A&P final exam review questions

hamstring muscles

paralysis of which of the following muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee

increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

when stimulated, the sympathetic division of the ANS can cause

calcium ions; ACh, sodium ions, calcium ions

when the action potential reaches the motor neuron terminal, _____ crosses the presynaptic membrane, which stimulates the release of _____. this event results in the opening of ligand-gated ion channels that enable ____ to enter the muscle fiber resulting in the release of ____

lateral cuneiform

which bone is in direct contact with the third metatarsal

circular

which fascicle arrangement of a voluntary muscle controls the opening or closing an orifice

atlantoaxial; pivot, ankle; hinge

which joints are correctly matched

inferior oblique, superior oblique, lateral rectus

which muscles are extrinsic muscles of the eye that move the eyeball.

it can have amplitudes of various sizes

which of the following correctly describes a graded potential

an arrangement in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides

which of the following describes a bipennate pattern of fascicles

motor association area

which of the following describes the cerebellum

nourishment of the brain, protection from blows, reduction of brain weight,

which of the following is a function of the CSF

initiating protective reflex actions

which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei

depressor supercilii

which of the following muscles is involved in producing a frown

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

which of the following show the sequence of the simple spinal reflex arc in the correct form

the thumbs carpometacarpal joint is a biaxial saddle joint

while the fingers can exhibit flexion and extension and other angular motions, the thumb has much greater freedom, why?

Hypothalamus

has the task of regulating the autonomic nervous system and including body temperature

X (vagus)

nerve that contains over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers

plantaris, gastrocnemius, poplipteus

of the following muscles of the leg, which ones cross the ankle and the tibiofemoral joints

Synostosis

on the basis of the structural classification, which is an osseos joint

uniaxial

the tibiotalar joint can be classified as a joint belonging to the class

is speech recognition area

wernickes area

they turn a bone along its own long axis

which of the following statements best describes pivot movements

perimysium

which of the following surrounds a fascicle

flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall

which of these is the function of the external oblique muscles

spinocerebellar trracts

which spinal tracts carry information about the muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

cerebral cortex

white matter is found in all the following EXCEPT

ganglia

collections of nerve cell bodies inside the central nervous system are called

bursae

connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions between bone and muscle or skin are called

tendon sheaths

connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions between bone and tendon are called

storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP

creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by

tendon sheath

Which of the following is not a part of the synovial joint?

splanchnic nerves

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________.

Vestibulocochlear

Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

triceps brachii

___ is a powerful forearm extensor at the elbow joint

teres major

___ is a synergist of the latissimus dorsi; it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus

the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane

a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential while the cell is in the relative refractory period of an action potential. whats the reason for this?

femoral

a major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the

slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

abundant in muscles used to maintain posture

Acetylcholinesterase breaks apart the ACh

after nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction

cholingeric

agent that releases acetylcholine, activating muscles

synarthroses

articulations permitting no movement are classified as

cortical; control of motor speech

brocas area is the ____ region that enables ____

slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

depend on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms

lactic acid

during vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. as a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to

ball-and-socket; abduction

elevating the arm in the frontal plane

tibial collateral ligament, lateral meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament

football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. which of the following would be damaged as a result of a high impact lateral blow to the knee?

H zone

for a cross section through a single sarcomere to reveal only myosin filaments, it would have to be done perpendicular to the

Convey incoming messages toward the cell body, provide enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons, produce short distance signals called graded potentials

function of dendrites

contracts smooth muscle of the bladder wall and relaxes urethral sphincter

function of the parasympathetic division

globus pallidus, cerebral cortex, ventral horn, dorsal horn

gray matter may be found in which of the following locations

pons

in which brain structure are the nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) located

ventral (anterior) horn

interneurons receiving input from descending motor neurons are located in the

hippocampus

is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia

premotor cortex

loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, without paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, must suggest damage to the

hinge; flexion

match this joint movement with one of the pairs below: bending the elbow;

ball-and-socket; adduction

match this joint movement with one of the pairs below: lowering your arm at the shoulder to your side in the frontal plane:

plane; eversion

match this joint movement with one of the pairs below: turning the sole of the foot laterally.

joint

most muscles cross at least one

muscles that regulate the movement of contents along the digestive tract, muscles that move blood along vessels, smooth muscle

muscles under involuntary control are

plantar flexion

pointing the toes is an example of

Connects right and left parietal bones

sagittal suture

Oligodendrocytes; cuboidal epithelium

schwann cells are analogous to ___: and ependymal cells could be also classified as ___

structure and shape of articulating bone, arrangement and tension of the muscles, strength and tension of joint ligaments

select the factors that influence synovial joint stability

multiple motor unit summation

select the term that is best defined by this statement: how a smooth increase in muscle force is produced

tetanus

select the term that is best defined by this statement; can be fused on unfused

abduction

what is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called

allow electrical nerve transmission to reach deep into interior of each muscle fiber

what is the functional role of the T tubules

isometric contraction

when muscle tension develops but the load is not moved

stabilizing body positions by stabilizing joints, generating heat, storing and mobilizing substances within the body, producing body movements

some of the functions of the muscle include

sympathetic

the ____ nervous system has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

contractility

the ability of muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated is known as ____, and sets muscle apart from other tissue types

3;6

the actin and myosin proteins overlap each other in the A band of the sarcomere. A single actin molecule is acted on by ___ myosin heads and a myosin filament pulls on ____ actin filaments

Biaxial or triaxial

the carpal joints can be classified as joints belonging to the class

midbrain

the corpora quadrigemina are found in the

tibial collateral ligament; fibular collateral ligament

the external ligaments that stabilize the lateral and medial aspects of the knee are called

oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate ligament

the external ligaments that stabilize the posterior aspect of the knee are called

between the lateral and medial condyles of the femur

the intercondylar fossa of the femur is located

corpus callosum

the large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called

anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament

the ligaments the protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly are called

clavicular notch of the mandubrium

the medial end of the scapula articulates against the

the hinge like motion of the forearm; flexion/extension

the proximal end of the ulna illustrates the relationship of form and function. the rounded trochlear notch articulates with the hourglass shape of the trochlea. this forms a joint that allows for_____, which permits the movement of _____.

near the proximal end of the radius

the radial tuberosity is located

biaxial

the temporomandibular joint can be best represented by the class