A&P II - Unit 1

Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer. 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae

4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5

In which of the following reactions is acetylCOA the product? A. beta-oxidation B. glycolysis C. ketogenesis D. Krebs cycle

A. beta-oxidation

Which of the following describes glycolysis? A. breakdown of glucose B. breakdown of glycogen C. making glucose from glycerol D. making glucose from pyruvic acid E. making glycogen

A. breakdown of glucose

What is the name of the portion of the stomach that encircles the esophageal opening? A. cardia B. fundus C. body D. pylorus E. lesser curvature

A. cardia

What type of tissue makes up the majority of the submucosa? A. connective tissue B. epithelial tissue C. nervous tissue D. serous membrane

A. connective tissue

Which of the following is a function of HCl? (multiple) A. denature proteins B. kill bacteria C. activate the zymogen (proenzyme), pepsinogen to pepsin D. activate the zymogen (proenzyme), trypsinogen to trypsin

A. denature proteins B. kill bacteria C. activate the zymogen (proenzyme), pepsinogen to pepsin

In which step(s) are ATP made? A. glycolysis B. acetylCoA formation C. Krebs cycle D. ETC (electron transport chain)

A. glycolysis C. Krebs cycle D. ETC (electron transport chain)

What do the granules of the Paneth cells contain? A. lysozyme B. HCl C. trypsinogen D. pepsin

A. lysozyme

The mucosa of which organ is characterized by stratified squamous epithelium? A. oropharynx B. stomach C. duodenum D. large intestine E. all of the above have stratified squamous epithelium

A. oropharynx

Which is true concerning G.A.L.T. (gut associated lymphoid tissue)? A. present only in the ileum B. include Brunner's glands C. include gastric glands D. present in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine E. also functions in secreting HCL and pepsinogen

A. present only in the ileum

Which type of acini may be found in the pancreas? A. serous acini B. mucus acini C. a mix of serous and mucus acini

A. serous acini

An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in A. undigested fat in the feces B. a decrease in production of pancreatic juice C. inability to digest protein D. cirrhosis of the liver E. hepatitis

A. undigested fat in the feces

In the esophagus, what is the name of the outermost layer of the digestive tract wall?

Adventitia

In order for proteins to be absorbed, they must be in what form?

Amino Acids

If 5 NADH and 2 FADH2 enter the electron transport chain, how many ATP will result? A. 40 ATP B. 19 ATP C. 35 ATP D. 15 ATP E. 45 ATP

B. 19 ATP

The right and left hepatic duct join to form the _____. A. cystic duct B. common hepatic duct C. common bile duct D. accessory duct E. pancreatic duct

B. Common Hepatic Duct

In which step of cellular respiration are the 6H2O formed? A. Krebs cycle B. ETC C. glycolysis D. acetylCoA formation

B. ETC

Which step(s) require(s) oxygen? A. glycolysis B. ETC C. Krebs cycle D. acetylCoA formation

B. ETC C. Krebs cycle D. acetylCoA formation

Which step(s) occur in the mitochondria? A. glycolysis B. ETC C. acetylCoA formation D. Krebs cycle

B. ETC C. acetylCoA formation D. Krebs cycle

In which step(s) are CO2 made? A. glycolysis B. acetylCoA formation C. Krebs cycle D. ETC

B. acetylCoA formation C. Krebs cycle

You see a structure with simple cuboidal epithelium in the triad region of the liver. What is this structure? A. branch of hepatic portal vein B. branch of bile duct C. branch of hepatic artery D. branch of central vein

B. branch of bile duct

Which mesentery hangs from the stomach as a "fatty apron?" A. lesser omentum B. greater omentum C. falciform ligament D. mesentery proper E. mesocolon

B. greater omentum

Sally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of her favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water, you would NOT expect to observe: A. ketone bodies in her urine B. increased insulin secretion C. elevated levels of glucocorticoids D. decreased blood pH

B. increased insulin secretion

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom? A. overproduction of blood plasma albumin B. jaundice C. elevated levels of blood glucose D. impaired digestion of protein E. blood in the feces

B. jaundice

Which type of epithelium typically makes up ducts? A. simple squamous epithelium B. simple cuboidal epithelium C. stratified squamous epithelium D. pseudostratified epithelium E. transitional epithelium

B. simple cuboidal epithelium

The part of the small intestine secretes an alkaline fluid containing mucus and bicarbonate, which protects the mucosal surface and helps to neutralize acidic chyme

Brunner's glands (duodenal glands)

Which of the following would not be considered retroperitoneal? A. Kidney B. Pancreas C. Appendix D. Duodenum

C. Appendix

Which of the following statements is true? A. Bile can typically be found in sinusoids in the liver B. Bile flows towards the central vein through bile canaliculi C. Bile flows towards the triad region through canaliculi D. Bile can be typically found in the central vein of the liver

C. Bile flows towards the triad region through canaliculi

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called _______. A. HDL B. chylomicrons C. LDL

C. LDL

Which of the following is a characteristic of CCK? A. an enzyme that breaks down fat B. secreted by enteroendocrine cells of the stomach C. a hormone that causes gall bladder contraction D. made by Paneth cells E. another name for secretin

C. a hormone that causes gall bladder contraction

Hydrolysis of a polypeptide would yield A. monosaccharides B. glycerol and fatty acids C. amino acids D. proteins

C. amino acids

Which vessel carries food from digestion and absorption directly to the liver? A. bile canaliculus B. central vein C. hepatic portal vein D. hepatic artery E. all bring food from digestion and absorption directly to the liver

C. hepatic portal vein

Identify the incorrect pairing. stomach; has an alkaline lining A. pancreas; secretes amylase B. esophagus; transports material to stomach C. liver; produces intrinsic factor D. gallbladder; stores bile

C. liver; produces intrinsic factor

Which histological layer is the deepest (farthest from the lumen)? A. submucosa B. inner circular muscle C. outer longitudinal muscle D. muscularis mucosa E. lamina propria

C. outer longitudinal muscle

Contains acini that secrete a watery fluid (multiple) A. sublingual gland B. liver C. parotid gland D. gallbladder E. pancreas

C. parotid gland E. pancreas

According to the histology picture of the stomach in your lab manual, what color will the cytoplasm be of the cells that produce HCl? A. dark purple B. light purple C. pink D. blue

C. pink

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+. A. oxidized; reduced B. phosphorylated; dephosphorylated C. reduced; oxidized D. phosphorylated; deaminated E. made; recycled

C. reduced; oxidized

What is the function of the islets of Langerhans? A. contain acini B. secrete amylase C. secrete glucagon and insulin D. connect to the pancreatic duct E. all of the above

C. secrete glucagon and insulin

Where in the GI tract does most water absorption occur? A. large intestine B. stomach C. small intestine D. oral cavity

C. small intestine

Which of the following are folds of mucosa only? A. haustra B. plicae circulares C. villi D. microvilli E. crypt

C. villi

Hormone made by the duodenum that decreases stomach secretion. This hormone also increases enzymes from pancreas and gall bladder contraction

CCK - Cholecystokinin

This part of the small intestine secretes an alkaline fluid containing mucus and digestive enzymes

Crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal glands)

In which step of cellular respiration is the O2 directly used? A. Krebs cycle B. glycolysis C. acetylCoA formation D. ETC

D. ETC

Urea is formed in the ____. (multiple) A. kidneys B. small intestine C. Stomach D. Liver E. blood plasma

D. Liver

Which is true concerning esophageal histology? A. simple columnar epithelium B. no muscularis mucosa C. three layers of muscularis externa D. adventitia

D. adventitia

Which of the following has some exocrine function? A. pancreas B. liver C. sublingual gland D. all have some exocrine function

D. all have some exocrine function

The _____ represents the minimum resting energy expenditures of an awake, alert individual. A. body temperature B. heart rate C. blood pressure D. basal metabolic rate E. heat loss quotient

D. basal metabolic rate

What type of food would be difficult for a person with pancreatic damage to digest? A. only carbohydrates B. only fats C. only proteins D. fats, carbohydrates, and proteins

D. fats, carbohydrates, and proteins

Which step(s) is/are reversible? A. Krebs cycle B. ETC C. acetylCoA formation D. glycolysis

D. glycolysis

Which would NOT be found in pancreatic juice secreted into the duodenum? A. trypsinogen B. amylase C. lipase D. insulin E. chymotrypsinogen

D. insulin

Which of the following is an accessory organ? A. oropharynx B. stomach C. jejunum D. pancreas E. large intestine

D. pancreas

The vitamin that is a part of coenzyme A is ____. A. folic acid B. pyridoxine C. niacin D. pantothenic acid E. riboflavin

D. pantothenic acid

Folds of the mucosa and submucosa in the stomach are called: A. microvilli B .villi C. plicae circulares D. rugae

D. rugae

The Kupffer cells of the liver A. destroy damaged RBCs. B. destroy bacteria. C. present antigens. D. are phagocytic. E. All of the answers are correct.

E. All of the answers are correct

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect which of the following? A. acid production by the stomach B. the composition of pancreatic secretions C. the delivery of bile D. digestion of lipids and proteins E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which organ actually synthesizes bile? A. stomach B. duodenum C. pancreas D. gall bladder E. liver

E. liver

Which histological layer in the digestive tract typically contains simple squamous cells? A. mucosa B. muscularis mucosa C. adventitia D. muscularis externa E. serosa

E. serosa

What activates trypsinogen?

Enterokinase

Conditions where no oxygen is available is known as "aerobic" conditions. True False

False

Proteins must be broken down by hydrolysis to monosaccharides in order to be absorbed into the blood in the small intestine. True False

False

In order for fats to be absorbed, they must be in what form?

Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides

What are the rugae of the stomach?

Folds in the gastric mucosa

This organ stores and concentrates bile

Gall bladder

Hormone made by the stomach that increases stomach secretion

Gastrin

What does the greater omentum connect to?

Great curvature of the stomach, "fatty apron"

What does a parietal cell secrete?

HCL and intrinsic factor

What enzyme activates pepsinogen?

HCl

What does the mesocolon connect to?

Intraperitoneal portions of the large intestine to the posterior abdominal cavity wall

What does the mesentary proper connect to?

Intraperitoneal portions of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal cavity wall

What two tissues make up gingiva?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue

This organ processes nutrients and toxins found in blood, stores glycogen, acts as a blood reservoir, and makes bile

Liver

What does the lesser omentum connect to?

Liver to lesser curvature of the stomach

What is the skeletal muscle that closes the mouth?

Masseter

Where is deglutition controlled?

Medulla oblongata (swallowing center)

In order for carbohydrates to be absorbed, they must be in what form?

Monosaccharides

This layer of the GI tract protects, secretes mucus, and mediates chemical digestion and absorption

Mucosa

This tunic of the digestive system is the innermost layer of the wall; it's made up of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Mucosa

What two layers create the rugae?

Mucosa and submucosa

This layer of the GI tract contracts to move contents through the GI via peristalsis and segmentation

Muscularis

This tunic of the digestive system has two to three layers depending on the organ and is usually made up of smooth muscle (partly made up of skeletal muscle in the esophagus

Muscularis externa

This organ secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine function) and the hormones insulin and glucagon (endocrine function)

Pancreas

The salivary gland contains serous acini and has the longest salivary duct

Parotid gland

What does a chief cell secrete?

Pepsinogen

This part of the small intestine monitors pathogens and triggers the mucosal immune response

Peyer's patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules)

What is the function of the pancreatic acini?

Secrete digestive enzymes

Hormone made by the duodenum that decreases stomach secretion also increases bicarbonate secretion by pancreas

Secretin

This layer of the GI tract holds the GI tract in place within the abdomen via its connection to the mesentery

Serosa

This tunic of the digestive system is the outermost layer of the wall and has a layer of mesothelium over irregular connective tissue

Serosa

Which organs are intraperitoneal? pancreas mouth stomach duodenum jejunum

Stomach Jejunum

This salivary gland produces thick, mucus saliva and is located under the tongue

Sublingual gland

This salivary gland produces a mixture of serous and mucus saliva

Submandibular gland

The layer of the GI tract supplies blood, lymph vessels, and nerves to the tract

Submucosa

This tunic of the digestive tract is directly beneath the innermost layer; it is made up of connective tissue

Submucosa

What is mastication?

The act of chewing

Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase is known as the Cephalic Phase. True False

True

Fats are transported in the blood as lipoproteins True False

True

The liver is an intraperitoneal organ. True False

True

What activates procarboxypeptidase?

Trypsin

Which of the following is NOT broken down by hydrolysis in the GI tract? Water Vitamins Minerals

Water Vitamins Minerals

What does the falciform ligament connect to?

liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm