A&P II

Visible Body: The thyroid consists mainly of spherical sacs known as thyroid follicles, which are linked by epithelial cells that make and secrete ______ and ______, and cells within or between follicles make and secrete ____.

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), calcitonin (CT)

Visible Body: The following body functions are regulated by glands in the endocrine system, except: a. all of these are regulated by hormones b. sexual development and function c. metabolism and growth d. immune responses

a

Visible Body: The thyroid gland is located _____ the trachea and _____ the larynx. a. anterior, inferior b. inferior, anterior c. posterior, inferior d. inferior, posterior

a

The target organ of TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) is the

anterior pituitary gland

Visible Body: What does the pituitary gland produce? a. sweat b. hormones c. sec cells b. blood cells

b

Much of the endocrine system regulates itself through a process called

negative feedback

_____________ is neuroendocrine organ

•Hypothalamus

Which hormone is the role in males NOT well understood

Prolactin

Visible Body: If you were doing an oral presentation on the pineal gland, you would likely make all of the following points except

The pineal gland is a small reddish-gray body, about 1 cm in diameter, that is attached to the infundibulum of the hypothalamus.

Visible Body: Corticosteroids are hormones that affect the breakdown of proteins and the reabsorption of water and sodium. They are produced by the: a. adrenal cortex b. parathyroid gland c. thyroid gland d. kidneys

a

Visible Body: Hypoglycemia causes alpha cells of the pancreas to release _______, which triggers the release of glucose by the liver. a. glucagon b. insulin c. somatostatin d. progesterone

a

Visible Body: Which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary? a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OXT) b. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a

In which region of the adrenal gland is aldosterone produced?

adrenal cortex

Which hormones are amino acid based? Which are steroid based?

amino acid based •Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins Steroids •Synthesized from cholesterol •Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

What is the effect of the parathyroid hormone?

an increase in blood calcium levels

Visible Body: All of the following are functions of human growth hormone except: a, growth of skeletal muscles b. regulation of urine output c. lipid metabolism d. growth of skeletal tissues

b

Visible Body: One of the hormones released by the kidneys is: a. natriuretic peptides b. erythropoietin c. estrogen d. melatonin

b

Visible Body: Stress stimulates the _____ to produce hormones that ramp up body activity in the fight-or-flight response. a. pancreas b. adrenal glands c. thyroid d. pineal gland

b

Visible Body: The hypothalamus releases regulatory hormones into the hypophyseal portal system; a closed capillary bed around the ___________. a. adrenal gland b. anterior pituitary gland c. hypothalamus d. thyroid

b

Visible Body: The pineal gland procedures the hormone _____, which protects nervous tissue and regulates sleeping patterns. a. glucagon b. melatonin c. corticosteroids d. estrogen and progesterone

b

Visible Body: Which hormone causes the adrenal glands to produce steroid hormones that influence the metabolism of glucose? a. melanocyte-stimulating hormone b. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) c. oxytocin (OXT) d. luteinizing hormone (LH)

b

Visible Body: Hormones do all the following except: a. bind to receptors on the surface of the target cell b. pass through the cell membrane c. get secreted by glands through hollow ducts d. attach to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

c

Visible Body: One type of hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland regulates: a. blood pressure b. urine production c. growth d. uterine contractions

c

Visible Body: The _______ gland oversees metabolism and growth, while the _____ oversees immune responses. a. parathyroid, thymus b. adrenals, thyroid c. thyroid, thymus

c

Visible Body: The adrenal glands are located superior to the kidneys on either side of the : a. liver b. stomach c. vertebral column d. thyroid gland

c

Visible Body: The pancreatic islets are clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete the following hormones, except: a. insulin b. glucagon c. testosterone d. somatostatin

c

Visible Body: The parathyroid glands secrete ______ which increases calcium levels in the blood by stimulating the bones, intestines, and kidneys. a. thyroxine (T4) b. melatonin c. parathyroid hormone d. Epinephrine (E)

c

Hormones can be all of the following except:

carbohydrates

An excess of hormones in the blood may cause target organs to decrease the number of receptors for the hormone in a process called

down-regulation

Acromegaly is a result by hypersecretion of this hormone:

growth hormone

The epiphyseal plate is the target organ of this hormone:

growth plate

Cushing's disease is caused by

hypersecretion of the adrenal glands

A person with endemic goiter suffers from

hypo-functioning thyroid gland

Which area of the brain regulates the endocrine system

hypothalamus

Where is oxytocin produced?

hypothalamus; but it stores in the posterior pituitary

Most of amino acid based hormones affect the target organs using:

intracellular second messengers

Endemic goiter results from a lack of _____ in the diet

iodine

Hormones that directly activate genes are classified as:

lipid-soluble because like dissolves like

Visible Body: In addition to the endocrine glands, hormone-secreting cells occur in the _________ vessels.

lymphatic vessels

The islets of Langerhans are found in which endocrine organ?

pancreas

Which endocrine gland is tiny, yellow-brown in color, and arranged in thick, branching cords?

parathyroid gland

Endocrine glands

produce hormones and lack ducts

Endocrine System

slow responses --long-duration acts by hormones releasing in the blood Acts at diffuse locations Act over long distances

Target organs respond to water-soluble hormones because of the presence of _______ on the cell membrane surface.

specific receptors

Endocrinology:

study of hormones and endocrine organs

This gland atrophies after puberty:

thymus

Exophthalmos is a sign of hypersecretion of this hormone

thyroxine

The anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called

tropic hormones

Hormones are secreted in response to all the following stimuli except

up-regulation

__________glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

•Endocrine glands

This hormone is important in sodium regulation and therefore water balance.

Aldosterone

Visible Body: Which of the following is a similarity between calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Both help regulate blood calcium levels.

Visible Body: The adrenal cortex produces _____, whereas the adrenal medulla produces _____ and _____.

Corticosteroid hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Visible Body: Parathyroid cells known as _____ cells are thought to produce most or all of the parathyroids' endocrine secretion.

Chief

Visible Body: The thyroid gland releases the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which do the following except: a. increase metabolism b. increase nervous system development c. increase glucose use d. prohibit protein synthesis

D

Visible Body: All of the following hormones are released by the kidneys except

Glucagon

Visible Body Which of the following accurately compares the role of glucagon and insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?

Glucagon stimulates organs and tissues to release glucose, whereas insulin stimulates organs and tissues to increase their uptake of glucose.

Two main classes of hormones, and a possible third class

-Amino acid-based hormones -Steroids •A possible third class, eicosanoids, is considered a hormone by some scientists, but most classify it as a paracrine

Which organs have exocrine and endocrine functions•Some have exocrine and endocrine functions

-Pancreas, gonads, placenta

•Exocrine glands

-Produce nonhormonal substances (examples: sweat, saliva) -Have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface

What are the 5 major processes that hormones control and integrate?

-Reproduction -Growth and development -Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood -Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance -Mobilization of body defenses

•Endocrine system controls and integrates:

-Reproduction -Growth and development -Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood -Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance -Mobilization of body defenses

Visible Body If you were doing an oral presentation on organs that have endocrine functions as well as other bodily functions, you would likely make all of the following points except

In addition to its lymphatic functions, the thymus secretes hormones that increase metabolism, glucose use, protein synthesis, and nervous system development

Hypoglycemia is a problem with which hormones?

Insulin

Visible Body: Which of the following accurately compares primary and secondary endocrine organs?

Primary endocrine organs release regulatory hormones, whereas secondary endocrine organs have other functions in addition to secreting hormones.

Visible Body: Which hormone is responsible for milk production in a new mother?

Prolactin (PRL)

_____________tissues with receptors for a specific hormone

Target cells: