A&P I Cumulative Final Study Guide
Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification? A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis. An epiphyseal plate is trapped between the diaphysis and either epiphysis. A cartilage model is formed. Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses.
A cartilage model is formed.
Which of the following is true of axons? Smaller (thinner) axons are more likely to bear myelin sheaths than larger (thicker) axons. A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length. Axons use chemically gated ion channels to generate graded potentials. Neurons can have multiple axons but only one dendrite.
A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.
Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits.
Which of the following is most directly required to initiate the coupling of myosin to actin? ATP ACh glucose Ca+
Ca+
During DNA replication, the covalent bonding of nucleotides into a new strand of DNA is performed by __________. DNA polymerase RNA polymerase primase DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
What is a benefit of a nerve plexus? Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region. The dorsal ramus can be distributed to many areas. They provide a straight path from the spinal cord to target muscles. A plexus does not allow for redistribution.
Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region.
Which of the following statements is true? Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen. Bundles of collagen are often found in loose connective tissue. Loose connective tissue includes cartilage. Dense connective tissue includes a large amount of elastic fibers.
Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen.
Which of the following statements is true? Unlike endocytosis, exocytosis does not rely on protein interactions with the plasma membranes. Exocytosis involves infolding of the plasma membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis are passive transport mechanisms. During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.
During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.
How are endocrine and exocrine glands different from each other? Exocrine glands are only unicellular in structure. Exocrine glands secrete hormones. Endocrine glands have no ducts. Exocrine glands have specific target organs for their secretions.
Endocrine glands have no ducts.
Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells.
False
Digestion includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP.
False
The knee is proximal to the thigh.
False
A resting membrane potential is a sign of a depolarized membrane.
False. A resting membrane potential would be a sign of a polarized membrane.
A coronal section creates a superior and an inferior section.
False. A transverse section creates a superior and an inferior section.
The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex.
False. Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus (not the hypothalamus) and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus--which sorts out and "edits" these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered to be the gateway to the cerebral cortex.
Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function.
False. All of the sensory information is considered afferent, or flowing toward the CNS. Efferent means "from the CNS."
At rest, when no sound is entering the cochlea, the hair cells send no signal.
False. At rest, the hair cells are slightly active and send a few depolarizing signals.
A weak base buffers an acid by completely dissociating and accepting all of the acid's H+.
False. Buffers are essential for stabilizing the pH of body fluids (such as blood). They work without completely dissociating.
Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport.
False. Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of passive, not active, transport. Any type of diffusion results from substances moving down their concentration gradient, a form of kinetic energy. In order to move, or actively pump, substances against their concentration gradient, energy must be used. ATP directly, or indirectly, provides the energy for active transport.
Which of the following best defines anatomy?
It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another.
In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount.
False. In a solution, the solute is the substance present in lesser amounts. There may be many solutes.
Phospholipids provide the specific functions of the plasma membrane.
False. Integral and peripheral proteins provide a variety of specific functions at the membrane.
Prophase has a series of checkpoints that determine whether a cell will undergo all stages of mitosis.
False. Interphase is the phase of the cell life cycle in which the cell grows and carries on its usual activities. It has a series of checkpoints that determine whether the cell will undergo mitosis.
In the presence of sunlight, Vitamin D precursors are produced. This is important for the transport of sodium in our intestines. Is this statement true or false?
False. It is true that the vitamin D precursors are produced in the skin as cholesterol is converted into cholecalciferol when you are exposed to UV light. However, vitamin D is crucial for calcium transport, not sodium, in the gut.
Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is this statement true or false?
False. Keratin helps to provide a water barrier for the integument.
The longer a muscle is when it starts contracting, the more tension it can generate in the contraction.
False. Maximum muscle contraction occurs in an intermediate range for the muscle where there is both a good number of cross bridges that can form and room for the sarcomere to shorten. If a muscle is too long, there will not be enough cross bridges that can form to generate tension.
New portions of a nail are produced at the nail bed. Is this statement true or false?
False. New nail is produced at the nail matrix.
Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption.
False. Pseudostratified epithelia are found in the respiratory linings. Cilia are used for movement, not increasing surface area.
Our skin helps us to regulate our body temperature by causing shivering. Is this statement true or false?
False. Sweat glands secrete water (sweat) onto the surface of skin, which removes body heat as it evaporates. By dilating cutaneous blood vessels, blood flow to the skin is increased, which increases heat loss. By constricting blood vessels in the skin, the body decreases blood flow to the skin and thereby lowers heat loss. Shivering is a muscular response that increases our body temperature when we are cold.
The major anatomic difference in autonomic reflex arcs is that there are two sensory afferents.
False. The major anatomical difference in autonomic reflex pathways is that there are two motor neurons, the pre- and postganglionic motor neurons.
Atomic weight is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
False. The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the mass number, or atomic mass.
The serous membrane is a double-layered membrane created by two separate membranes.
False. The serous membrane is a double-layered membrane that has folded back on itself.
The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to UV light in a tanning booth is safer. Is this statement true or false?
False. The single most important risk factor for skin cancer is overexposure to the UV radiation in sunlight. UV radiation damages DNA bases and appears to disable tumor suppressor genes, leading to the formation of cancerous cells. There is no such thing as a "healthy tan." Tanning booths use the same UV mechanism to stimulate melanin production; the UV exposure is the primary mechanism that leads to skin cancer.
Which description of a muscle action is NOT correct? Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur. Synergists help agonists. Agonists are the prime movers for an action. Antagonists counter the action of a prime mover.
Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur.
Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell. Holocrine glands secrete their products through a hollow, tubular duct.
Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing.
Drinking alcohol makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood? Hypertonic blood forces water into the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells. Hypertonic blood will lose water to the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, causes water to move into the cell.
Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.
Which of the following organ systems is involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes? I. Digestive system II. Urinary system III. Nervous system IV. Circulatory system V. Reproductive system VI. Respiratory system
I, IV, VI
Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen
III < I < II
Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary active transport? Energy is required for primary active transport, but energy is not required for secondary active transport. Primary active transport is driven by secondary active transport. In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated. Primary active transport is used to transport sugars and amino acids across the plasma membrane, while secondary active transport includes the sodium-potassium pump.
In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding ATP production in muscles during periods of prolonged energy use, such as exercise? As your blood sugar drops at any time during prolonged activity, glycogen stores in your muscles can be broken down to supply a glucose source. In the absence of oxygen, creatine phosphate can drive aerobic respiration pathways for a few minutes. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic pathways provide minimal ATP regeneration for less than a minute. Prolonged activity requires the use of aerobic pathways for ATP regeneration.
In the absence of oxygen, creatine phosphate can drive aerobic respiration pathways for a few minutes.
Which event must precede all others during tissue repair? Clotting occurs in the damaged area. Fibroblasts produce collagen that strengthens the area surrounding the tissue damage. Epithelia reproduce and migrate to the damaged area. Inflammation occurs near the affected cells.
Inflammation occurs near the affected cells.
Type I diabetes is caused when an individual does not produce insulin. Which of the following statements regarding insulin is TRUE?
Insulin is the effector that controls blood sugar.
What is the function of serous fluid? It aids in the repair of damaged organs. It prevents the organs from drying out when in contact with air. It helps the stomach and other organs maintain neutral buoyancy within body cavities, even during fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, or when gases, such as oxygen or methane, are present in varying ratios. It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction.
It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction.
Choose the FALSE statement about the olfactory epithelium. It contains olfactory sensory neurons. It is made of simple squamous epithelium. It is coated with mucus at the air interface. It is located in the roof of the nasal cavity
It is made of simple squamous epithelium.
If the cell could no longer produce ATP, what would be the effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum? It would be unable to concentrate Ca+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca+ would leak out of the cell. The muscle would not contract. Ca+ would build up in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
It would be unable to concentrate Ca+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy. Kinetic energy is stored energy and has the capacity to do work; potential energy is expressed through motion. Kinetic energy may eventually become potential energy, but potential energy cannot become kinetic energy. Kinetic energy and potential energy are synonymous; they are defined as the capacity to do work, actively putting matter into motion.
Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? The sternum is an example of a flat bone. Long bones include all limb bones except the patella. Irregular bones include the vertebrae and hip bones. Sesamoid bones form within certain tendons.
Long bones include all limb bones except the patella.
Which of the following is NOT a difference between a compound and a mixture? Mixtures can be separated by physical means, such as straining, filtering, or evaporation. Compounds can only be separated into their constituent atoms by chemically breaking bonds. Some mixtures are homogenous, while others are heterogeneous. All compounds are homogeneous. No chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture. The properties of atoms and molecules are not changed when they become part of a mixture. Mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous.
Mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous.
__________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells. Enzymes Mucins Amino acids Salts Hormones
Mucins
Which of the following does NOT describe conditions that occur during an action potential? After initial depolarization, K+ now has both an electrical and a chemical gradient drawing it out of the cell. Na+ enters the cell through voltage-gated channels, causing a reversal of the resting membrane potential. Na+ is used to repolarize the membrane. The Na+/K+ pump reestablishes resting concentration gradients.
Na+ is used to repolarize the membrane.
Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves? Nerves do not contain cell bodies. Nerves are analogous to tracts in the CNS. Nerves are covered by an outer sheath called the epineurium. Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both.
Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both.
Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar? Both systems share common efferent pathways. Both systems share common effectors. Both systems have ganglia in their motor pathways. Both systems elicit the same target organ responses to their neurotransmitters. None of the listed responses is correct.
None of the listed responses is correct.
Which of the following does NOT describe the process of summation? Two EPSPs are generated at the same time by two separate synapses, bringing the cell to threshold. One EPSP and one IPSP cancel each other out. One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold. Two EPSPs occur close enough in time to bring the cell to threshold.
One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold.
Which of the following best demonstrates an example of cooperation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems? Parasympathetic stimulation causes copious sweating; sympathetic stimulation causes epidermal pores to dilate. Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis, leading to erection; sympathetic stimulation then causes ejaculation. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis, leading to erection; parasympathetic stimulation then causes ejaculation. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the clitoris, leading to erection; parasympathetic stimulation then causes reflex contractions of the vagina.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis, leading to erection; sympathetic stimulation then causes ejaculation.
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system? Decode sensory information from the environment. Release hormones into the bloodstream to communicate with other cells in the body. Integrate sensory input for decision making. Generate direct, electrical signals.
Release hormones into the bloodstream to communicate with other cells in the body.
Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? astrocytes oligodendrocytes satellite cells Schwann cells
Schwann cells
Which of the following is true of protein structure? Secondary protein structures are caused by hydrogen bonding between adjacent amine and carboxyl groups. Tertiary protein structure emerges when there is more than one peptide chain in a protein. Peptide bonds are formed by hydrolysis. Peptide bonds join the amine group on one amino acid with the R group of another amino acid.
Secondary protein structures are caused by hydrogen bonding between adjacent amine and carboxyl groups.
Which of these statements is NOT correct regarding our limbic system? Emotional states can alter our blood pressure. The cingulate helps you express your emotional state. Sights often create strong emotional responses. Your amygdala judges facial expressions for danger.
Sights often create strong emotional responses.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Skeletal muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of ATP to do work. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated. Skeletal muscle cells have T tubules. Skeletal muscle cells have glycosomes. Skeletal muscle cells contain myoglobin.
Skeletal muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of ATP to do work.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the polarization of a neuronal membrane and the formation of a resting membrane potential? As Na+ leaks across the membrane, that establishes a negative charge inside the membrane. As sodium leaks into the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more negative. A resting potential can be generated without the energy as an input. Sodium/Potassium pumps maintain concentration gradients; sodium and potassium move down their concentration gradients through leakage channels.
Sodium/Potassium pumps maintain concentration gradients; sodium and potassium move down their concentration gradients through leakage channels.
Which of the following statements is correct concerning the spinal cord? Damage to sensory tracts in the spinal cord leads to paralysis. Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function. Just like the cerebrum, the gray matter is found on the superficial surfaces. The white matter contains cell bodies for spinal nuclei.
Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis. Langerhans cells activate the immune system. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.
Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things? The axon can synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion. The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment. The axon can ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion. The axon can pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk without synapsing.
The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment
Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position?
The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.
What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell? The cell produces a great deal of protein. The cell packages a great deal of proteins for secretion. The cell has a great metabolic demand. The cell builds a lot of cholesterol.
The cell has a great metabolic demand.
Under a microscope you view a cell with a very large quantity of lysosomes present. What could this indicate? The cell is making a large amount of protein. The cell has a high energy demand. The cell is about to undergo apoptosis. The cell is detoxifying toxins.
The cell is about to undergo apoptosis.
Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is NOT correct? The cerebellum plays a role maintaining your balance. Damage to the cerebellum could affect posture. The cerebellum has a cortex and homunculus, just like the motor cortex. The cerebellum generates conscious motor commands.
The cerebellum generates conscious motor commands.
Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci. The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum. The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri
The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about carbohydrates? Dietary glucose is primarily used to drive our metabolic pathways that produce energy. Carbohydrates consist of monomers called simple sugars. The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present. Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate formed by dehydration synthesis of glucose molecules.
The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body. The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air. The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium Serous membranes line body cavities and organs.
The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium
Many neurons have many short, branching extensions called dendrites. What is the benefit of these structures for a neuron? There is a large area for production of chemicals used to signal other neurons. The dendrites provide a large surface area for connections from other neurons. There is a large surface area to send signals to other cells. There is a large amount of space for myelin to form and make electrical conduction more efficient.
The dendrites provide a large surface area for connections from other neurons.
In a lab you are conducting tests with various chemicals and neurotransmitter receptors. You notice that exposed frog muscle cells depolarize when you add the chemical nicotine to the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. What does this tell us about the relationship between neurotransmitters and their receptors? Neurotransmitter receptors only bind specifically with their neurotransmitter. The response generated by a receptor is very broad in nature. The effect of a neurotransmitter is based on the properties of the neurotransmitter more than the receptor. The effect of a neurotransmitter is based on the properties of the receptor more than the neurotransmitter.
The effect of a neurotransmitter is based on the properties of the receptor more than the neurotransmitter.
Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint? The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable. Ligaments surround the glenohumeral joint on all sides and strengthen the joint. The deepness of the glenoid strengthens the joint overall. Many muscles cross the glenohumeral joint and limit the mobility of the joint.
The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.
What is the role of the hair follicle? The hair follicle allows hair to "stand on end," or become erect. The hair follicle serves as a sensory receptor. The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft. The hair follicle produces hair.
The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft.
Which of the following best explains the fact that eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head? The hair of the eyebrows does not have a cuticle, but the hair on the head does have a cuticle. The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive. The hair follicles of the eyebrows are not responsive to androgens; hair follicles in the scalp are responsive to androgens. The hair follicles of the eyebrows exhibit a resting phase, but the hair follicles in the scalp do not. The hair follicles of the eyebrows do not have a hair matrix; the hair follicles in the scalp do have a hair matrix.
The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.
Which of the following statements is correct? The heart is posterior to the spine. The sternum is dorsal to the spine. The heart is dorsal to the sternum. The sternum is posterior to the spine
The heart is dorsal to the sternum.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the lens? In a healthy eye, the lens will be opaque. The lens focuses light on the retina. The lens is vascularized. The lens of the human eye has a concave shape.
The lens focuses light on the retina.
Which of the following is NOT a difference between graded potentials and action potentials? Graded potentials occur along dendrites, whereas action potentials occur along axons. Greater stimulus intensity results in larger graded potentials, but not larger action potentials. The magnitude of action potentials decrease as the impulse travels further away from the start of the impulse while graded potentials do not decrease in magnitude. Graded potentials can result from the opening of chemically gated channels; action potentials require the opening of voltage-gated channels.
The magnitude of action potentials decrease as the impulse travels further away from the start of the impulse while graded potentials do not decrease in magnitude.
Based on what you know of the relationship between the thick and the thin filaments, what would happen if a disorder existed that caused a person to produce no tropomyosin? The muscle tissues would never be able to relax. The muscle would be weaker than normal. The muscle would never contract. Actin will spontaneously fall apart.
The muscle tissues would never be able to relax.
You discover that a new chemical compound interacts with K+ voltage-dependent channels. What would be the effect on a neuron if the chemical came into contact with the axonal membrane? The neuron would be unable to repolarize. The cell would be unable to depolarize. The cell would be unable to generate a resting potential. The cell would die.
The neuron would be unable to repolarize.
Which of the following statements is correct? The more a muscle shortens, the more power it generates. Muscle fibers running in parallel arrangement generate more power. Multipennate muscles do not produce much power because the fibers run in many directions. The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be.
The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be.
Which of the following is true? The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance. Atomic weight is determined by the number of electrons in an atom of a given element. Atomic weight is determined by the number of protons in an atom of a given element. The chemical reactivity of an atom is based on the overall number of electrons in the atom.
The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance.
Which of the following is true of receptors for dynamic equilibrium? The receptors for dynamic equilibrium respond to rotational forces. The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are called maculae. The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are not stimulated by head movement. The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are located in the vestibule of the ear.
The receptors for dynamic equilibrium respond to rotational forces.
Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands. Eccrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty, while apocrine sweat glands function throughout life. Eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to make secretions, while apocrine sweat glands do not. Eccrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than apocrine sweat glands.
The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic steps involved in enzyme activity? The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site. The enzyme-substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product(s). The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate(s) on which it acts, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The enzyme releases the product(s) of the reaction.
The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site.
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for something to be tasted? The tastant must dissolve in saliva. The tastant must contact gustatory hairs. The tastant must contact the basal epithelial cells of the taste buds. The tastant must diffuse into a taste pore.
The tastant must contact the basal epithelial cells of the taste buds.
Which of the following statements regarding the umbilicus and the chin is true? The chin is caudal to the umbilicus. The umbilicus is superior to the chin. The umbilicus is medial to the chin. The umbilicus is caudal to the chin.
The umbilicus is caudal to the chin
Which of the following is FALSE? The mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located. The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located. With some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt. Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located.
What is the basic condition when a neuron is described as polarized? There are large, protein anions inside the neuron. Na+ is found outside of the neuron and K+ is found inside of the cell. There is a separation of positive and negative charges across a membrane. Na+ is found outside of the neuron.
There is a separation of positive and negative charges across a membrane.
Which of the following is characteristic of cilia? They are used for cellular adhesion. They are substantially longer than flagella, and are less common than flagella in humans. They move substances in many directions across a cell's surfaces. They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.
They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.
Which of the following is true about lipids? Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water. Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids. Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids.
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.
ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable.
True. ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells, and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells. Chemically, the triphosphate tail of ATP can be compared to a tightly coiled spring ready to uncoil with tremendous energy when the catch is released. Actually, ATP is a very unstable high-energy molecule because its three negatively charged phosphate groups are closely packed and repel each other.
In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized.
True. All cells have a resting membrane potential (RMP), such that the inside (interior surface) of the cell membrane has a net negative charge while the outside (external surface) of the membrane has a net positive charge. Given the different (opposite) charges on either side of the cell membrane, the cell is considered to be polarized. This RMP, which results from separation of charged particles (ions) across the cell membrane, can be measured in millivolts (typically ranging from −50 to −100 mV depending on the cell type).
Lysosomes perform digestive functions within a cell.
True. Born as endosomes that contain inactive enzymes, lysosomes are spherical, membranous organelles containing activated digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are large and abundant within phagocytes, the cells that dispose of invading bacteria and cell debris. Lysosomal enzymes can digest almost all kinds of biological molecules. They work best in acidic conditions and so are called acid hydrolases.
Bundles of neurons in the central nervous system are called tracts.
True. Bundles of neurons are called tracts in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous systems, bundles of axons are called nerves
The major function of DNA is to store the genetic instructions that are used during protein synthesis
True. DNA serves as the blueprint to make the proteins your body needs.
Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false?
True. Flat bones consist of two thin plates of compact bone enclosing a spongy bone layer.
If the neuron membrane becomes more permeable to Na+, Na+ will transport across the membrane, causing the cell to depolarize
True. In either a graded or action potential, Na+ is transported into the cell faster than during resting potentials. As Na+ enters the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more positive, or depolarized.
Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM).
True. Many factors can influence the transfer of information from STM to LTM, including emotional state (we learn best when we are alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused), rehearsal (repeating the material enhances memory), association (tying "new" information to "old" information already stored in LTM appears to be important in remembering facts), and automatic memory (some impressions that become part of LTM are subconsciously formed).
All salts are ions, but not all ions are salts.
True. Salts are ions that contain a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-.
The main role of the axial skeleton is to protect and support vital organs. Is this statement true or false?
True. The main role of the appendicular skeleton involves locomotion; it also allows us to manipulate our environment. The axial skeleton is mostly involved in supporting other body parts and protecting vital organs.
The collagen in the osteoid bone matrix makes the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing flexibility. Is this statement true or false?
True. The matrix is one-third organic osteoid. This portion includes a large amount of collagen that allows the bone to stretch and absorb shock without being too brittle.
In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs.
True. The primary sensory cortex receives sensory inputs in their cruder forms, while the association cortex helps you understand what the sensory input means.
Assume that Na+ is being transported across a membrane via facilitated diffusion. Which of the following conditions would allow for the most transport of Na+ across that membrane? a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward K+ a gradient of less than 5% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward K+ a gradient of less than 5% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl− a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl−
a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl−
Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint? a symphysis a syndesmosis a suture a gomphosis
a symphysis
Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue? transport insulation support absorption
absorption
Which of the following best describes an isotope? an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of electrons an atomic structural variation in which atoms have valence shell difference an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of protons
an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons
Which of the following would be a sign of a melanoma? uniform coloration regular borders a size smaller than 6 mm asymmetry
asymmetry
Which of the following is the regional term that includes the head? axial appendicular coronal superior
axial
Identify the correct sequence of the following events. (a) Myosin generates a power stroke. (b) Ca+ binds to troponin. (c) ATP recharges the myosin head. (d) Troponin removes tropomyosin from G actin. (e) The sarcomere shortens. (f) Myosin binds to actin. a, b, c, d, e, f f, a, c, e, d, b b, d, f, a, e, c d, b, f , c, a, e e, c, a, b, d, f b, f, a, c, e, d
b, d, f, a, e, c
Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the system as a result of burns? dehydration renal failure electrolyte imbalance bacterial infection
bacterial infection
Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type? bone; osteoblast bone; fibrocyte cartilage; fibroblast connective tissue proper; chondroblast
bone; osteoblast
Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight? carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and potassium. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. carbon, oxygen, potassium, and sodium. carbon, oxygen, iron, and potassium
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints? diarthrosis synarthrosis cartilaginous amphiarthrosis
cartilaginous
Earwax is made by __________. eccrine glands ceruminous glands apocrine glands sebaceous glands
ceruminous glands
Ions are transported across membranes using __________, which requires __________. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; ATP energy simple diffusion; kinetic energy carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion; ATP energy
channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy
Which structure is NOT matched with its function? ciliary body: focus the pupil choroid: vascular layer retina: senses light iris: allow light into eye
ciliary body: focus the pupil
All living organisms maintain an external boundary. Which of the following systems functions only within the body?
circulatory system
You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at? connective tissue epithelial tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue
connective tissue
Which of the following are correctly matched? circular arrangement of fascicles; describes the deltoid muscle parallel arrangement of fascicles; characteristic of sphincter muscles pennate arrangement of fascicles; spindle-shaped muscle convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle
convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle
Which pair below is incorrect? optic nerve: sensory cranial nerve III: pupillary constriction cranial nerve VI: eye movement cranial nerve III: oculomotor nerve cranial Nerve IV: sensory
cranial Nerve IV: sensory
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue? highly branched cells used for support and insulation creates linings transmits electrical impulses
creates linings
Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell? cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus cytosol, nucleus, and membrane mitochondria, lysosome, and centriole plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus
cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus
Which of the following is a factor that determines the rate of impulse propagation, or conduction velocity, along an axon? length of the axon whether the axon is located in the central nervous system or in the peripheral nervous system the number of axon collaterals extending from a truncated axon degree of myelination of the axon
degree of myelination of the axon
The sliding filament model of contraction states that __________. during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past T tubules so that the Z discs are overlapping during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that the actin and myosin myofilaments overlap to a greater degree during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that the actin and myosin myofilaments no longer overlap during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that calcium ions can be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that the actin and myosin myofilaments overlap to a greater degree
A muscle that is lengthening while it produces tension is performing a(n) __________ contraction. eccentric maximal concentric isometric
eccentric
You discover a new type of gland associated with the skin. Chemical analysis of the product shows a secretion has a pH of 4, consists of 99% water, and contains traces of normal electrolytes including urea, vitamin C, and dermicidin. There are no traces of fats or proteins. How would you classify this new gland? ceruminous gland sebaceous gland eccrine gland mammary gland
eccrine gland
Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? glucagon parathyroid hormone low blood Ca2+ concentration mechanical stress
glucagon
Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion?
glucose
Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair? spinal cord: inner gray matter superficial in the brain: gray matter gray matter: location of brain nuclei gray matter: myelinated axons
gray matter: myelinated axons
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________. bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling hematoma formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation, and hard callus formation hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling
hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling
In people with lighter skin, respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change? melanin carotene folic acid hemoglobin
hemoglobin
Which of the following does NOT describe a multicellular exocrine gland? hormone glands alveolar glands simple glands tubular glands
hormone glands
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of a synovial joint? ligaments connecting the two bones of the joint a capsule that creates a space in the joint synovial fluid hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint
hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions? hyperbolic exchange synthesis decomposition
hyperbolic
Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? cerebral cortex hypothalamus brain stem peripheral ganglia
hypothalamus
Which plexus does NOT receive innervation from the vagus nerve? inferior hypogastric plexus pulmonary plexuses cardiac plexuses abdominal aortic plexus
inferior hypogastric plexus
The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is __________. organization, inflammation, and regeneration inflammation, organization, and regeneration inflammation, regeneration, and organization regeneration, organization, and inflammation
inflammation, organization, and regeneration
Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc? interneurons receptors motor neurons sensory neurons
interneurons
The pH scale __________. is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is linear is based on the salinity of a solution ranges from 1 to 7
is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
The nucleolus __________. is the site of lipid production in a cell is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell is a dark-staining spherical body found within the mitochondria is the primary site of protein synthesis
is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell
Smooth muscle __________. has striations is under involuntary control contains intercalated discs has long, cylindrical cells
is under involuntary control
Sprains indicate damage to what joint component? muscles bones tendons ligaments
ligaments
Damage to the medial portion of the optic chiasm, cause by a pituitary tumor, would lead to __________. loss of central vision blindness in the left half of the visual field loss of peripheral vision blindness in the right half of the visual field
loss of peripheral vision
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________. squamous cell carcinoma melanoma basal cell carcinoma All of these skin cancers are equally dangerous.
melanoma
Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? oligodendrocytes microglia ependymal cells astrocytes
microglia
Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells?
microscopic anatomy
Which description is NOT consistent with the sympathetic division? thoracolumbar long postganglionic fibers ganglia close to the spinal cord most innervation from the vagus nerve
most innervation from the vagus nerve
An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a __________. multicellular simple gland unicellular compound gland multicellular compound gland unicellular simple gland
multicellular simple gland
You are designing a drug to reduce heart rate. Which receptor would you target? (1 adrenergic receptors β1 adrenergic receptors nicotinic receptors muscarinic receptors
muscarinic receptors
Which term best identifies a muscle cell? myofibril sarcomere muscle fascicle muscle fiber
muscle fiber
Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired? muscle; endoderm epithelium; endoderm and ectoderm nervous tissue; ectoderm connective tissue; mesoderm
muscle; endoderm
Choose the correctly paired terms. myopia: farsightedness astigmatism: clouding of the lens nyctalopia: night blindness hyperopia: nearsightedness
nyctalopia: night blindness
When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________. supination opposition dorsiflexion flexion retraction
opposition
Which of the following cells are NOT matched with its appropriate function? osteoclasts; bone reabsorption bone lining cells; maintain matrix osteocytes; produce new bone cells. osteoblasts create new bone matrix
osteocytes; produce new bone cells.
In the brain, vision originates in the rods and cones in the retina. Separate regions of the brain decode basic information, like color, shapes, intensity of light, and there are other regions that decode information like position in space, and awareness of patterns. As you use your visual system, all of these regions are working simultaneously. This simultaneous awareness of all regions working at the same time is due to which processing pattern listed below? serial processing oscillative processing parallel processing reflexive processing
parallel processing
Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a chemical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell?
phospholipids
Which of the meninges is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? arachnoid mater meningeal layer of the dura mater pia mater periosteal layer of the dura mater
pia mater
Which of the following regions of the brain stem serves as a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum? pons thalamus midbrain medulla oblongata
pons
Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit? converging circuits pre-synaptic circuits diverging circuits reverberating circuits
pre-synaptic circuits
For our motor commands to travel toward our muscles, the signals must travel on __________. commissural fibers association fibers projection fibers the primary visual cortex
projection fibers
Which of the following is NOT a normal function of muscle tissue? stabilizing joints producing movement maintaining posture generating heat protecting organs
protecting organs
Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? lubrication of the skin protection from UV radiation protection from bacteria prevention of water loss
protection from UV radiation
Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid? pinocytosis transcytosis phagocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which of the following are correctly matched? deltoid; at a right angle to the long axis brevis; long transverse; parallel to the long axis rectus; straight
rectus; straight
Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation? vigorous physical activity fight-or-flight responses resting and digesting sweating and dilating pupils
resting and digesting
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? reticular layer stratum corneum stratum granulosum basal layer
reticular layer
With regards to a variation of a physiological value from its set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ the value back to the set point or normal limit.
returns
Which of the following circuit types is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle, breathing, and certain motor activities (such as arm swinging when walking)? reverberating circuits diverging circuits parallel after-discharge circuits converging circuits
reverberating circuits
Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins? rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes Golgi apparatus smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
Which of the following cuts could cross the umbilical, pelvic, and nasal regions? transverse section oblique section sagittal section coronal section
sagittal section
The __________ shorten(s) during muscle contraction actin sarcomere Z lines thick filament
sarcomere
Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair? apocrine sweat glands ceruminous glands sebaceous glands eccrine sweat glands
sebaceous glands
Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control? projection level, precommand level, segmental level segmental level, precommand level, projection level precommand level, projection level, segmental level segmental level, projection level, precommand level
segmental level, projection level, precommand level
You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen, the cells seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at? simple cuboidal epithelia stratified squamous epithelia transitional epithelia simple columnar epithelia
simple columnar epithelia
Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function? hyaline cartilage; cover the ends of bones skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways fibrocartilage; withstand pressure and stretch elastic cartilage; withstand repetitive bending
skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways
Which of the following are correctly paired? cardiac muscle; voluntary control skeletal muscle; voluntary control cardiac muscle; nonstriated smooth muscle; striated
skeletal muscle; voluntary control
Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum lucidum stratum basale
stratum basale
The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________. superficial reflex stretch reflex flexor reflex tendon reflex
stretch reflex
What function do transitional epithelia have? absorption stretching resistance to friction filtration
stretching
Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component? pineal gland superior colliculus hypothalamus thalamus
superior colliculus
Which of the following are correctly paired? suture; bones connected exclusively by ligaments syndesmosis; bony edges interlock gomphosis; articulating bones are separated by a fluid- containing cavity synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity? diarthrosis synovial fibrous cartilaginous
synovial
The force of a muscle contraction is NOT affected by __________. the degree of muscle stretch the amount of ATP stored in the muscle cells the frequency of the stimulation the number of muscle fibers stimulated the size of the muscle fibers stimulated
the amount of ATP stored in the muscle cells
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability? the amount of muscle tone applied to tendons that cross the joint the shape of the articulating surfaces the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity the number and positioning of reinforcing ligaments
the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity
Information from balance (equilibrium) receptors is processed in __________. visual receptors the brain stem the cerebral cortex somatic receptors in the muscles
the brain stem
Which portion of the ear is responsible for sound transduction? the tympanic membrane the cochlea the vestibule the ossicles
the cochlea
Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons? the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated
the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system
What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone? the diaphysis the epiphyseal plate the medullary cavity the epiphyses
the epiphyseal plate
Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system?
the receptor, the control center, and the effector
Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines? the reticular layer the basal layer the papillary layer the granular layer
the reticular layer
The contractile, or functional, unit of a muscle fiber is __________. the sarcomere the elastic filament troponin the myofilament
the sarcomere
What structure helps us localize sound? the superior olivary nucleus the cochlea the auditory cortex the inferior colliculus
the superior olivary nucleus
As you start working out, you notice that your heart rate and breathing rate start to increase. Which division of your nervous system is generating this response? Be as specific as possible. the somatic nervous system the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system the afferent division of the nervous system the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria? defensins the temperature of the skin cathelicidins the low pH of the skin dermcidin
the temperature of the skin
Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion? the hip joint the glenohumeral joint the tibiofemoral joint the temporomandibular joint
the temporomandibular joint
The dorsal body cavity is divided into which of the following subdivisions? the vertebral/spinal and thoracic cavities the thoracic, pleural, and abdominopelvic cavities the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities the vertebral/spinal, cranial, and pleural cavities
the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities
If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing? metabolic function cutaneous sensation thermoregulation having the skin act as a physical barrier
thermoregulation
Which of the following characteristics is representative of receptor-level processing, NOT perceptual-level processing? magnitude transduction spatial discrimination detection
transduction
Which type of muscle is found in the wall of hollow organs? skeletal muscle unitary smooth muscle multi unit smooth muscle cardiac muscle
unitary smooth muscle
