A&P - Final
the efferent division of the PNS innervates
- skeletal muscle cells - smooth muscle cells - heart muscle cells - glandular cells
any stimulus that opens _ ion channel will produce a graded potential
- voltage-gated - chemically-gated - sodium - mechanically-gated (any)
ions can move across the plasma membrane in which of the following ways
- voltage-gated channels as in the action potential - through passive or leak channels - by ATP-dependent ion pumps like the sodium potassium exchange pump - through chemically-gated channels as in neuromuscular transmission
steps of cholinergic synapse
1. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal at the presynaptic membrane 2. Calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal 3. Ach is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis 4. Ach binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 5. Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated 6. Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic terminal 7. Ach-ase hydrolyzes Ach 8. The synaptic terminal reabsorbs choline
what are the main steps in the generation of an action potential
1. a graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold 2. Sodium channel activation occurs 3. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs 4. Sodium channels are inactivated 5. Volate-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization 6. Sodium channels regain their normal properties 7. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs
humans normally have _______ pairs of ribs
12
the vertebral column contains _________ thoracic vertebrae
12
Each hand has _____ finger bones
14
Which coxal bone is formed by the fusion of _____bones
3
which point of the graph shows when potassium ion outflow begins to exceed sodium ion inflow
3
at the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its sodium potassium exchange pump transports
3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions
the coccyx is composed of _______ vertebra(e)
3 to 5 fused
The following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction. 1. Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin. 2. The free myosin head uses ATP. 3. Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere. 5. Calcium ion binds and exposes the active site. 6. The myosin head detaches from the actin. The correct sequence of these events is
3, 5, 1, 2, 4, 6.
Degenerative changes in the skeleton generally begin around which age?
30-45
the vertebral column contains _________ lumbar vertebrae
5
The ankle, or tarsus, contains ____bones
7
most mammals have _____ cervical vertebrae
7
the vertebral column contains ________ cervical vertebrae
7
The Wrist, or carpets, contains _______ bones
8
There are _____ carpal bones located in the wrist, which form_____ rows of bones in the wrist
8;2
type _ fibers have the largest diameter axons
A
The area of the sarcomere containing the thick filaments is the
A band
the cytoplasm of the synaptic terminal contains mitochondria and vesicles filled with molecules of the neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
The clavicle articulates with the scapula at the
Acromion process
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the male pelvis
Angle of pubic arch greater than 100 degrees
The bones of the forearm, or ____ , consist of the radius and ulna
Antebrachium
Which of the following is the heel bone
Calcaneus
The bones that form the wrist are the
Carpals
The only fixed support for the pectoral girdle ( and is part of the pectoral girdle) is the
Clavicle
The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the
Clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
The _____ are S shaped bones that originate at the superior, lateral border of the manubrium of the sternum, lateral to the jugular notch
Clavicles
Which of the following is a characteristics of the male pelvis
Coccyx points anteriorly
Compared to the hand, the foot
Contains arches that help distribute body weight
Skeletal muscle are responsible for the pumping action of the heart
False
The "pinky finger" is known as metacarpal number 1
False
The fushion of the ilium, ischium and ileus form each vocal bone
False
Each of the following bones is part of the pelvic girdle, except the
Femur
The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the
Femur
What bone articulates with the coxal bone at the acetabulum?
Femur
Which bone is NOT made of fused bones
Femur
The lateral malleolus is found on the
Fibula
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their supporting bones, or
Girdles
Another name for the first toe is
Hallux
Because of a development defect, Joe is born without clavicles. As a result of this condition you would expect
Him to have a increased range of motion at the shoulder joint
Tom injures his hallux. What part of his anatomy is injured?
His foot
The area of the sarcomere that contains only thin filaments is the
I band
A hypothetical genetic disease causes the body to produce antibodies that compete with acetylcholine for receptors on the motor end plate. Patients with the disease exhibit varying degrees of muscle weakness and flaccid paralysis in the affected muscles. If you could administer a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase or a drug that blocks acetylcholine, which one would you use to alleviate these symptoms?
I would administer a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase
The false pelvis consists of the expanded bladelike portions of each _______
Ilia
Each coxal bone of the pelvic girdle consists of the following three fused bones
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
Billy is injured during a high school football game. His chest is badly bruised and he is experiencing difficulty in breathing. What might the problem be?
It is possible that the injury caused a rib to pierce one of the lungs, resulting in a condition known as a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung. Billy probably also has one or more broken ribs.
How would a drug that competes with acetylcholine for receptors at the motor end plate affect skeletal muscle?
It would cause flaccid paralysis (muscles are relaxed and unable to contract).
Trace the pathway of bones that support the body weight starting at the inferior axial skeleton and ending with the ground. Do not include any bones superior to the lumbar
Lumbar spine-sacrum-femur-tibia-talus-calcaneus-ground
Which of the following is not a part of the pelvis
Lumbar vertebrae
In the anatomical position the ulna is located ___to the radius
Medial
The part of the tibia that is easily felt through the skin is and is known as the shin is the
Medial malleolus
The bones that form the palms of the hands are the
Metacarpals
The sole of the foot is supported by the
Metatarsals and tarsals
Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a neuron at a single
Neuromuscular junction
the nervous tissue outside of the CNS composes the
PNS
The ligament that surrounds the ______attaches to the tibial tuberosity
Patella
The space enclosed by the true pelvis is called the
Pelvic inlet
Ellen is 38 weeks pregnant and is in active labor. In your nursing assessment you should expect the fetal head to the descend from anatomical landmark
Pelvic outlet and pelvic inlet
Differences in the skeletons of males and females can be best scene in the characteristics of the
Pelvis
Bones that form the fingers are the
Phalanges
The bones of the forearm include the
Radius
Which of the following is not an age related change in the skeleton
Remodeling of the bone
The pectoral girdle contains the
Scapula
The three sides of this bone form a broad triangle
Scapula
Study of human skeleton can reveal information concerning the persons
Sex, age and nutritional status and size and handedness
A male has _____ pelvic outlet when compared to the woman's pelvic outlet
Smaller
The ___of the radius assist in this stabilization of the wrist joint
Styloid process
When standing normally, most of your weight is transmitted to the ground by the
Talus and calcaneus
puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. what effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons
The axon would be unable to generate action potentials
How do anatomists distinguish between the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis?
The false pelvis contains the blades of the ilia above the arcuate line while the true pelvis contains the inlet/outlet
The hand has 15 phalangeal bones; the foot has 14 phalangeal bones.
The first statement is false but the second statement is true
Why is it necessary for the bones of the pelvic girdle to be more massive than the bones of the pectoral girdle?
They need to be more massive because they're holding much more weight than that of the pectoral girdle. They are holding their weight as well as the weight of everything above them.
Largest bone of the lower leg is the
Tibia
The fibula articulates with the
Tibia
The medial border of the fibula is bound to the ______ by the interosseous membrane
Tibia
The medial bulge at your ankle is a projection from the
Tibia
Bone markings are more prominent on a male skeleton
True
Which of the following is NOT a lower limb bone?
Ulna
The radius articulates with the
Ulna and carpals
The condition know as "flat feet" is due to a lower than normal longitudinal arch in the foot. A problem with which of the following would most likely contribute to this condition?
Weakness in the ligaments and tendons that attach the calcaneus to the distal ends of the metatarsals
Thin filaments at either end of the sarcomere are attached to the
Z line
which of the following muscles would contract more forcefully
a muscle receiving 10-15 actions potentials per second
which of the following muscles would produce the greater tension?
a muscle with 20 motor units active
in which of the following would the rate of impulse conduction be the greatest
a myelinated fiber of 10 micrometer diameter
Because skeletal muscle contractions demand large quantities of ATP, skeletal muscles have
a rich blood vessel supply
if the axolemma becomes more permeable to potassium ion
a stronger stimulus will be required to cause an action potential
The skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of
a transverse tubule and terminal cisternae
when calcium ion binds to troponin
active sites on the myosin are exposed
the most important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calcium ion after contraction is
active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
creatine phosphate
acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue
during the recovery period the body's need for oxygen is increased because
additional oxygen is required to metabolize the lactic acid produced during exercise
a resting muscle generates most of its ATP by
aerobic respiration
the _ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the CNS
afferent
the all-or-none principle states that
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials
decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all the following except
an increase in intracellular glycogen
a stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neuron's membrane from resting potential to -85 mV is:
an inhibitory stimulus
which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons
anaxonic
all of the following are true of the sacrum, except that it...
articulates with the first pair of ribs
cells that provide a 3D framework in the CNS are the
astrocytes
neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the
astrocytes
the first cervical vertebra is known as the...
atlas
the _ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular activity
autonomic
the second cervical vertebra is known as the...
axis
the plasma membrane of an axon is called the _
axolemma
which part of the neuron can propagate an action potential
axon
the axon is connected to the soma at the
axon hillock
the cytoplasm of the axon is called
axoplasm
the structured labeled "1" are dendrites. their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels.
both statements are true
which type of membrane channels are found at label "3"
both voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores
calcium
active sites on the actin become available for binding when
calcium
in response to action potential arriving from the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases
calcium ions
true ribs are directly connected to the sternum by...
cartilage
the inferior nasal conchae...
cause air to swirl within the nasal passageway
which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system
chemical synapse
_ open or close in response to binding specific molecules
chemically-gated channels
if Ach causes inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron, to what type of membrane channel did the Ach bind
chemically-regulated potassium channel
vertebrae of the...
coccyx are fused
functions of astrocytes include all of the following except
conducting action potentials
sarcomere
contains thick and thin filaments
muscle tissue, one of the four primary types of tissue consists chiefly of muscle cells that are highly specialized for
contraction
_ are nerves that connect to the brain
cranial nerves
increased oxygen consumption would accompany all of the following except
decreased ATP use
on which structure do most neuron to neuron communications occur
dendrites
opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes
depolarization
a threshold stimulus is the
depolarization necessary to cause an action potential
the _ division carries motor commands to muscles and glands
efferent
which of the following interactions between electrical and chemical gradients does not lead to the establishment of a neuron's resting potential
electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell
nerves and blood vessels that service the muscle fibers are located in the connective tissues of the
endomysium
the delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscles fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the
endomysium
in order for a muscle to contract properly, it requires
energy, oxygen,nutrients, an adequate supply of blood
_ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal
ependymal cells
The dense Layer of collagen fibers that surround an entire skeletal muscle is the
epimysium
Mick gets into a fight and sustains a blow to the nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured by this blow?
ethmoid bone
what is occuring at the area labeled #4
excessive potassium has diffused out causing hyperpolarization
which of the following statements are true regarding human muscles
eye and hand muscles are mostly composed of fast fibers. back muscles are mostly composed of slow fibers
thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of...
facets for the articulation of ribs
a single thin filament contains one protein
false
large diameter, densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and few mitochondria are characteristics of
fast fibers
when energy reserves in a muscle are exhausted and lactic acid levels increase,_____occurs
fatigue
ribs 8 to 12 are called _________ because they do not attach directly to the sternum
floating
damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the
formation of CSF
in the PNS, schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by
forming a cellular path that directs axonal regrowth
neuron cell bodies in the PNS are clustered together in masses called
ganglia
Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers
have many nuclei
damage to the temporal bone would most likely affect the sense of...
hearing
the ligamentum nuchae...
helps to hold the head in an upright position
during muscle contraction, all of the following occur, expect
hemoglobin concentration ion muscle fibers increases
Many smooth muscle cells around internal organs lack motor neurons intervention. List four different ways that they may be stimulated to contract.
hormones, low pH,
each skeletal muscle fiber contains __ myofibrils
hundred to thousands
The appendicular skeleton consist of all of the following, except the
hyoid bone
lowering the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid surrounding a nerve cell will have which effect
hyperpolarize it
voltage-gated channels are present
in the membrane that covers axons
each of the following factors would increase the probability of skeletal muscles contracting, except which
increased permeability of the muscle membrane to potassium ion
heat energy produced from muscle contraction is released through the_____system
integumentary
if the permeability of a resting axon to sodium increases
inward movement of sodium will increase and the membrane will depolarize
define a motor unit
is made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron's axonal terminals
the type of contraction in which the muscle fibers produce increased tension but do not shorten is called
isometric
which of the following is true about the threshold for an action potential
it is more positive than the resting potential
how would blocking the acetylcholinesterase affect skeletal muscle
it would cause spastic paralysis (muscles are contracted unable to relax)
calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during the____of contraction
latent period and contraction phase
extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in
loss of sensation and motor control
The bacterium that causes the disease tetanus produces a toxin that affects the central nervous system and skeletal muscles, producing powerful contractions of the skeletal muscles. The toxin probably acts by
making the cell membranes more permeable to calcium ion.
You witness two of your friends in a fight. Your friend Gregg is hit in the jaw and when looking at him, his face looks misaligned. You immediately take him to the local emergency room and you are not surprised to learn that he has a broken...
mandible
the portion of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the...
manubrium
graded potentials
may either be a depolarization or hyperpolarization
_ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface
mechanically-gated
which of the following is not a function of neuroglia
memory
after a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region where dead tissure remains?
microglia
small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called
microglia
when acetylcholine binds to receptors at the motor end plate, the muscle membrane becomes
more permeable to sodium ions
during activities requiring aerobic endurance
most of the muscles energy is produced in mitochondria
lumbar vertebrae are ______ massive and ______ mobile
most; least
Receptor for acetylcholine are located on the
motor end plate
the sodium potassium ion exchange pump
moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients
neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called
multipolar
the most abundant class of neuron in the CNS is
multipolar
interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for
muscle contraction
the contraction of a muscle exerts a pull on bone because
muscles are attached to bones by tendons
Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called
myoblasts
Cross-bridges are portions of
myosin molecules
the types of muscle tissue include all of the following except
neural tissue
_ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system
neuroglia
how would a chemical that prevents the opening of voltage-regulated sodium channels affect the function of a neuron
neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials
the basic functional unit of the nervous system are cells called
neurons
when pressure is applied to neural tissue, all these effects are possible except
neurons are triggered to divide
what is contained inside synaptic terminals
neurotransmitter molecules
clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called
nissl bodies
the tiny gaps between adjacent schwann cells are called
nodes of ranvier
The foramen magnum (large opening in skull for the spinal cord) would be found in the __________ bone.
occipital
the myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by
oligodendrocytes
Which of the following is not a part of the axial division of the skeletal system?
pectoral girdle
the cytoplasm in the cell body of a neuron is called the
perikaryon
during repolarization of a neuron
potassium ions move out of the cell
the increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called
recruitment
fast muscle fibers can develop extra mitochondria and hypertrophy in response to
repeated, exhaustive stimulation
after death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as
rigor mortis
which of the following is not a component of the appendicular skeleton?
sacrum
rapid impulse conduction from node to node is called
saltatory propagation
The cell membrane of skeletal muscle is called
sarcolemma
The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber
sarcomere
The cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the
sarcoplasm
The series of membranous channels that surround each myofibril is the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are
satellite cells
which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the PNS
satellite cells
The glenohumeral joint or shoulder joint is an articulation between which two bones
scapula and humerus
the neurilemma of axons in the PNS is formed by
schwann cells
_ neurons carry sensory information to the CNS
sensory
the hyoid bone...
serves as a base of attachment for muscles that move the tongue
Megan wants to enter a weight-lifting competition and consults you as to what type of muscle fibers she needs to develop and how she should go about it?
she needs fast twitch fibers, she would have to perform. Activities that involve frequent, brief, but intensive workouts, such as with heavy weights to the point of muscle fatigue.
differences between skeletal muscle cells and typical cells include which
skeletal muscle cells are larger than normal cells, skeletal cells are multinucleate
the type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the___fiber
slow
which of the following is not characteristic of smooth muscle
smooth muscle connective tissue forms tendons and aponeurosis
what is occurring in the area between #2 and #3
sodium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization
the structure labeled "2" is a
soma
In a car accident, Tom suffers a fracture of his maxillae. As a consequence of this injury he loses...
some teeth
the function of the hyoid is to...
support the larynx
muscle fiber
surrounded by endomysium and contains myofibrils
skeletal muscle
surrounded by epimysium and contains muscle fascicles
muscle fascicle
surrounded by perimysium and contains muscle fibers
myofibril
surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum and consists of sarcomeres
The space between the neuron and the muscle is the
synaptic cleft
the site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the
synaptic terminal
identify the structure labeled "3"
synaptic terminals
action potential are conducted into a skeletal muscle fiber by
t tubules
identify the structure labeled "4"
telodendria
the thin extensions on the end of an axon are called
telodendria
The zygomatic arch (cheekbone) is formed by the union of processes from which two bones?
temporal and zygomatic
the auditory ossicles are associated with the...
temporal bone
What does the TMJ in TMJ syndrome stand for? What is TMJ syndrome?
temporomandibular joint syndrome; it is a condition that causes pain in the jaw
The bundle of collagen fiber at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a
tendon
at each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together to for either a bundle know as a ___, or a broad sheet called an aponeurosis
tendon
which is greater? the concretion of calcium ion in the sarcoplasm of a resting muscle or the concentration of calcium ion in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
the concentration of calcium ion in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because
the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier
if the potassium permeability of a resting neuron increases above the resting permeability, what effect will this have on the transmembrane potential
the inside of the membrane will become more negative
if the sodium potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur except
the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase
a neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called
the postsynaptic neuron
which of the following statements about the action potential is false
the rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions
as you proceed from the head down the vertebral column...
the vertebrae become larger and heavier; the size of the vertebral foramen decreases
costal processes are located on ________ vertebrae
thoracic
At rest, the tropomyosin molecule its held in place by
troponin molecules
glucose breakdown through glycolysis and mitochondrial activity provides the ATP needed to power muscular contractions
true
the type of contraction represented by a single stimulus/contraction/relaxation sequence is a
twitch
sensory information concerning body position travels over _ fibers
type A
which of the following types of nerve fiber possesses the fastest speed of impulse propagation
type A
ribs that have no connection to the sternum are called
vertebral
the part of the vertebrae that transfers the weight along the axis of the vertebral column is the...
vertebral body
neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic
vesicles
of the following bones, which is single, un-paired?
vomer
deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called _ degeneration
wallerian
if a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs. this is called
wave summation
which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted
whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS
an injury caused by the displacement of the cervical vertebrae during a sudden change in body position is known as...
whiplash
most CNS neurons lack centrioles. this observation explains
why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue
while performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an unconscious person, you are careful to position your hands correctly to avoid damage to the...
xiphoid process and ribs