A&P II; Exam 2 - 18 (Heart) , 19 (Cardiovascular System), & 20 (Lymphatic)
A blood vessel that ranges from 0.3 mm to about 1 cm in diameter and has a large tunica media relative to the size of the lumen is: A. An elastic artery B. A muscular artery C. An arteriole D. A capillary
B. A muscular artery
Which statement best describes arteries? A. All carry oxygenated blood back to the heart? B. All carry blood away from the heart C. All contain valves to present backflow to the heart D. Only large arteries have an endothelial lining
B. All carry blood away from the heart
The term for pain caused by deficient blood delivery to the heart wall is: A. Ischemia B. Angina pectoris C. Myocardial infarct D. Pericarditis
B. Angina pectoris
_____ is not a subclass of T cells? A. Cytotoxic B. Antigenic C. Helper D. Memory
B. Antigenic
Continuous capillaries: A. Have oral pores to allow delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues B. Are abundant in the skin and skeletal muscle C. Have a thin layer of muscle tissue to facilitate blood flow D. Have a thin layer of connective tissue to prevent protein leakage
B. Are abundant in the skin and skeletal muscle
Which is correct about lymphocytes: A. T cells and macrophages are the main two classes B. B cells turn into plasma cells and start secreting antibodies into the blood C. T cells mature into B cells D. T cells are the only form of lymphocyte capable of phagocytosis
B. B cells turn into plasma cells and start secreting antibodies into the blood
Semilunar valves are located: A. Between the atria and the ventricles B. Between the ventricles and the great arteries C. Between the great veins and the atria D. Only between the left ventricle and the aorta
B. Between the ventricles and the great arteries
The hepatic portal vein: A. Is really an artery B. Carries nutrient rich blood to the liver C. Carries oxygen rich blood from the liver to the vicera D. Carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava
B. Carries nutrient rich blood to the liver
Enlargement of the heart with progressive decline in pumping efficiency: A. Cardiac tamponade B. Congestive heart failure C. Heart block D. Myocardial infarction E. Ventricular fibrillation
B. Congestive heart failure
The internal C-shaped crest of the right atrium which indicates the openings for the Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava is: A. Ligamentum arteriosum B. Crista terminalis C. Trabeculae carneae D. Pectinate muscles E. Fossa ovalis
B. Crista terminalis
Collective name for the structures that drain the cranium. A. Vascular anastomosis B. Dural sinuses C. Internal jugular vein D. Cavernous sinuses E. Inferior vena cava
B. Dural sinuses
The thymus is most active during: A. The first trimester of development B. Early childhood C. Adolescence D. Old age
B. Early childhood
What does the ECG wave tracing represent? A. Contraction of the heart B. Electrical activity in the heart
B. Electrical activity in the heart
If a physician cannot feel a pulse in the popliteal fossa, the _____ artery is most likely narrowed by atherosclerosis: A. Dorsalis pedis B. Femoral C. Fibular D. Greater saphenous
B. Femoral
Which vessel is most commonly used to bypass a damaged coronary artery in coronary bypass surgery? A. Azygos vein B. Great saphenous vein C. Femoral artery D. Internal carotid artery
B. Great saphenous vein
Fenestrated capillaries: A. Are located in the central nervous system B. Have pores in their walls C. Permit the movement of very few molecules D. Occur in most of the organs of the body
B. Have pores in their walls
The major cause of atherosclerosis is due to the: A. Formation of atheromas B. Destruction of valves in veins C. Lack of formation of anastomosis between vessels D. Destruction of elastic fibers in artery walls
A. Formation of atheromas
What causes heart sounds? A. Heart valve closure B. Opening of heart valves C. Blood flowing from the atria into the ventricles D. Pressure of blood in the ventricles
A. Heart valve closure
Phlebitis is: A. Inflammation of a vein B. A condition characterized by excessively leaky capillaries C. Cancer of the tunica intima D. Ballooning of an artery
A. Inflammation of a vein
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the: A. Lingual tonsils B. Palatine tonsils C. Pharyngeal tonsils D. Peyers patches
A. Lingual tonsils
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization of the ECG tracing? A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave
A. P wave (Yes, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, which leads to atrial contraction)
Which is not a lymphoid structure? A. Pancreas B. Spleen C. Tonsils D. Peyer's patches in the distal small intestines
A. Pancreas
Aldosterone will: A. Promote an increase in blood pressure B. Promote an increase in blood volume C. Result in a larger output of urine D. Decrease sodium reabsorption
A. Promote an increase in blood pressure
Systemic venous blood that is oxygen-poor but contains the lowest concentration of nitrogenous wastes occur in the: A. Renal veins B. Hepatic portal vein C. Pulmonary veins D. Umbilical veins of the fetus
A. Renal veins
The heart chamber that receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus. A. Right atrium B. Right ventricle C. Left atrium D. Left ventricle E. Left auricle
A. Right atrium
The small cardiac vein is present on the: A. Right ventricle B. Left ventricle C. Right atrium D. Left atrium
A. Right ventricle
Wide leaky capillaries found in bone marrow and spleen. A. Sinusoids B. Fenestrated capillaries C. Continuous capillaries D. Metarterioles E. None of the above
A. Sinusoids
At which corner point of the heart does one listen for the sound of the closing aortic semilunar valve? A. Superior right B. Inferior right C. Superior left D. Inferior left
A. Superior right
The role of the coronary arteries is to: A. Supply blood to the heart tissue B. Direct blood to the aorta C. Direct blood to the pulmonary veins D. Move blood from the atria to the ventricles
A. Supply blood to the heart tissue
The base of the aorta derives from which of these "original" heart chambers in the embryo? A. Sinus venosus B. Atrium C. Ventricle D. Bulbous cordis
D. Bulbous cordis
The actual exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissues occurs at the: A. Aterioles B. Arteries C. Veins D. Capillaries
D. Capillaries
Present in most capillaries, these structures are absent in those of the blood-brain barrier: A. Tight junctions B. Endothelial cells C. Basement membrane D. Intercellular clefts E. Pericytes
D. Intercellular clefts
Which of the following terms refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells? A. Infarction B. Embolism C. Functional syncytium D. Ischemia
D. Ischemia (Ischemia refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells)
The right suprarenal and gonadal veins drain into the inferior vena cava, whereas the left suprarenal and gonadal veins drain into the: A. Superior vena cava B. Other side of the inferior vena cava C. Hepatic portal system D. Left renal vein
D. Left renal vein
The heart chamber with the thickest wall is the: A. Right atrium B. Left atrium C. Right ventricle D. Left ventricle
D. Left ventricle
Precapillary sphincters allow blood to leave this structure and enter true true capillaries. A. Sinusoids B. Fenestrated capillaries C. Continuous capillaries D. Metarterioles E. None of the above
D. Metarterioles
Death of heart musculature due to lack of oxygen: A. Cardiac tamponade B. Valve insufficiency C. Heart block D. Myocaredial infarction E. Ventricular fibrillation
D. Myocaredial infarction
Which of the following is NOT a controller of blood pressure? A. ADH B. Atrial natriuetic peptide C. Nitrix oxide D. Nitric acid
D. Nitric acid
Contraction of these structures tightens the chord tendineae, preventing valve prolapse: A. Trabeculae carneae B. Pectinate muscles C. Crista terminalis D. Papillary muscles E. Atrioventricular bundle
D. Papillary muscles
The valve responsible for preventing backflow of blood from the lungs into the heart: A. Tricuspid valve B. Bicuspid valve C. Aortic semilunar valve D. Pulmonary semilunar valve E. Pectinate muscles
D. Pulmonary semilunar valve
What type of bonds hold an anti body molecule's chain together? A. Disulfide B. Hydrogen C. Covalent D. Peptide
A. Disulfide
Lymph leaves a lymph node via: A. Efferent lymphatic vessels B. Afferent lymphatic vessels C. The cortical sinus D. The subcapsular sinus
A. Efferent lymphatic vessels
Blood pressure is highest in the: A. Elastic arteries B. Arterioles C. Veins D. Capillaries
A. Elastic arteries
When the semilunar valves are open, which of the following are occurring? 1. Coronary arteries fill 2. AV valves are closed 3. Ventricles are in systole 4. Ventricles are in diastole 5. Blood enters aorta 6. Blood enters pulmonary arteries 7. Atria contract A. 2, 3, 5, 6 B. 1, 2, 3, 7 C. 1, 3, 5, 6 D. 2, 4, 5, 7
A. 2, 3, 5, 6
In a healthy individual which of the following would be low? A. Afterload B. Contractility C. Stroke volume D. Preload
A. Afterload
A specific coronary vessel that lies in the anterior inter ventricular sulcus is the: A. Anterior inter ventricular artery/left anterior descending artery (LAD) B. Middle cardiac vein C. Coronary sinus D. Circumflex artery
A. Anterior inter ventricular artery/left anterior descending artery (LAD)
Cells of the subendocardial conducting network: A. Are larger and have fewer myofilaments than other cardiac cells B. Are nonconducting cells that electrically insulate the bundle branches of the interventricular septum? C. Are pacemaker cells located in the SA node that initiate each heartbeat? D. Are sensory cells that monitor the stretch of the myocardium to prevent over expansion by high blood pressure?
A. Are larger and have fewer myofilaments than other cardiac cells
A penetrating stab wound to the heart wall that causes blood to leak into the pericardial cavity would result in: A. Cardiac tamponade B. Myocardial infarction C. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy D. Endocarditis
A. Cardiac tamponade
What is the source of ATP for cardiac muscle contraction? A. Cellular respiration B. Stored ATP C. Creatine phosphate D. Glycolysis
A. Cellular respiration
Coronary artery that supplies the left atrium. A. Circumflex artery B. Left anterior descending artery C. Marginal artery D. Posterior descending artery E. Pulmonary artery
A. Circumflex artery
The first heart sound (the 'lub' of 'lub-dup') is caused by: A. Closure of the atrioventricular valves B. Closure of the semilunar valves C. Opening of the semilunar valves D. Opening of the atrioventricular valves
A. Closure of the atrioventricular valves
Which vessel is missing in the following statement? "Tracing venous blood from the interior left side of the posterior abdominal wall to the heart, we find that blood enters the posterior intercostal veins, the hemiazygos vein, the superior vena cava, and the right atrium." A. The azygos vein B. The hepatic portal vein C. The inferior vena cava D. The right brachiocephalic vein
A. The azygos vein
Which of the following statements about fetal heart development is false? A. The four heart chambers first develop during the third trimester B. The heart begins as a pair of tubes in the midline of the thorax C. The heart develops from mesodermal mesenchyme D. The two atria are connected by a foramen ovale until birth
A. The four heart chambers first develop during the third trimester
Which of the following is NOT a difference between the left and right ventricles? A. The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle B. The left ventricle is a more powerful pump than the right ventricle C. The left ventricle pumps blood to the systemic circuit, while the right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit D. The walls of the left ventricle are thicker than the walls of the right ventricle
A. The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle (Since the demands on the left ventricle are so great, it receives the highest percentage of the coronary blood supply)
Which of the following structures is not found in the left ventricle? A. The pectinate muscles B. The mitral valve C. The trabeculae carneae D. The papillary muscles
A. The pectinate muscles
The ring of lymphoid tissue that is in the mucosa of the oral cavity is called: A. The tonsils B. The vermiform appendix C. A Peyer's patch D. A lymph node
A. The tonsils
Which of the following is not an age-related change in the heart? A. Thinning of the valve cusps B. Decline in cardiac reserve C. Fibrosis of cardiac muscle D. Artherosclerosis
A. Thinning of the valve cusps
The ________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. A. Tricuspid B. Mitral C. Aortic semilunar d. Pulmonary semilunar
A. Tricuspid
Capillaries consist of only this layer. A. Tunica intima B. Subendothelial layer C. Tunica media D. Tunica externa E. Vasa vasorum
A. Tunica intima
What prevents the back flow of blood in veins? A. Valves B. The narrowed lumen C. Thick smooth muscle and elastic layers D. Increased blood pressure
A. Valves
What does the T wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represent? A. Ventricular repolarization B. Atrial repolarization C. Atrial depolarization D. Ventricular depolarization
A. Ventricular repolarization (The T wave of the ECG represents ventricular repolarization as the heart rests and prepares to contract again.)
The epicardium is the same as the: A. Visceral layer of serous pericardium B. Pericardium C. Endocardium D. Fibrous pericardium
A. Visceral layer of serous pericardium
The atrioventricular node is located in the: A. Right atrium, just inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava B. Inferior part of the interatrial septum C. Interventricular septum, near the heart base D. Walls of the ventricles, with the other Purkinje fibers
B. Inferior part of the interatrial septum
Freshly oxygenated blood is first received by the: A. Right atrium B. Left atrium C. Right ventricle D. Left ventricle
B. Left atrium
_____ are small organs associated with lymphatic vessels: A. Lymph follicles B. Lymph nodes C. Axillary nodes D. Cisternae chyle
B. Lymph nodes
An ECG provides information about: A. Cardiac output B. Movement of the excitation wave across the heart C. Coronary circulation D. Valve impairment
B. Movement of the excitation wave across the heart
Distributing arteries are also described as the: A. Elastic arteries B. Muscular arteries C. Arterioles D. Capillaries
B. Muscular arteries
Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the depolarization wave received from the sinoatrial (SA) node through the atria? A. QRS complex B. P wave C. S-T segment D. T wave
B. P wave
What structures anchor the chord tendineae? A. Trabeculae carneae B. Papillary muscles C. Pectinate muscles D. Semilunar valves
B. Papillary muscles
The extensor muscles of the forearm are supplies by which artery? A. Radial B. Posterior interosseous C. Ulnar D. Deep palmar arch
B. Posterior interosseous
The chordae tendineae: A. Close the atrioventricular valves B. Prevent the AV valve flaps from everting C. Contract the papillary muscles D. Open the semilunar valves
B. Prevent the AV valve flaps from everting
Cardiac tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will _____. A. Prevent the visceral layer of the serous pericardium from properly surrounding the heart B. Prevent the heart from filling properly with blood C. Prevent proper oxygenation of the blood D. Interfere with the ability of this fluid to lubricate the serous membranes
B. Prevent the heart from filling properly with blood (The heart is wrapped by a double-walled sac called the pericardium. The pericardial cavity lies between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium. It is filled with a very small amount of serous fluid. If additional fluid fills the pericardial space, it adds pressure on the outside of the heart, preventing it from filling normally)
Stenosis of the mitral valve may cause blood to back up into the: A. Venae cavae B. Pulmonary circulation C. Right ventricle D. Coronary circulation
B. Pulmonary circulation
The fact that the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right reveals that it: A. Pumps a greater volume of blood B. Pumps blood against greater resistance C. Expands the thoracic cage D. Pumps blood through a smaller valve
B. Pumps blood against greater resistance
The pulse pressure is: A. Systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure B. Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure C. Systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure D. Diastolic pressure plus 1/3 systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure
B. Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
Hormones secreted by the thymus play a role in the maturation of: A. Basophils B. T-Lymphocytes C. Macrophages D. Monocytes
B. T-Lymphocytes
The pericardial cavity lies between: A. The fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium B. The parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium C. The serous pericardium and the epicardium D. The fibrous pericardium and the diaphragm
B. The parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium
Which of the following is most likely to become a varicose vein? A. The femoral vein B. The saphenous vein C. The popliteal vein D. The fibular (peroneal) vein
B. The saphenous vein
The semilunar valves are closed when: A. The ventricles are contracting B. The ventricles are relaxing C. The atrioventricular valves are closed D. Atria are contracting
B. The ventricles are relaxing
Which is not a function of the spleen? A. Removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood B. Trapping bacteria in deep crypts C. Storage of blood platelets D. Iron storage
B. Trapping bacteria in deep crypts
Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle tissue? A. Tunica intima B. Tunica media C. Tunica externa D. Tunica adventitia
B. Tunica media
Which tunic of an artery plays the major role in maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A. Tunica interna (intima) B. Tunica media C. Tunica externa D. Tunica adventitia
B. Tunica media
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT)
Bursts of atrial contractions with little pause between them
Which of the following is not a branch of the celiac trunk? A. Left gastric artery B. Common hepatic artery C. Sigmoidal artery D. Splenic artery
C. Sigmoidal artery
In the heart, which of the following apply? 1. Action potentials are conducted from cell to cell across the myocardium via gap junctions 2. The SA node sets the place for the heart as a whole 3. Spontaneous depolarization of cardiac cells can occur in the absence of nerve stimulation 4. Cardiac muscle can continue to contract for long periods in the absence of oxygen A. All of the above B. 1, 3, 4 C. 1, 2, 3 D. 2, 3
C. 1, 2, 3
Which of the following is most indicative of hypertension? A. 120/80 in a 30 year old man B. 100/70 in a 24 year old woman C. 180/96 in a 50 year old man D. 90/60 in a 15 year old girl
C. 180/96 in a 50 year old man
An aneurysm is: A. A rupture in an artery B. A buildup of fatty deposits on the arterial wall C. A sac-like widening or out pocketing of an artery D. A stroke
C. A sac-like widening or out pocketing of an artery
The portion of the intrinsic conduction system located in the superior interventricular septum is the: A. AV node B. SA node C. AV bundle D. Subendocardial conducting network
C. AV bundle
The diameter of a typical capillary is similar to that of: A. A venule B. A snusoid C. An erythrocyte D. A fat cell
C. An erythrocyte
Which of the following statements about arteries is false? A. Arterial walls are thicker than venous walls B. Arteries have a smaller lumen than veins of similar size C. Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the heart D. Arteries have more elastin than veins
C. Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the heart
Arteries that directly feed into capillary beds are: A. Muscular arteries B. Elastic arteries C. Arterioles D. Venules
C. Arterioles
The sequence of contraction of the heart chambers is: A. Random B. Left chambers followed by right chambers C. Both atria followed by both ventricles D. Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
C. Both atria followed by both ventricles
Which of the following is NOT a difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle? A. The plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells interlock, but skeletal muscle fibers are independent B. Cardiac muscle cells contain more mitochondria than do skeletal muscle cells C. Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does D. Cardiac muscle cells quickly die in the absence of oxygen; skeletal muscle cells are better able to adapt to oxygen deficiency
C. Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does (Both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are striated, and both utilize the sliding filament mechanism for contraction)
The accumulation of pericardial fluid due to inflammation or the accumulation of blood in the pericardial cavity can lead to: A. Pericarditis B. Pleuritis C. Cardiac tamponade D. Fasciae adherens E. Mitral valve prolapse
C. Cardiac tamponade
A dural sinus that contains a major artery and some cranial nerves within it is the: A. Superior sagittal B. Inferior sagittal C. Cavernous D. Transverse
C. Cavernous
Which of the following is not a major factor influencing long-term regulation of blood pressure? A. Cardiac output B. Peripheral vascular resistance C. Emotional state D. Blood volume
C. Emotional state
Which of the following would increase heart rate? A. Parasympathetic stimulation B. Low metabolic rate C. Epinephrine D. Cold temperature
C. Epinephrine
During ventricular systole, blood is: A. Flowing from the systemic and pulmonary circuits into both the atria and ventricles B. Forced from the atria into the ventricles C. Forced from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk D. Not flowing into or out of the heart
C. Forced from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
There is a foramen ovale in the skull and another one in the heart. The foramen ovale in the heart gives rise to the: A. Openings between the atria and ventricles B. Openings between the ventricles C. Fossa ovals D. Aortic semilunar valve
C. Fossa ovals
The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called: A. Coronary circulation B. Pulmonary circulation C. Hepatic portal circulation D. Cerebral circulation
C. Hepatic portal circulation
A lymphatic structure in the middle of an intestinal villus with a role in the absorption of fat is a(n): A. Peyers patch B. MALT C. Lacteal D. Tonsil
C. Lacteal
Which chamber of the heart has the highest probability of being the site of a myocardial infarction? A. Left atrium B. Right atrium C. Left ventricle D. Right ventricle
C. Left ventricle (The left ventricle has to pump blood around the entire body and overcome the largest pressures (120/80 mm Hg). This is the largest chamber in the heart and has the most muscle around it compared to the other chambers)
What artery enters the skull through the foramen spinous and supplies the inner surface of the parietal bone, dura mater, and parts of the temporal bone? A. Internal carotid artery B. Middle cerebral artery C. Middle meningeal artery D. Basilar artery
C. Middle meningeal artery
The crista terminalis can be used to locate all of the following structures except the: A. Opening of the coronary sinus B. Opening of the inferior vena cava C. Opening of the pulmonary veins D. Opening of the superior vena cava
C. Opening of the pulmonary veins
Clinically, the posterior inter ventricular artery is referred to as the: A. Left artery ascending B. Left artery descending C. Posterior descending artery D. Posterior ascending artery
C. Posterior descending artery
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right ventricular wall so that it can: A. Accommodate a greater volume of blood B. Expand the thoracic cage during diastole C. Pump blood with greater pressure D. Pump blood through a smaller valve
C. Pump blood with greater pressure
Which is not normally found in lymph? A. Water B. Plasma proteins C. Red blood cells D. Ions
C. Red blood cells
The ______ drains lymph from the right side of the head and thorax: A. Lumbar trunk B. Thoracic duct C. Right lymphatic duct D. Cisterna chyle
C. Right lymphatic duct
Large cardiac cells of the conducting system embedded in the ventricular walls between the endocardium and myocardium: A. Atrioventricular bundle B. Atrioventricular branches C. Subendocaredial conducting network (Purkinje fibers) D. Sinoatrial node E. Atrioventricular node
C. Subendocaredial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
Most systemic venous blood is both oxygen-poor and nutrient-poor. However, systemic venous blood that is not oxygen-poor and is nutrient-rich occurs in: A. The renal vein B. Superficial veins of the limbs C. The hepatic portal vein D. The pulmonary veins
C. The hepatic portal vein
Which body tissues lack capillaries? A. The myocardium and epicardium of the heart B. Tendons and ligaments C. The lens and the cornea D. Bones
C. The lens and the cornea
Which of the following vessels does not carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart? A. The superior vena cava B. The inferior vena cava C. The pulmonary vein D. The coronary sinus
C. The pulmonary vein
A drop of blood returning to the heart from the head region would enter the heart through which vessel? A. A pulmonary vein B. The inferior vena cava C. The superior vena cava D. The coronary sinus
C. The superior vena cava
In a capillary bed, relaxation of the pre capillary sphincters causes more blood to flow: A. Into the thoroughfare channels B. Into the arterioles C. Through the true capillaries D. Through the metarterioles
C. Through the true capillaries
Layer of blood vessels innervated by sympathetic vasomotor fibers. A. Tunica intima B. Subendothelial layer C. Tunica media D. Tunica externa E. Vasa vasorum
C. Tunica media
What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? A. Atrial repolarization B. Atrial depolarization C. Ventricular depolarization D. Ventricular repolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization (Yes, the QRS complex represents depolarization in the ventricles, which I have greater mass than the atria)
Commotio cordis
Concussion of the heart
Pericarditis can lead to all of the following except: A. Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity B. Pericardial friction rub C. Adhesions D. A myocardial infarction
D. A myocardial infarction
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? A. Purkinje fibers B. Bundle branches C. SA node D. AV node E. AV bundle (bundle of His)
D. AV node (Yes, the AV node slows down the impulse giving the atria time to contract before the ventricles contract)
The activity of the heart depends on intrinsic properties of cardiac muscle and on neural factors. Thus: A. Vagus nerve stimulation of the heart reduces heart rate B. Sympathetic nerve stimulation of the heart decreases time available for ventricular filling C. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases its force of contraction D. All of the above
D. All of the above
A common theme to the development of atherosclerosis is: A. A ballooning out of the vessel walls B. A failure of the venous valves resulting in engorged and twisted vessels C. An accumulation of glycoproteins in the basement membrane of capillaries D. An inflammatory response to a damaged endothelium
D. An inflammatory response to a damaged endothelium
Fenestrated capillaries: A. Are not more permeable than continuous capillaries B. Are never seen in endocrine organs C. Are not seen in the glomerular capillaries in the kidneys D. Are not present in the brain
D. Are not present in the brain
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart? A. Purkinje fibers B. AV node C. AV bundle (bundle of His) D. SA node
D. SA Node (Yes, the SA Node spontaneously depolarizes, causing the wave of depolarization that spreads through the rest of the conduction system and heart)
Which of the following pacemaker cells generates impulses of approximately 75 depolarizations per minute in order to control the heart's contraction rate? A. Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers) B. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle C. Atrioventricular (AV) node D. Sinoatrial (SA) node
D. Sinoatrial (SA) node
Functionally, there are no valves in arteries (as opposed to in veins) because: A. Valves direct blood only toward the heart and arterial blood passes away from the heart B. Valves would tear apart from the high arterial pressure C. Arteries get more atherosclerosis, so valves would cause lethal blood clotting D. The blood pressure in arteries is high enough that there is no back flow of blood
D. The blood pressure in arteries is high enough that there is no back flow of blood
Which of the following veins does not deliver blood directly to the right atrium? A. Superior vena cava B. Inferior vena cava C. Coronary sinus D. The great cardiac veins
D. The great cardiac veins
The cerebral arterial circle forms a loop around which structures? A. The great vessels at the base of the heart B. The internal and external carotid arteries C. The cerebellum D. The pituitary gland and the optic chiasma
D. The pituitary gland and the optic chiasma
Which of the following statements about arterioles is false? A. They regulate the flow of blood to capillary beds through contraction and relaxation of the tunica media B. They redirect blood flow in a sympathetic response to skeletal muscle C. They can lead into metarterioles D. They have the largest content of smooth muscle in their tunica media
D. They have the largest content of smooth muscle in their tunica media
If the beating heart makes a "lib-dup" sound, the "dup" sound is caused by: A. The apex of the heart hitting the anterior chest wall B. A stenotic atrioventricular valve C. The large force of the contracting ventricles D. Vibrations that result from the semilunar valves slamming shut
D. Vibrations that result from the semilunar valves slamming shut
Cardiac catheterization
Diagnostic procedure that involves passing a fine catheter (tubing) through a blood vessel into the heart. Oxygen content of blood, blood flow, and pressures within the heart can be measured. Findings help to detect valve problems, heart deformities, and other heart malfunctions.
Cells of the conducting system located between the AV node and bundle branches: A. Trabeculae carneae B. Pectinate muscles C. Crista terminalis D. Papillary muscles E. Atrioventricular bundle
E. Atrioventricular bundle
The region between the right and left pleural cavities is the: A. Pulmonary cavity B. Peritoneal cavity C. Pericardial cavity D. Vertebral cavity E. Mediastinum
E. Mediastinum
Microvasculature that provides nourishment to the outer walls of the aorta: A. Tunica intima B. Subendothelial layer C. Tunica media D. Tunica externa E. Vasa vasorum
E. Vasa vasorum
Heart palpitation
Heartbeat that is unusually strong, fast, or irregular so that the person becomes aware of it; may be caused by certain drugs, emotional stress, or heart disorders.
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the cardiac muscle layer (myocardium) of the heart; sometimes follows an untreated streptococcal infection in children. May weaken the heart and impair its ability to pump effectively.
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium, usually confined to the endocardium of the heart valves. It often results from infection by bacteria that have entered the bloodstream but may result from fungal infection or an autoimmune response. Drug addicts may develop endocarditis by injecting themselves with contaminated needles.
Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tac)
Rapid ventricular contractions that are not coordinated with atrial activity
Asystole
Situation in which the heart fails to contract
Hypertropic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
The leading cause of sudden death in young athletes, this condition, which is usually inherited, causes the cardiac muscle cells to enlarge, thickening the heart wall. The heart pumps strongly but doesn't relax well during diastole when the heart is filling.
Mitral valve prolapse
Valve disorder affecting up to 1% of the population; most often seen in young women. It appears to have a genetic basis resulting in abnormal chord tendineae or a malfunction of the papillary muscles. One or more of the mitral valve flaps become incompetent and billow into the left atrium during ventricular systole, allowing blood regulation. Occasionally requires valve replacement surgery.
