A&P Lab Chapter 9

Synovial Joints

a true joint cavity, which makes them diatheses. the fucntion is to allow motion to occur between two bones, which make them much less stable than other fibrous or cartilaginous joints. The two bones in which form this joint are united by a joint capsule, which is filled with synovial fluid.

Symphyses:

common type of cartilaginous joint in the body, in which the bones are joined by a though cartilaginous pad. Examples include the intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis

Synchondroses

consist of bones joined by hyaline cartilage. The epiphyseal plate is an example of a synchondrosis that is a temporary joint. After the place closes and becomes the epiphyseal line, the joint ceases to exist. Permanent ____ include the costochondral joints and the first sternocostal joint.

Cartilaginous joints:

consists of bones by cartilage, which may be hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Most of these joints in the body allow some motion and are amphiarthroses. The function of also to provide stability, although most provide somewhat less stability than fibrous joins. two types

Fibrous joints

consists of bones joined by short collagen fibers. Most allow no motion and are synarthroses, their main function is to provide stability between the bones.

Condyloid:

consists of one bone that fits into the concave surface of another bone, such as the radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints.

Tendon sheath

specialized, elongated brusae found around certain tendons that are subject to a great deal of friction.

Glenoid Labrum

A fibrocartilaginous ring along the rim of the glenoid cavity that improves the fit of the humeral head in the glenoid cavity

Name the four important extrinsic ligaments:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), Tibial collateral ligament, and fibular collateral ligament

Tendons

Collagenous cords that generally attach to a muscle of a bone that also surrounds synovial joints.

Name the two other important structures of the Knee joint:

Medial and Lateral Menicsi

Knee Joint

Modified hinge joint made up of the medial and lateral femoral condyles and the tibial plateau. Stabilize by numerous ligaments, including intrinsic ligaments, and extrinsic ligaments.

name the 4 types of Synovial joints

Nonaxial joints, uniaxial joints, biaxial joints, and multiaxial joints

Name the six subtypes of Synovial Joints:

Plane, Condyloid, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket

Name the three subclasses of fibrous joints:

Sutures, Gomphosis, and Syndesmosis

name the two types of cartilaginous joints

Symphyses and Synchondroses

Rotator Cuff

The major stabilizing force of the shoulder joint, a group of four muscles and their tendons - the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis-. one of the most common injuries of the should joint.

Articular Cartilage

a feature common to synovial joints. Covers the articulating ends of bones, which is usually hyaline cartilage. The cartilage provides smooth, nearly frictionless surface for articulation.

Joint Capsule

a feature common to synovial joints. Made of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. Allows the capsule to resist pulling forces in many different planes, which provides strength and structural reinforcement for the joint. Internally, the joint capsule is lined by a thin layer of connective and epithelial tissue known as synovial lining.

Sutures

a joint between two bones of the skull. the edges of the bones feature interlocking wavy ridges that are united by short collagen fibers to make these joints very stable

Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder joint)

a multiaxial joint that consists of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Biaxial joints

allow motion on tow planes around two axes of motion. Example: wrist, allows both flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.

Nonaxial joints

do not move around an axis. instead the bones simply glide past one another. example: Vertebrocostal joint (joint b/w a thoracic vertebra and a rib)

Intrinsic ligaments

embedded in the capsule

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

extends from the anterior tibial plateau to the posterior part of the lateral femoral condyle. Function: to prevent hyperextension of the knee.

Fibular Collateral Ligament (lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL))

extends from the lateral fibula to the lateral femur. It resits stresses that pull the tibia medially on the femur.

Tibial Collateral Ligament (Medial collateral Ligament (MCL))

extends from the medial tibia to the medial femur. it resists stresses that pull the tibial laterally on the femur.

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

extends from the posterior tibial plateau to the anterior part of the medial femoral condyle. It crosses under the ACL, and the two together form an X. Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur (stops the tibia from sliding backward on the femur)

Articular Discs (Menisci)

fibrocartilage pads that improve the fit of two bones to prevent dislocation

Synovial fluid

fills the joint cavity, reducing friction and exchanging oxygen and nutrients, and wastes with the calls of articular cartilage.

Hinge:

fits together much like the hinge of a door. Generally, the convex articular surface of the bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone. Examples: elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints.

Plane:

flat articular surfaces that allow the bones to glide past one another. Several examples: intertarsal joints, intercarpal joints, and the articulations b/w the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebrae.

Bursae

fluid-filled sacs, often located b/w tendons and joints, that help reduce friction.

Biceps Brachii Tendon

found in the anterior part of the arm. This tendon passes through the articular capsule of the shoulder joint on its way to its attachment point on the scapula.

Diarthroses

freely moveable joints

Medial and Lateral Menicsi

half-moon shaped articular discs located on the outer edges of the tibial plateau, and they help improve the fit of the tibia and femur. The tibial collateral ligament attaches to the medial menicsi, becomes apparent when the MCL is injured because often the medial meniscus of often injured with it.

Synarthroses

immovable joints

Uniaxial joints

joints that allow motion in one plane or direction around a single axis of motion. Example: elbow, which permits only flexion and extension.

Amphiarthroses

joints that allow some motion

multiaxial joints

joints with the greatest range of motion, which allow motion in multiple planes around all three axes of motion. Example: Shoulder.

Gomphosis

located between a tooth and its alveolus in the mandible or maxilla. it is held in place by fibrous membrane called the Periodontal ligament

Syndesmosis:

located between two parallel articulating bones such as the radius and ulna. The bones are jointed by a long fibrous membrane called an interosseous membrane, there is some movement allowed between the bones, so these joints are classified as amphiarthroses.

Coracohumeral Ligament

located in the anterior articular capsule between the humeral head and the coracoid process.

Brusae:

many around the knee joint. Particularly concentrated around the patella, as this bone generates a great deal of friction over the femur during motion. Can become easily inflamed for simply "overdoing" it

Glenohumeral Ligaments

may be found reinforcing the anterior joint capsule

Ball-and-Socket

named for the rounded, ball-like end of one bone that fits into the concave socket of another. Example: Shoulder and hip

Pivot

one bone rotates around another bone. Generally, consist of one bone with a rounded projection that fits into a groove of another bone, as seen with the atlantoaxial and proximal radioulnar joints.

Articulations

provide stability and allow you to perform the wide variety of motions involved in everyday movement

Saddle

somewhat resemble condyloid joints but permit a greater range of motion. An example includes: the first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Synovial membrane

thin layer of connective and epithelial tissue that secrets synovial fluid

Joint Capsule in the shoulder

this joint has much greater range of motion therefore, the joint capsule is thinner and weaker and its ligaments are fewer in number.

Joint Cavity

what separates freely moveable Synovial Joints

Ligaments:

what the bones in a synovial joint are held together by (cords of dense collagenous connective tissue, which further reinforce the joint).

Extrinsic Ligaments

within the joint cavity