterone.

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

(E) mitochondrion

The functional unit of the kidney is the

(E) nephron.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is

(E)LH.

What two coenzymes transfer hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain? (Module 23.4C)

(A) NAD and FAD

What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? (Module 24.10B)

(D) It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.

Which event correctly occurs under maximum ADH stimulation?

(D) The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.

How is ATP used in our bodies?

(D) The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work.

Describe the role that hydrogen ion channels play in the generation of ATP. (Module 23.5C)

(D) They allow hydrogen ions to diffuse from the intermembrane space into the matrix to power ATP synthase.

What portion of the spermatozoon contains the enzymes necessary for fertilization?

(D) acrosome

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

(D) both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP?

(D) electron transport system

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

(D) excretes abundant protein molecules

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the

(D) glomerular filtration rate.

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what?

(D) pyruvate

Formation of angiotensin I is triggered by ______.

(D) renin

Which of the following processes occurs during meiosis II?

(D) the formation of haploid cells

Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the

(D)nephron loop.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

(A) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Define oocyte. (Module 26.10A)

(A) Oocyte is an immature female gamete.

Name the specialized smooth muscle of the urinary bladder, and describe its function. (Module 24.16C)

(A) The detrusor muscle compresses the bladder and expels the urine into the urethra.

Define countercurrent multiplication as it occurs in the kidneys. (Module 24.11A)

(A) The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

(A) This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration

What is a nutrient pool?

(A) an accessible source of substrates for a cell

Identify the structures of the renal corpuscle. (Module 24.4B)

(A) glomerular capsule and glomerulus

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

(A) glucose

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

(A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the

(A) movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is the function of gonads?

(A) produce gametes and produce hormones

Which of the following substances is NOT secreted

(A)glucose.

What is the function of gonads?

(A)produce gametes and produce hormones

What roles do the ovaries perform? (Module 26.9B)

(A)produce oocytes, secrete female sex hormones, secrete inhibin

Which structure filters the blood?

(A)renal corpuscle

Within which structure does sperm production occur?

(A)seminiferous tubule

Which of the following is greater?

(A)the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at birth

Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.

(B) 60

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

(B) ATP

Compare catabolism and anabolism. (Module 23.1A)

(B) Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks

What is the definition of metabolism?

(B) The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions.

Choose the correct statement regarding glycolysis.

(B) There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule.

Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism. (Module 23.6B)

(B) When ATP must be produced anaerobically.

An increase in sodium and chloride ions in the peritubular fluid affects the descending thin limb in what way? (Module 24.11C)

(B) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is an increased osmotic outflow of water.

In which region of the nephron is tubular fluid first formed?

(B) proximal convoluted tubule

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? (Module 24.11B)

(B) sodium and chloride ions

Which of the following is greater?

(B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

(B) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

Describe the three layers of the uterine wall. (Module 26.11B)

(B)The endometrium is the inner, glandular layer; the myometrium is the middle, muscular layer; the perimetrium is the outer, incomplete serosal layer.

The nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons have an important function that other parts of the nephron do not share. What is this function?

(B)establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla

Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. (Module 24.8B)

(C) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

The male gonad is called a(n)

(C)testis.

In which portion of the nephron and collecting system does the most reabsorption occur?

proximal convoluted tubule

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for

(C)follicle maturation.

Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of

(C)progesterone.

In which direction do fluids and solutes move in each of the three kidney processes? (Module 24.6A)

(C) During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid.

Describe the roles of LDLs and HDLs. (Module 23.10C)

(C) LDLs deliver cholesterol to tissues and HDLs absorb unused cholesterol and return it to the liver.

What is the role of nurse cells? (Module 26.4C)

(C) Nurse cells create a microenvironment that supports spermatogenesis and form the blood testis barrier that isolates sperm from the blood.

How does the urethra differ between males and females? (Module 24.15C)

(C) The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.

Which statement regarding amino acid metabolism is true?

(C) The removal of the amino group is the first step in amino acid catabolism.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

(C) This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

What is the function of countercurrent multiplication?

(C) To create a concentration gradient in the renal medulla that permits the production of concentrated urine.

A glomerulus is

(C) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of

(C) energy-dependent exchange pump.

The energy stored in ATP comes from which of the following?

(C) food molecules

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

(C) glucose

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

(C) glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

When the pH of body fluids decreases, which of the following are secreted in exchange for sodium ions reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

(C) hydrogen ions

Which of the following is NOT a product of cellular respiration?

(C) oxygen (O2)

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

(C) peritubular

Describe filtrate. (Module 24.4A)

(C) similar to blood plasma without proteins

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

(C) slightly superior

________ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium.

(C)Menstruation

A boy has a genetic mutation such that FSH is not produced, but LH is normal. After the boy grows to maturity, it is likely he will

(C)be sterile.

Which male accessory organ functions as the site of sperm maturation?

(C)epididymis

The primary role of FSH in males is to

(C)initiate sperm production in the testes.

The most abundant waste solute in urine is

(C)urea.

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

(D) 99

Angiotensin II has what effect on the CNS? (Module 24.9C)

(D) Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone.

Which structure of the kidney functions to reabsorb nutrients from the filtrate?

(D) the proximal convoluted tubule

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

(D) urea.

What does the juxtaglomerular complex do in response to decreased filtration pressure? (Module 24.9B)

(D)It increases renin production and release.

The granulosa cells of developing follicles work with thecal cells to produce

(D)estrogens.

What is the function of the ductus deferens? (Module 26.5A)

(D)stores sperm and transports sperm to the ejaculatory duct

What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (Module 24.12C)

(E) Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume.

Explain the role of glycogen in cellular metabolism. (Module 23.9B)

(E) It serves as an intracellular glucose reserve.

Briefly describe the citric acid cycle, and explain its role. (Module 23.4A)

(E) The breakdown of organic molecules to release hydrogen atoms bound to coenzymes that can enter the electron transport chain.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

(E) This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Identify when most of the CO2 is released during the complete catabolism of glucose. (Module 23.6A)

(E) citric acid cycle

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

(E) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

(E) glycolysis

The process of filtration is driven by

(E)glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

The organ that surrounds the urethra and secretes an antibiotic protein is the

(E)prostate gland.