A&P Lab Exam 2

Insertion

The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin

central and perforating canals form a network of passageways within compact bone. why are these canals important for the normal functioning of bone tissue?

allows nutrients and oxygen to be transported throughout the bone to the osteocytes.

trochanter

a bone marking on a femur. a large irregularly shaped process (only on femur)

Agonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

sesamoid bones

are imbedded in tendons at articulations. the number of sesamoid bones varies among individuals.

short bones

are those in which the length and width are about equal, so they appear cube shape

gluteus medius

abducts and medially rotates thigh

gluteus minimus

abducts and medially rotates thigh

Gracillis

adducts thigh

adductor brevis

adducts thigh

Pectineus

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

adductor longus

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

articulate (form joints) with the ribs, are located in the thorax. primary curve, provides room for the thoracic organs.

skeletal muscle

attached to bones (some facial muscles) or to skin. Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations

origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

osteon

basic functional unit of compact bone. are circular columns of bone tissue that run parallel to one another and the bones longitudinal axis.

foramen

bone marking In the skull. Round or oval opening through a bone

process

bone marking in the skull. a bony projection

fissure

bone marking in the skull. a slit-like opening

meatus/canal

bone marking in the skull. passageway through a bone

facet

bone marking on femur. a smooth, flat surface

head

bone marking on humerus. a rounded expansion connected to a narrow neck

epicondyle

bone marking on humerus. an elevated area, above a condyle.

line

bone marking on pelvis. a narrow ridge, less prominent than a crest.

fossa

bone marking on pelvis. a shallow depression

ramus

bone marking on pelvis. an arm like projection.

crest

bone marking on pelvis. prominent narrow ridge.

spine

bone marking on pelvis. sharp, slender, often pointed projection

groove

bone marking on the humerus. a narrow channel

trochlea

bone marking on the humerus. a pulley-shaped articular process.

tubercle

bone marking on the humerus. a rounded projection to process

condyle

bone marking on the humerus. a rounded projection.

tuberosity

bone marking on the humerus. an elevated projection with a roughened surface.

sinus

bones marking in the skull. Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

tibialis anterior

dorsiflexion and inversion of foot

Temporalis

elevates and retracts mandible

Masseter

elevates mandible

external intercostals

elevates rib cage. above the internal

levator scapulae

elevates scapula

splenius

extends and rotates head

triceps brachii

extends forearm at elbow

vastus intermedius

extends knee

vastus lateralis

extends knee

vastus medialis

extends knee

rectus femoris

extends leg and flexes thigh

gluteus maximus

extends thigh

Semitendinosus

extends thigh and flexes leg

biceps femoris

extends thigh and flexes leg

teres major

extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm

compact bone

extremely dense material that forms the hard exterior covering of all bones.

inferior nasal conchae

facial bone - The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity. (2)

nasal bones

facial bone - form the bridge of the nose (2)

Vomer

facial bone - forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum (1)

Mandible

facial bone - lower jaw (1)

lacrimal bone

facial bone - small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts (2)

Zygomatic bone

facial bone - the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek (2)

irregular bones examples

facial bones, vertebrae, pelvic bones

bones of the lower limb

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

spongy bone

fills the interior region of most bones and forms a thin layer along the diaphyses of long bones. instead of osteons, one lamellae form an irregular arrangement of interconnecting bony struts called trabecule with spaces surrounding the latticework of bony tissue. the spaces are filled with red bone marrow where blood cells are produced, or yellow bone marrow, where fat is stored. the porous structure of spongy bone makes it suitable for cushioning the impact generated by body movements.

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

first set of 7 bones, forming the neck. a secondary curvature. develops as the infant learns to balance the weight of its head on the vertebrae of the neck.

rectus abdominis

flexes and rotates vertebral column

Brachialis

flexes forearm

biceps brachii

flexes forearm

Brachiordialis

flexes forearm at elbow

Sternocleidomastoid

flexes neck; rotates head

illacus

flexes thigh

external oblique

Compresses abdomen; laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column

sutural bones

develop between the joints (sutures) of cranial bones

male pelvis characteristics

-Heavy -Narrow -Deep -Inlet round -Outlet Narrow -Acute angle of pubic arch

female pelvis characteristics

-Lighter -Wider -More shallow -Oval shaped inlet -Wide outlet -Wider sacrum with steeper curve -Flattened sacral promontory -Obtuse angle of pubic arch

factors that contribute to muscle fatigue

-inadequate release of calcium ions from the SR -depletion of creatine phosphate -insufficient oxygen -depletion of glycogen and other nutrients -buildup of lactic acid and ADP -failure of the motor neuron to release enough acetylcholine

Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae at base of spine. primary curve. provides room for various abdominopelvic organs.

Metacarpals I-V

5 metacarpals of the hand are identified by Roman numerals beginning with the lateral metacarpal, which articulates with the trapezium and with the proximal bone of the thumb.

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

Supraspinatus

Abducts arm; stabilizes the head of the humerus in glenoid cavity; one of the "rotator cuff" muscles

Tendon

Attaches muscle to bone

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle

orbicularis oculi

Closes eyelids; used in blinking, winking, and squinting

Dynamometer

Device that measures the amount of force produced by a muscle or group of muscles

Trapezius

Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; rotates the arm

latissimus dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward

palatine bone

Facial bone - either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits (2)

Maxillae

Facial bone - the two fused bones forming the upper jaw (2)

fast glycolytic fibers (white)

Fast fibers are large in diam- eter and contain densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and relatively few mitochondria. Muscles dominated by fast fibers produce powerful contractions because the ten- sion produced by a muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number of myofibrils. However, fast fibers fatigue rapidly because their contractions use ATP in massive amounts, and they have relatively few mitochondria to generate ATP. As a result, prolonged activity is supported primarily by anaerobic metabolism.

aponeuroses

Fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves

Semimembranosus

Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group

Sartorius

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at the hip; flexes knee

C2 Axis

Has a dens/odontoid process projecting superiorly from the body, allows head to rotate

pelvic girdle

Hip bones. forms by the fusion of three bones, an ilium, an ischium, and a pubis. attach to the lower limbs and must wisthand the stresses involved in weight bearing and mobility.

appendicular skeleton

Includes the lower limbs - pelvic bones: ilium, ischium, pubis - femur -patella -tibia -fibula -tarsal bones -metatarsals -phalanges And the upper limbs -clavicle -scapula -humerus -ulna -radius -carpal -metacarpals -phalanges

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Central (Haversian) canal

canal that travels through the center of the osteon.

short bones examples

carpal bones, tarsal bones

pectoralis major

chest

orbicularis oris

closes lips

what do the grooved lines represent in each layer of concentric lamellae?

collagen fibers

transversus abdominis

compresses abdomen

pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

consists of 4 bones - two s-shaped clavicles and two broad flat scapulae. movements of the clavicles and scapulae position the shoulder joints and provide a basis for arm movement

axial skeleton

consists of the bones that form the vertical axis of the body -cranial bones -facial bones -sternum -ribs -vertebral column

proximal carpal bones (4)

consists of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform

thoracic cage

consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, costal cartilages, and the sternum. it protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other structures in the thoracic cavity. it serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in (1) breathing (2) maintaining the position of the vertebral column and (3) moving the pectoral girdles (both clavicles and scapulae) and the upper limbs.

distal carpal bones (4)

consists of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

intermediate fibers (fast oxidative)

contain little myoglobin. They have an intermediate capillary network and mitochondrial supply around them and are more resistant to fatigue than are fast fibers.

Slow oxidative fibers (red fibers)

contains abundant myoglobin. relies on aerobic respiration. has slow myosin ATPase activity. contract longer. more extensive network of capillaries = higher oxygen supply to support mitochondrial activity. more atp.

occipital bone

cranial bone - Bone that protrudes at the base of the skull (1)

temporal bone

cranial bone - bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. There is a right and left temporal bone. (2)

Ethmoid

cranial bone - bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells (1)

parietal bone

cranial bone - either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium (2)

frontal bone

cranial bone - forms the forehead (1)

Sphenoid

cranial bone - wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull (1)

why are there so many foramina and canals in the skull? what types of things are passing through them?

foramina and canals are abundant in the skull because of the brain. nerves and blood passes through them to deliver signals and oxygen/nutrients to the brain. (CNS)

bone lamellae

form concentric rings of bone tissue around the central canal

Coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

Ulna

from proximal to distal, it is made up of the olecranon (point of the elbow), the shaft, and the ulnar head. anterior surface of the proximal epiphysis, the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with trochlea of the humerus at the elbow joint.

Fibula

from proximal to distal: head, shafts and lateral malleolus process. head of fibula articulates with the tibia. important site for the attachment of muscles that move the foot and toes. the distal tip of the fibula extends laterally to the ankle joint. the lateral malleolus gives lateral stability to the ankle.

extended at 0 degrees

generated the most tension because your sarcomeres aren't over stretched or overly shortened

irregular bones

have a variety of shapes and are usually connected to several other bones

long bones

have extended longitudinal axes so that the length of the bone is much greater than the width. a typical ling bone contains an elongated shaft known as the diaphysis with two expanded knoblike ends of epiphyses

adductor magnus

hip adduction

perforating canals

horizontal cross channels that connect central canals. small arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels travel through the central and perforating canals.

long bones examples

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula

what is the functioning of the periosteum? what bones cells line this cavity and what are their function?

it enables bones to grow in thickness, protects the bone, helps with fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. osteogenic cells line the periosteum. they are undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce new cells.

Patella

kneecap. a large sesamoid bone that forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, a group of muscles that straightens/extends the knee. the patellar ligament connects the apex of the patella to the tibia. the posterior surface has two concave facets (medial and lateral) that articulate with the condyles of the femur. cartilaginous at brith and ossifies as a person begins to walk

C1 Atlas

lacks body and spinous process, allows head to nod and holds up the head. named after greek myth "holds the world on his shoulders"

internal intercostal muscles

lower rib cage. below the external

radius

made of three parts from proximal to distal: the head of the radius, shafts and the radial styloid process

antagonistic muscles

muscle pairs arranged to work against each other to move a joint

Synergist

muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation

prime mover

muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

hyperextended at -90 degrees

muscles are overly stretched. created the least tension.

why are the lines alternating direction by 90 degrees in adjacent layers? how does this affect the strength of the bone?

orientation of the collagen fibers provides the bone with great tensile strength.

flat bones examples

parietal bone, sternum, ribs, scapulae

sesamoid bones example

patella

Soleus

plantar flexes foot

spinal curves

primary curves develop before birth, secondary curves after birth.

facial bones

protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts

cranial bones

protect and surround the brain

pectoralis minor

protracts and depresses scapula

serrates anterior

protracts scapula

rhomboids

retract scapula

the metacarpal bones (in the palms), metatarsal bones (in the soles), and phalanges (in the fingers and toes) are much shorter than most ribs, and yet the bones in the hands and feet are classified as long bones and the ribs as flat bones. why do you think these bones are classified as they are.

ribs are thin and platelike where as hands and feet bones have a greater length than their width (and are extended)

Infraspinatus

rotates arm laterally

stretched muscle

sarcomeres are longer and have a smaller zone of overlap

shortened muscle

sarcomeres are short and have a larger zone of overlap

flexed at 90 degrees

sarcomeres were excessively shortened. not as much tension generated.

Tibia

shinbone. large medial bone of the leg. proximal to distal: condyles, shaft, and medial malleolus. condyles of tibia articulate with condyles of femur. the inferior surface of the tibia articulates with the proximal bone of the ankle. the medial malleolus supports this joint medially

Deltoid

shoulder

smooth muscle

single-unit muscle in walls of hollow visceral organs (other than the heart); multiunit muscle in intrinsic eye muscles, airways and large arteries. single, fusiform, uninucleate, no striations.

lacunae

small cavities which are positioned between the bone lamellae. osteocytes are located in the lacunae and give rise to cell processes that travel through narrow passageways called canaliculi. the processes of nearby cells form cell junctions with one another.

the bony orbit it formed by portions of 7 bones. list them.

sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine

if bones were composed entirely of compact bone, muscles would have to contract with greater force to produce movements. Explain why.

spongy bone doesn't weigh as much as compact bone, making the overall weight lighter, so it moves more readily when pulled by muscles.

what is the only truly movable joint in the skull? why is this extensive movement beneficial?

temporomandibular joint. it allows us to chew and break down food when we eat.

length-tension relationship

the amount of tension that can be generated during a contraction is influenced by the size of the zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments when the muscle fiber is at rest. the zone of overlap is determined by the resting length of the sarcomeres

describe the arrangement of compact and spongy bone in a typical long bone.

the external layer of the long bone is solid compact bone. it is thicker where is surrounds the diaphysis but much thinner around each epiphysis. during bone development, the medullar cavity is filled with spongy bone and red bone marrow but as the bone matures, the bone is reabsorbed and the red bone marrow is converted to yellow bone marrow (which becomes a storage site for fat in adults). spongy bones predominates at the two epiphyses.

phalanges

the metacarpals articulate with the proximal phalanages, the finger bones. the first finger, known as the pollen, or thumb, has two phalanxes (proximal and distal). each of the other four fingers has three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)

bone is a connective tissue with a solid matrix with two main components. briefly describe the special qualities that each component gives to bone.

the two main components are the collagen fibers and the calcium phosphate salts. collagen fibers give bone strength and elasticity while calcium phosphate gives bone its hardness.

forearm (antebrachium)

the ulna and the radius are parallel long bones that support the forearm. in the anatomical position, the ulna lies medial to the radius. the interosseous membrane, a fibrous sheet, connects the lateral margin of the ulna to the radius.

on a skeleton, notice that the vertebral bodies become progressively larger from a superior to inferior direction. explain why.

the vertebral bodies on the inferior portion hold up most of the weight of everything superior to it, including whatever else adds to the weight (whatever you're holding/lifting/body fat)

Femur

thigh bone. longest and heaviest bone in the body. from proximal to distal: the femur head, the shaft, and the condyles. it articulates with the (acetabulum) hip bone at the hip joint and with the tibia of the leg at the knee joint.

flat bones

thin, platelike structures. this group includes the cranial bones.

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

third set of 5 larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine. in the lower back. secondary curve that balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs. this curve develops with the ability to stand.

cardiac muscle

walls of the heart. branching chains of cells; uni- or binucleate striations