A&P II Exam 3 Long Response Questions
The contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiration. Explain exactly what happens, in terms of volume and pressure changes in the lungs, when these muscles contract.
The contraction of the diaphragm causes an increase in the height of the thoracic cavity. Contraction of the intercostal muscles causes the diameter of the thoracic cavity to increase. The increased thoracic cavity volume brings a volume increase in intrapulmonary volume, which causes a drop in pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. Air rushes into lungs along this pressure gradient until intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure are equal.
Define constipation and diarrhea. Note possible causes of each.
Watery stools are called diarrhea. Constipation is a condition in which too much water has been absorbed and the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass. Any condition, such as irritation of the colon by bacteria that rushes food residue through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficient time to absorb the remaining water, is known as diarrhea. Constipation may ensue from the lack of fiber in the diet, improper bowel habits, laxative abuse, or anything that decreases motility.
List three substances that are abnormal urinary constituents and provide the proper clinical term for such abnormalities.
glucose: (glycosuria), proteins: (proteinuria or albuminuria), ketone bodies:(ketonuria), hemoglobin: (hemoglobinuria), bile pigments:(bilirubinuria), erythrocytes: (hematuria), leukocytes: (pyuria).
