A&P Lecture (CH.4)

What are the two basic types of tissue membranes?

Connective Tissue & Epithelial Membrane

Mesenchymal Cell

adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

Gap Junction

allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells

Lamina Propia

areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a. tendon b. adipose tissue c. reticular tissue d. dense connective tissue

b. adipose tissue

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme c. ectoderm d. endoderm

b. mesenchyme

Examples of connective tissue

bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. a. loose connective tissue b. a tendon c. bone d. hyaline cartilage

d. hyaline cartilage

hyaluronan

effectively traps available water to form the synovial fluid, a natural lubricant that enables the bones of a joint to move freely against one another without much friction

Totipotent

embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

Mesenchyme

embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive

Examples of epithelial tissue

epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver and other glands

What are the 4 categories of tissue?

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular

Elastic Fiber

fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size

Tissue

group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions

Mucous Gland

group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant

Serous Gland

group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface

Exocrine Gland

group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body

Endocrine Gland

groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood

Basement Membrane

in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina

Endoderm

innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive

Fibrocyte

less active form of fibroblast

Examples of serous membrane

line the body cavities closed to the exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities.

Examples of mucous membrane

line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. The are secreted with the secretions of mucous glands.

Examples of synovial membrane

lines the joints cavities and produces the fluid within the joint

Adipocytes

lipid storage cells

Reticular Lamina

matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane

Histology

microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function

Mesoderm

middle embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive

Fibroblast

most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space

Hyaline Cartilage

most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance

Ectoderm

outermost embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and the nervous tissue derive

Cell Junction

point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue

Fibroblasts

release hyaluronan into the joint cavity

Apocrine Secretion

release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell

Holocrine Secretion

release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion

Merocrine Secretion

release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis

Mesothelium

simple squamous epithelial tissue which covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes

Examples of muscle tissue

skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart

Examples of cutaneous membrane

skin that covers the body surface

Cutanous Membrane

skin; epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body

Adipose Tissue

specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat

Fluid Connective Tissue

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

Mucous Connective Tissue

specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord

Apical

that part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space

Basal Lamina

thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

Tissue Membrane

thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities

Mucous Membrane

tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment

Simple Columnar Epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs

Pseudostratisfied Columnar Epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts

Endothelium

tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium

Fibrocartilage

tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance

Elastic Cartilage

type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity

Supportive Connective Tissue

type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue

Reticular Tissue

type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver

Serous Membrane

type of tissue membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid

Muscle Tissue

type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement.

Loose Connective Tissue

(also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

Areolar Tissue

(also, loose connective tissue) a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

Lacunae

(singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a. columnar b. stratified c. squamous d. transitional

a. columnar

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________. a. differentiation b. maturation c. modification d. specialization

a. differentiation

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. a. holocrine; apocrine b. eccrine; endocrine c. apocrine; holocrine d. eccrine; apocrine

a. holocrine; apocrine

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid

b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? a. transitional b. stratified columnar c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar d. stratified squamous

b. stratified columnar

Examples of nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? a. areolar tissue b. adipose tissue c. dense regular connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

c. dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a. muscle b. nervous c. embryonic d. epithelial

c. embryonic

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a. columnar b. pseudostratified c. simple squamous d. transitional

c. simple squamous

Chondrocytes

cells of the cartilage

Connective Tissue Proper

connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells.

Synovial Membrane

connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication

Dense Connective Tissue

connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection

Connective Tissue Membrane

connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries d. mucosa

d. mucosa

In bone, the main cells are ________. a. fibroblasts b. chondrocytes c. lymphocytes d. osteocytes

d. osteocytes

Epithelial Membrane

epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue

Matrix

extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers

Zygote

fertilized egg, is a single cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm

Reticular Fiber

fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting "nets" within connective tissue

Collagen Fiber

flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

Ground Substance

fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix

Transitional Epithelium

form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine

Tight Junction

forms an impermeable barrier between cells

Parenchyma

functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ

Anchoring Junction

mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules

Simple Squamous Epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface

Nervous Tissue

type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals.

Epithelial Tissue

type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion

Connective Tissue

type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body's organs and systems

Goblet Cell

unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous