A&P II EXAM #2 (Ch. 16-18) Study Guide & Self-Guided Review Questions

Two hormones govern blood Ca2+ regulation. ______ acts to elevate blood Ca2+ levels, whereas ______ lowers blood Ca2+ levels. a. PTH/calcitonin b. thyroid hormones/calmodulin c. calcitonin/PTH d. calcitonin/thyroid hormone

a. PTH/calcitonin

Besides the sympathetic nervous system, the _______ is the other primary mediator of acute stress. a. adrenal medulla b. zona glomerulosa c. adrenal cortex d. zona reticularis

a. adrenal medulla (short-term stress responses = acute) All other options are part of the adrenal cortex, which mediates long-term stress responses.

Which of the following is a mineralocorticoid that helps maintain Na+ balance? a. aldosterone b. epinephrine c. renin d cortisol

a. aldosterone Epinephrine is a catecholamine (peptide hormone), cortisol is a glucocorticoid, renin is produced by the kidneys.

Which of the following represents the smallest fraction (%) of circulating leukocytes (WBCs)? a. basophils b. neutrophils c. monocytes d. lymphocytes

a. basophils (<1%) neutrophils = 60-70% monocytes = 3-8% lymphocytes = 20-25%

Cardiac muscle cells exhibit several similarities with skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following is not a similarity? (Which is false?) a. both are innervated by a motor nerve ending b. both store Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. both contain sarcomeres d. both become depolarized when Na+ enter the cytoplasm

a. both are innervated by a motor nerve ending (FALSE)

Which of the following is enzymatically "cut" to form fibrin during blood clot formation? a. fibrinogen b. plasmin c. thrombin d. aspirin

a. fibrinogen (a fibrin precursor during the coagulation cascade) Plasmin is an enzyme in clot breakdown of fibrin to fibrin pieces, thrombin converts ("cuts") fibrinogen to fibrin during blood clot formation, aspirin is an anti-clotting agent.

The pancreas releases insulin in direct response to a change in blood glucose levels. This is an example of _________ stimulation. a. humoral b. neural c. hormonal d. negative feedback

a. humoral Humoral - monitor ion levels controlled Neural - CNS controlled Hormonal - hormone controlled

Which of the following is a structure that is seen in heart muscle but not in skeletal muscle? a. intercalated discs b. gap junctions c. desmosomes d. sarcolemma

a. intercalated discs

An oral heparin anticoagulant might be prescribed for a patient who: a. is at risk for a blood clot b. has thrombocytopenia c. is a hemophiliac d. has a deficiency of factor IX

a. is at risk for a blood clot

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the _________ gland and functions to _____________ blood Ca2+ levels. a. parathyroid/increase b. thyroid/decrease c. parathyroid/decrease d. thyroid/increase

a. parathyroid/increase PTH is a Ca2+ regulator, stimulated by the decrease in Ca2+ levels in the blood in order to raise them back to normal.

In order for a hormone to activate a target cell, the target cell must possess a ___________. a. receptor b. second messenger c. carrier protein d. chaperone

a. receptor

Systemic circuit blood enters the right atrium by way of the: a. venae cavea b. fossa ovalis c. pulmonary veins d. coronary sinus

a. venae cavea

Hypothalamic hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal system are delivered directly to the __________-. a. neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) b. adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) c. median eminence d. infundibulum

b. adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) The anterior pituitary involves the hypophyseal portal system. The posterior pituitary involves the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract along the infundibulum.

Glucocorticoids are produced by the: a. hypothalamus b. adrenal glands c. thymus d. pituitary

b. adrenal glands

Atrial systole occurs ________ the "firing" of the sinoatrial node. a. before b. after c. simultaneously with d. during

b. after

After centrifuging a tube of whole blood, which fraction contains the companies of immune function (WBCs)? a. plasma b. buffy coat c. erythrocytes d. leukocrit

b. buffy coat [contains leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets] Plasma consists of water, etc. while erythrocytes are RBCs.

A patient is losing bone mass due to over active osteoclasts. The patient may be suffering from ___________. a. hypothyroidism b. hypersecretion of PTH c. hyperthyroidism d. hyposecretion of calcitonin

b. hypersecretion of PTH (parathormone activates osteoclasts in order to release stored Ca2+ and increase blood Ca2+ levels) Calcitonin activates osteoclasts in order to uptake Ca2+ for storage (lowering blood Ca2+ levels), TH is not involved in Ca2+ regulation.

Oxygen binds to the ______ portion of hemoglobin. a. alpha globin chain b. iron atom c. beta globin chain d. amino acid

b. iron atom (the heme group)

What purpose does the coronary circuit serve? a. it carries blood to all body areas b. it provides an adequate blood supply to the myocardium c. it delivers blood to the lungs for gas exchange d. it feeds the anterior thoracic wall

b. it provides an adequate blood supply to the myocardium The pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange while the systemic circuit carries blood to all body areas (tissues).

What plasma antibodies would an A blood group patient have? a. A and B b. just B c. just A d. neither A or B

b. just B (anti-B Ab) - Anti-A & Anti-B Ag = O blood (universal donor, can only accept O blood) - Anti-A Ag = B blood (can accept O or B blood only) - No Ag present = AB blood (universal acceptor, can accept any blood type)

Which of the following heart wall layers consumes the most energy? a. epicardium b. myocardium c. endocardium d. visceral pericardium

b. myocardium

Leukemia describes which of the following disorders? a. an abnormally low white blood cell count b. overproduction of abnormal leukocytes c. elevated counts of normal neutrophils d. overproduction of abnormal eurythrocytes

b. overproduction of abnormal leukocytes

What disease results from a lack of vitamin B12? a. thalassemia b. pernicious anemia c. hemophilia d. polycythemia

b. pernicious anemia Thalassemia is from the inadequate production of Hb alpha & beta chains, hemophilia is from insufficient amounts of pro-coagulation factors resulting in severe blood types and has types A B and C, polycythemia is from XS RBCs and increases viscosity of blood.

Blood leaving the right ventricle passes through: a. aortic semilunar valve b. pulmonary semilunar valve c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve) d. tricuspid valve

b. pulmonary semilunar valve Blood leaving the right ventricle begins the pulmonary circuit towards the lungs!

An increased (elevated) neutrophil count would be indicative of a(n) _______. a. allergic reaction b. cancer c. acute bacterial infection d. parasitic infection

c. acute bacterial infection allergic reaction = basophils cancer = lymphocytes parasitic infection = eosinophils

__________ s an adrenal cortex hormone responsible for maintaining appropriate blood Na+ levels. a. cortisol b. testosterone c. aldosterone d. epinephrine

c. aldosterone (released from the zona glomerulosa) Cortisol is released from the zona fasciculata and regulates blood sugar levels, testosterone is released from the zona reticularis and is involved in pubertal effects, and epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla.

Antihistamines can be used to counter the actions of which white blood cells? a. neutrophils b. lymphocytes c. basophils d. eosinophils

c. basophils Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses, antihistamines are anti-inflammatory agents.

Which of the following red blood cell characteristics contributes the most to its oxygen-carrying capacity? a. lack mitochondria b. don't divide c. biconcave shape d. contain myoglobin

c. biconcave shape

Which o the following is part of the heart wall? a. parietal serous pericardium b. fibrous pericardium c. endocardium d. heart chamber

c. endocardium The heart wall consists of (from superficial to deep) the epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium), myocardium, and endocardium.

Which of the following indicates that conduction impulses are slowed/disrupted as they move through the heart? a. junctional rhythm b. premature ventricular contraction c. heart block d. ectopic focus

c. heart block

A patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and severe dehydration. The most likely cause is ____________. a. hyposecretion of oxytocin b. hypersecretion of oxytocin c. hyposecretion of ADH d. hypersecretion of ADH

c. hyposecretion of ADH The patient is experiencing excess urination, therefore ADH (a urine inhibitor) is not appropriately present. Oxytocin is involved in smooth muscle contractions & pregnancy.

The extrinsic cardioinhibitory center is located in the _________. a. Purkinje fibers b. sinoatrial node & atrioventricular node c. medulla oblongata d. bundle of His

c. medulla oblongata (CNS control of ANS function)

A _________ is the bone marrow progenitor (producer) of platelets. a. thrombopoetin b. thrombocyte c. megakaryocyte d. thrombocytoblast

c. megakeryocyte

What substance "cuts" insoluble fibrin into smaller soluble fibrin pieces during normal fibrinolysis? a. tissue plasminogen activator b. thrombin c. plasmin d. heparin

c. plasmin Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) converts plasminogen to plasmin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, and idk what heparin even is.

ADH: a. is secreted by the anterior pituitary b. release promotes water loss c. prevents urine formation d. alcohol promotes release

c. prevents urine formation ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is secreted by the posterior pituitary, like oxytocin. It inhibits water loss (anti-urination). Alcohol makes you urinate, so it wouldn't promote ADH release!

What would an ECG/EKG recording look like when the atrioventricular node becomes the pacemaker? a. there would continue to be a normal sinus rhythm b. the P wave would be much larger than normal c. the contraction rhythm would be slower d. the T wave would be much smaller than normal

c. the contraction rhythm would be slower AV node takes over at ~60 bpm while normal SV nodal control is at 70-75bpm.

Cardiac output (CO) is determined by ______. a. heart rate b. blood pressure c. stroke volume d. a & c

d. a & c

What hormone(s) an directly activate its nuclear receptor? a. steroid hormone b. peptide hormone c. thyroid hormone d. a & c

d. a & c Steroid hormones are membrane-soluble and undergo direct gene activation, peptide hormones are water-soluble and require a second messenger system. While TH is AA-based, it is an exception to the second messenger system requirement.

The electrocardiograph (ECG/EKG) Q-T interval represents: a. completion of ventricular depolarization b. beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation c. completion of atrial depolarization d. beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular depolarization

d. beginning of ventricular depolarization (Q) through ventricular depolarization (T) Completion of ventricular depolarization is represented by the Q-S complex, the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation is represented by the P-R complex, and the completion of atrial depolarization is represented by the P-Q complex.

Which of the following indicates that carbon monoxide (CO) is bound to hemoglobin? a. carbaminohemoglobin b. deoxyhemoglobin c. oxyhemoglobin d. carboxyhemoglobin

d. carboxyhemoglobin (Hb:CO) carbaminohemoglobin = Hb:CO2 deoxyhemoglobin = Hb:__ oxyhemoglobin = Hb:O2

The "lub-dup" heart sounds are produced by: a. closing of the semilunar valves ("lub") and the closing of the atrioventricular valves ("dup") b. blood being ejected into the aorta ("lub") and pulmonary trunk ("dup") during a contraction c. blood hitting the walls of the ventricles ("lub") and arteries ("dup"), respectively d. closing of the atrioventricular valves ("lub") and closing of the semilunar valves ("dup")

d. closing of the atrioventricular valves ("lub") and closing of the semilunar valves ("dup")

The stimulus for down-regulation of peptide hormone receptors is: a. decreased hormone receptor affinity b. increased blood hormone concentration c. decreased amount of chaperone protein d. continuously high levels of blood hormone

d. continuously high levels of blood hormone Decreased hormone receptor affinity is a result of down-regulation. Increased blood hormone concentration is a stimulus for up-regulation.

What hormone is synthesized by pancreatic beta islet cells and functions to decrease blood sugar levels? (Hint: It's a hypoglycemic agent.) A. prolactin B. aldosterone c. amylase d. insulin

d. insulin

Which of the following is the largest blood leukocyte, which functions to destroy microbes and remove dead tissue following infections? a. neutrophils b. basophils c. eosinophils d. monocytes

d. monocytes Neutrophils use respiratory burst to remove microorganisms, basophils are involved in inflammatory/allergic rxns, and eosinophils remove parasitic worms & form Ab-Ag complexes.

The intrinsic stimulus for the heart's rhythmic contractions comes from ________. a. inter ventricular septum b. foramen ovale c. vagus nerve d. sinoatrial node

d. sinoatrial node (SA node) Intrinsic stimulus goes through the heart by: SA node>AV node>AV bundles (bundle of His)>bundle branches>Purkinje fibers.