a&p final

Anaphylactiv shock is characterized by:

Circulatory shock, bronchoconstriction, systemic vasodilation, dyspnea.

Name the plasma proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistence and specific immunity.

Complement

The proteins found in blood that are involved in nonspecific defense against pathogens are called:

Complement

List examples of antimicrobial proteins.

Complement, Interferon, defensins.

A particular T cell will only become activated if ____ and _____.

Costimulated by other surface molecules, it binds to foreign antigen presented on an MHC protein.

List possible causes for lack of self tolerance.

Cross reactivity between similar antigens, alteration of self antigens, abnormal exposure to self antigens.

_____ T cells function to attack and destroy target cells by secreting perferins and granzymes.

Cytotoxic

______ T cells attack and destroy infected body cells, cancerous cells, and the cells of transplanted tissues by secreting perforins and granzymes.

Cytotoxic

WHich cells induce cytolysis by secreting perforin?

Cytotoxic T cells, NK cells.

List cells that function as antigen presenting cells.

Dendritic cells, B cells, Macrophages.

Antibodies function to render antigens harmless by:

Agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation, neurtralization.

Antibodies function to render antigens harmless by:

Agglutination, neutralization, complement fixation, precipitation.

Mucosal associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) are:

Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes.

Define hypersensitivity:

An excessive and harmful reaction to antigens.

Abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting iin swelling of the tissue is known as ____.

Edema

The cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation include:

Edema, redness, heat, pain

Name the leukocyte that would help a patient combat a parasitic tapeworm infection.

Eosinophil.

A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface is a (n):

Antigen presenting cell (APC)

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.

False

._____ is an abnormal elevation in body temperature NOT due to failed body thermoregulation.

Fever

Interferons, complement, defensin and granzymes are examples of:

Antimicrobial proteins

describe allergens

Are environmental antigens, occur in mold, dust, and pollen, induce allergies

Diseases called _____ diseases result from failures of self tolerance.

Autoimmune

Name the lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses, differentiating into an antibody-producing plasma cell.

B

The white blood cell that produces antibodies is the _____ cel.

B

______ lymphocytes are the primary cell type involved in humoral immunity.

B

A mast cell is very similar to a(n) ____, that secretes histamine, heparin, and other chemicals involved in inflammation.

Basophil

Name the granulocyte with coarse cytoplasmic granules that produces heparin, histamine, and other chemicals involved in inflammation.

Basophil

Follow the flow of lymphatic fluid in the correct order beginning with the blood capillaries.

Blood capillaries, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, internal jugular and subclavian vein junctions.

The cortex of the lymph node contains:

germinal centers

A _____ is too small to be antigenic by itself, but can induce an immune response when bound to a larger molecule.

hapten

Hyperemia is the basis for what cardinal inflammatory signs?

heat, redness

Name the chemical secreted by basophils and mast cells that stimulates vasodilation.

histamine

Any cell belonging to the human body, as oppposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants, is called a ____ cell.s

host

The component of the connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes, which porduces a viscous gel inhibiting the migration of microbes, is called.

hyaluronic acid.

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the ____.

lacteals

complement proteins are synthesized mainly by the:

liver

The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic trunk, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks?

lumbar, intestinal

Cells derived from blood monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigens-presenting cells are called____.

macrophages

Monocyes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes are called:

macrophages

During the inflammatory response, leukocytes traveling through the blood adhere to the blood vessel walls. Name this process.

margination

List the blood cells that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins thus inducing the inflammatory response.

mast cells, basophils

Name the class of T cells that are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are resposible for subsequent immune responses to the same antigen.

memory T cell

The fixed macrophage in the central nervous system is the:

microglia

A (n) ______ is a granulocyte, with a multilobed nucleau, that serves especially to destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals.

neutrophil

A ______ is a granulocyte that functions to nonspecifically destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals.

neutrophil

an elevated neutrophil count is called.

neutrophilia.

the type of defense that guards against a broad range of pathogens is _____ resistance.

nonspecific

Hematopoiesis occurs in the _____ bone marrow.

red

Name the class of T cell that inhibits multipliication and cytokine secretion by other T cells and thus limits immune responses.

regulatory T cell

The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as _____ lymphatic organs.

secondary

Name the external barrier that is coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as lactic acid, dermicidin, and defensins.

skin

Name the process whereby several hundred DNA segments are shuffled and combiined in various ways to produce antibody genes unique to each clone of B cells.

somatic recombination

Name the large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney.

spleen

Name the procedure for removing the spleen

splenectomy

List the functions of a lymph node.

Filtration of lymph, site of B and T cell activation.

_____ are protein-degrading enzymes secreted by NK cells and enter infected cells through the pores made by perforins.

Granzymes

Name the type of molecule that is too small to be antigenic by itself, but can induce an immune response when bound to a larger molecule.

Hapten

____ T cells perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity.

Helper

Identify the class of T cell that plays an integral role in both humoral and cell mediated immunity.

Helper T cell.

The type of immunity that is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete is called ____.

Humoral

The component of the connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes, which produces a viscous gel inhibiting the migration of microbes, is called _____ ______.

Hyaluronic acid

Some bacteria produce this enzyme, which allows them to more readily spread throughout the connective tissues:

Hyaluronidase

The _____ is the nervous system region that regulates and maintains body temperature.

Hypothalamus

Anaphylaxis is an acute and severe type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.

I

List the characteristics of a secondary immune response.

IgG formed first, Antibodies first appear appear within hours, peaking day 3, occurs after second and subsequent exposure to antigen.

Name some beneficial efffects of fever.

Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication, elevated interferon activity, elevated metabolic rate.

a particular T cell will only become activated if ___ and ____.

It binds to foreign antigen presented on an MCH protein, costimulated by other surface molecule.

Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?

Lactic acid

name three inflammartory mediators released by basophils and mast cells.

Leuikotriene, histamine, heparin

The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissure fluid, is called _____.

Lymph

List features of the tonsils

Lymphatic nodules, an incomplete fibrous capsule, tonsillar crypts.

Name the body system that functions to maintain fluid balance in the tissue, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens.

Lymphatic system.

_____ proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein.

MHC-I

Leukocytes adhere to the vessel wall and then crawl through the gaps between the endothelial cells. These two processes are termed _____ and _____, repectively.

Margination, diapedesis

A disease-causing organism of chemical is generally called a _____.

Pathogen.

Identify the cytolytic protein secreted by NK cells.

Perferin

Name the leukocyte that functions as an antibody-producing cell.

Plasma cell

Name the cell that produces and secretes antibodies.

Plasma cells

Name the type of white blood cell that functions to produce antibodies.

Plasma cells

PLatelets and endothelial cells secrete _____ which stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts.

Platelet derived growth factor

List the features of the skin that offer immunoprotection.

Presence of defensins, presence of lactic acid, continuous barrier to the external environment.

B cells complete maturation in the:

REd bone marrow

Describe a Clonal population of T cells:

React to the same antigen, are identical, are self-tolerant.

The _____ line of defense is the immune system, which not only defeats a pathogen but leaves the body with a memory of it, enabling us to defeat it so quickly in future encounters that the pathogen causes no illnes.

third

Name the bilobed lymphatic organ that is located in the mediastinum.

thymus

The _____ line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes.

Second

WHich are possible routes by which HIV can be contracted?

Semen, breast milk, blood, vaginal secretions.

The great diversity in the specificity of antibody molecule is produced through:

Somatic hypermutation, somatic recombination.

The characteristic called _____ describes how immunity is directed against a particular pathogen, and that immunity to one pathogen usually does not confer immunity to others.

Specificity

List secondary lyphoid organs.

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils.

Eosinophils secrete_____.

Superoxide

The respiratory burst by Neutrophils leads to the production of highly toxic ___ _____ and ____.

Superoxide anion, hyddrogen peroxide, hypochlorite.

______ lymphocytes' originate in the red bone marrow, then finish maturation in the thymus.

T

List some cells that are classified as lymphocytes.

T cells, B cells, NK cells.

Cellular immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells, while humoral immunity is mediated mainly by ____ cells.

T, B

WHich of the following factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph.

valves, the skeletal musclce pump, the respiratory pump.

Name the organ that is the site of T-cell maturation.

Thymus

List primary lymphoid organs.

Thymus, red bone marrow.

Hyperemia results from:

Vasodilaton

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes:

aids

List some characteristics of lysozyme.

an enzyme, capable of destroying bacteria, found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids.

To confirm exposure to an antigen, a ____ can be measured.

antibody titer

Any larege molecule capable triggering an immune response is called a(n). ______.

antigen

The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a ___ ___.

collecting ducts

The function of complement is to induce pathogen destruction by several mechanisms. list four of these.

cytolysis, inflammation, immune clearance, phagocytosis of pathogens.

The release of cytoplasmic granules and inflammartory mediators by basophil and mast cells is called.

degranulation

Name the cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by avtivating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines.

dendritic cell

Abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting in swelling of the tissue is known as _____.

edema

Name the cell that functions by phagocytizing antigen antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals and secretes histaminase and other molecules that combat parasitic infections.

eosinophil

Any surface glycolipid on bacteria or viruses that stimulate fever are examples of _____ pyrogens.

exogenous

The _____ line of defense consists of external barriers, notably the skin and mucous membranes, which are impenetrable to most of the pathogens that daily assault us.

first

lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to:

veins

What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

Absorption of lipids, immunity, fluid recovery from tissues

A patient who is immunodeficient would have:

An underactive immune system

Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by _____ cells.

B

List tissues which lack lymphatic vessels.

Bone marrow, cartilage, cornea, central nervous system.

describe lymphatic capillaries

Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

_____ T cells attack and destroy infected body cells, cancerous cells, and the cells of transplanted tissues by secreting perforins and granzymes.

Cytotoxic

Pus is formed of:

Dead neutrophils and macrophages

Name the phenomenon that refers to the immunity provided by lymphocyes, especially T cells and NK cells which are continually looking for infected or diseased host cells.

Immune surveillance

The thymus is considered part of several body systems. Name these.

Immune system, endocrine system, lymphatic system.

The lymphatic system's functions are:

Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery

B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as _____.

Immunocompeten

Mature T-cells are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs. This characteristic is termed ____.

Immunocompetence

List the events of B cell recognition and attack in the correct order:

Immunocompetent B cells bind to antigen, B cell internalizes/displays antigens on MHC-II to TH cell, TH cells secrete interleukins which activate the B cell, B cell undergoes clonal selection, Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and memory cells, plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies.

____ refers to the inability to producea normal immune response, resulting from a lack of immune cells or other immune mediators such as complement.

Immunodeficiency

_____ refers to the inability to produce a normal immune response, resulting from a lack of immune cells or other immune mediators such as complement.

Immunodeficiency

Where, exactly, is lymph found?

In lymphatic vessels

Name the antimicrobial protein that interferes with viral replication in host cells.

Interfereoon

Reticular cells in the thymus secrete several signaling molecules. name four of them.

Interferon, thymosin, thymopoietin, interleukins

Name the group of cytokines that function as signaling molecules affecting the growth and differentiation of various white blood cells and other lymphatic cells.

Interleukin

Name the component of the lymphatic system that consists of unencapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes in the connective tissues and mucous membranes of various organs.

Lymphatic tissues

___ is an enzyme found in tears, milk, saliva, mucus, and other body fluids that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls.

Lysozyme

_____ proteins occur only on APCs and may trigger a helper T cell response if displaying a foreign antigen.

MCH-II

Which cell is very similar to basophils in that they both secrete histamine, heparin, and other chemicals involved in inflammation?

Mast cell

Name the cells that release inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes and heparin.

Mast cells, basophils

The characteristic of immunity termed ____ describes how, when reedposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness.

Memory

When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness. This characteristic of immunity is described as:

Memory

____ T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity.

Memory

Describe a neutrophil

Multibodied nucleus with cytoplasmic granules

Some mature T-cells have not been activated by an antigen. this characteristic is described as ______.

Naivety

The ____ ____ cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.

Natural Killer

Antibodies function to render antigens harmless by:

Neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination, precipitation.

Name the granulocyte that functions to destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals.

Neutrophil

When the body acquires antibodies from another person or an animal that has developed its own immunity to the pathogen, this type of immunity is classified as_____ imunity.

Passive

Name the secretion of platelets and endothelial cells that stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts.

Platelet derived growth factor

The accumulation of dead cells, fluid and tissue debris is called.

Pus

The term ____ _____ refers to the enzymatic reaction that leads to the rapid release of toxic reactive oxygen species and hypochlorite from phagocytic cells.

Respiratory burst.

Name the specific disorder, not the classification of the disorder, that relustlts in lack of both cellular and humoral immunity.

SCID

Name the characteristic of immunity describing how it is directed against a particular pathogen.

Specificity

Name the duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax.

Thoracic

Name the organ where T-cells mature.

Thymus

T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish maturation in the:

Thymus

The _____ are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens.

Tonsils

Define edema

abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues

When the body makes its own antibodies of T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting ______ immunity.

active

Type I hypersensitivity is classifiend as ______. while type II is classified as ____.

acute; antibody dependent cytotoxicity

___ lymphatic vessels carry lymph into the lymph node.

afferent

Aspirin, acetaminophen or ibuprofen reduce the symthesis of prostaglandins and are generally called.

anitpyretics

Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by: neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called ____.

antibodies

Name the term for any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response

antigen

Name the term for any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response.

antigen

A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragment of it on its surface is a(n):

antigen presenting cell (APC)

In _____ ______ immunity, body acquires antibodies from another person or an animal, via an injection, that has developed its own immunity to the pathogen.

artificial passive

A mast cell is very similar to a (n) _____, that secretes histamine, heparin, and other chemicals involved in inflammation.

basophil

the process called ____ ____ results in a formation of a clone of identical T cells programmed against the same epitope that stimulated the process.

clonal selection

A population of identical cells that are mitotically descended from the same parent cell is called a _____>

clones

The alternative, classical, and lectin pathways are the three pathways to activate _____.

complement.

The region of the antigen which stimulates an immune response is the ___>

epitope

_____ is a biogenic amine released by basophils, mast cells and some neurons which induces vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and bronchoconstriction.

histamine.

Name the tissue response to injury or trauma that serves to ward off a pathogen and promote tissue repai.

inflammation

____ _____ is the organic acid that may be excreted in sweat. it inhibits microbial growth.

lactic acid

A (n) ______ is an agranulocye specialized to migrate into the tissues and transform into a macrophage.

monocyte

In _____ ______ immunity, the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen.

natural active

Distinct connective tissue capsules are found surrounding the lymphatic _____.

organs

Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting.

perfoins

Name the cells in the thymus that form the blood-thymus barrier and secrete signaling molecule contributing to T cell development: ______ cells.

reticular

Name the cells that produce the stroma of lymphatic organs.

reticular cells

An antibody _____ is a measure of the level of antibody present in the blood plasma.

titer